The present study analyzed the writing of emergent bilingual second grade students enrolled in a two-way dual language bilingual education program. Writing samples were analyzed holistically and cross-linguistic strategies were documented that support the claims that the process of developing biliteracy is dynamic and singular. In addition, Spanish language arts classes were observed and teacher interviews were conducted in order to contextualize the emergent bilinguals’ writing process. A preference for English was documented during classroom observations as well as in the writing samples collected. Of the 16 emergent bilingual second graders, only four Spanish-dominant students chose to write in both languages. The teacher’s stated concerns over the Spanish proficiency of her English-dominant students led her to alter her instruction during Spanish language arts, deferring to English. The implications of this shift to English for the developing biliteracy of emergent bilinguals are discussed. / text

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論文(碩士)--香港中文大學,1968. / Reproduced from ms. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-293). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang zhong wen da xue. / 引言 / Chapter 第一章 --- 印民華僑的雙重國籍的起源 / Chapter 第一節 --- 我國歷朝對移居海外華人所採之態度以及海禁之由來 / Chapter 第二節 --- 第二節 清末政府對華僑態度的轉變 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼華僑雙重國籍緣起 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中共與印尼的建交 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兩國建交的經過 / Chapter 第二節 --- 兩國關係的進展 / Chapter 第三節 --- 萬隆會議對兩國關係的影響 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中共印尼雙重國籍條約的簽訂 / Chapter 第一節 --- 條約簽訂的經過 / Chapter 第二節 --- 條約的內容及兩國總理換文 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中共的企圖 / Chapter 第四章 --- 各方面對雙重國籍條約簽訂的反應 / Chapter 第一節 --- 國府方面的反應 / Chapter 第二節 --- 印尼土生華僑的反應 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼政府及各政黨的反應 / Chapter 第四節 --- 中共方面的反應 / Chapter 第五章 --- 印尼華僑之彷徨 / Chapter 第一節 --- 華裔籍民身份的證明問題 / Chapter 第二節 --- 阿沙阿特運動 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼政府對華僑的岐視性處置 / Chapter 第四節 --- 兩國關係的低潮 / Chapter 第六章 --- 雙重國籍條約的實施及其果效 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雙重國籍條約實施前印尼政府對華僑國籍問題所採取的單方面措施 / Chapter 第二節 --- 雙重國籍條約的實施 / Chapter 第三節 --- 條約實施後的排華事件 / 結語 / 主要參考及引用文獻

A number of models of working memory have been proposed since the seminal work of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) on the Multiple Component Model (MCM). Subsequent MCM research focussed on developing a theoretical framework based on modality-specific stores that can operate in parallel during dual-tasking. The MCM can be contrasted with theories of working memory that assume an attention-based domain-general shared resource responsible for both short term retention as well as on-line cognition, such as the Time-Based Resource Sharing (TBRS) model (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004; Barrouillet, Bernardin, Portrat, Vergauwe, & Camos, 2007). The TBRS model assumes that short-term memory is dependent on access to attention, and any diversion of attention results in increased forgetting. The model describes ‘refreshing’ as the process of serially bringing memory items briefly into the focus of attention. Barrouillet and colleagues have demonstrated in numerous studies that memory spans lower as the cognitive demand of the secondary task increases - findings that are incompatible with the MCM. However, Camos, Mora, and Oberauer (2011) found that both sub-vocal rehearsal (the verbal maintenance mechanism described in the MCM) and attention-based refreshing can be selectively employed by participants depending on task demands. Since TBRS methodology compares spans measured under different cognitive load levels that are the same for every participant, we were interested in whether ensuring that secondary task demand was set within each participant’s abilities would avoid ‘over-taxing’ the working memory system and reduce dual-task costs. Our initial investigations re-measured memory and processing spans under dual-task conditions with secondary tasks’ demand titrated according to each individual’s measured ability (Experiments 1 and 2, and Doherty & Logie, 2016). We found that memory span was unaffected when processing demand was titrated, but that processing performance was lower when memory load was set above participants’ span. Subsequent experiments (3-8) investigated the effect of setting memory and processing load ‘below span’, ‘at span’, and ‘above span’ on memory and processing accuracy during dual-tasking. Overall it was found that processing resources can be reallocated to support memory performance but memory resources cannot be reallocated to support processing performance. We interpret the results as evidence for specialised memory resources and rehearsal mechanisms that can be supplemented by attention-based processes once storage capacities are exceeded. Experiments 6-8 aimed to encourage the use of phonological- or attention-based rehearsal mechanisms for verbal short term memory by either introducing articulatory suppression (AS) or shortening available encoding time for memory items. It was found that participants exhibited shared-resource effects when they completed the dual-task under AS, suggesting a shift to attention-based rehearsal. When encoding time was limited participants’ memory performance during dual-tasking was unaffected by concurrent processing load, suggesting the use of a rehearsal method which did not require access to attention. Experiment 9 investigated whether participants could dynamically allocate attention to one task or the other, and found that while ‘priority’ tasks received no benefit, non-priority tasks exhibited a marked decrement in performance. We conclude that the perceived incompatibility between the MCM and attention-based theories of working memory such as the TBRS model may be more apparent than real, and suggest that future research should incorporate procedures and methodological considerations that take into account findings from both literatures.

My study investigated the effects of two 50/50 and two 90/10 two-way dual language programs on the reading achievement of 76 English Language Learners (ELLs) from the end of third grade to the end of fourth grade. My study used both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative instruments included the Spanish Reading Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) and the Reading Proficiency Test in English (RPTE) scores. Qualitative instruments included structured interviews with the two-way dual language program coordinators/administrators. The quantitative results of my study showed there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on the Spanish Reading TAKS by the end of fourth grade. The 50/50 students did make statistically significant gain scores on the Spanish TAKS from the end of third grade to the end of fourth grade, but the 90/10 students did not make statistically significant gains. Both groups were performing above the State averages on scale score and passing rate on the Spanish Reading TAKS. On the RPTE, the results of my study showed there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups by the end of fourth grade. Both the 50/50 and the 90/10 students made significant gain scores on the RPTE from third grade to fourth grade. The 50/50 students made a greater gain on the RPTE than then 90/10 students did. Both groups of dual language ELLs had higher percentages of students in the advanced high rating than the State on the RPTE. The qualitative results showed that several elements were necessary to implement and maintain these two-way dual language programs. These elements included: planning, resources, parental support, qualified teachers, and supportive administrators.

An interferometer is used for phase detection. Thus, the hydrophone which is based on interferometric optic fiber sensor has extremely high sensitivity. Sagnac interferometric hydrophone has low noise of marine environment, which is more suitably used to detect underwater acoustic signal than that of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In this paper, a configuration of dual Sagnac interferometer was proposed. The mathematical model was derived and analyzed. The fiber optic sensor head contains mandrel type and planar one. The acoustic window are made of silicon rubbers. It was should that we can increase their sensitivities by increase number of wrapping fiber coils. In our experiment, the result shows that among all the mandrel sensor heads, the most highest dynamic range is up to 37.6¡Ó1.4 dB, and its sensitivity is -223.3¡Ó1.7 dB re V/1µPa ; while the dynamic range of the planar sensor head is 42.1¡Ó1.5 dB, and its sensitivity is -213.8¡Ó1.3 dB re V/1µPa¡C As for the configuration of the optical interferometers, the intensity of the dual Sagnac interferometer is 20 dB larger than its Sagnac counterpart. Its dynamic range is above 66 dB, which is 24 dB larger than that of the Sagnac interferometer with the sensitivity of -192.0 dB re V/1µPa. In addition, by using software simulation to design optimal lengths of delay fibers , we can increase interferometer¡¦s the dynamic range of underwater acoustic detection. This paper verify that, by means of adjusting the length of these two delay fibers, we can actually increase the dynamic range of acoustic signal detection.

Two different topics associated with their respective applications are proposed in this thesis. The first topic is the implementation of a 6-T SRAM cell using dual threshold voltage transistors and low power quenchers. We proposed a SRAM cell with dual threshold voltage transistors. The advantages of such a design is to reduce the access time and maintain data retention at the same time. Besides, the unwanted oscillation of the output data lines caused by large currents is reduced by adding two back-to-back quenchers. The second topic is focused on the implementation of a programmable PLL-based frequency multiplier. Using the method of a phase-locked loop and a programmable divisor to implement a frequency multiplier. ¢Ï synchronous clock signal can be generated by the proposed design. It can also be used in wireless communication systems, e.g. local oscillators.