The current study examines the relationship between organizational support and work-family/family-work conflict. This study hopes to add to the literature by looking at individual differences as a possible mediator in the relationship between various sources of support and conflict between work and family.

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published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

Dual careers and mobility have become a way of life in this society. With moving often comes a loss of job for one of the spouse, usually the wife. This pilot study examined the effects of 'captivity' (the inability of a wife to pursue a career because of a mobile spouse) on self-esteem. Through the use of a demographic questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, data was collected and correlations between mobility and self-esteem were derived. Results indicated that the self-esteem of a wife is affected by 'captivity'.

The requirements placed on Olympic and professional athletes in contemporary world sport are such that they need to dedicate themselves more and more to achieving excellence. This immediately implies that most athletes' time is dedicated to developing their sporting career, with very little time left to develop other aspects of their lives outside their sport. The reality facing many elite athletes is that few are sufficiently financially rewarded to allow them to make a living out of their sport, and even fewer can rely on measures in place in their own country to assist with the financial and psychological impacts of their retirement from sport (Stambulova, Stephan, & Japhag, . 2007). This places even more importance on the need for the athlete to either have a 'dual career' or else to prepare for a post-athletic career while still participating in elite sport. However, though policy makers have begun to demonstrate an awareness of these needs, and programmes have been developed to assist in the educational and vocational development of athletes, little effort has been made to identify how athletes perceive the choices which face them and how they negotiate a way through the challenges of developing and maintaining a dual career. To redress this, a life story approach has been adopted during this research study to try to elicit student-athletes' own life experiences and to identify and evaluate the decision-making processes they go through, in order to combine an academic and elite sporting career successfully. The athletes selected for the development of life-stories are drawn from three countries, Finland, France and the UK which reflect different approaches to state intervention in sport/education (Amara, Aquilina, Henry, & Taylor, 2004). Crucial to an evaluation of these national systems is an understanding of what these policy systems are seeking to achieve. This may be expressed in terms of a balance between the roles; rights and responsibilities of the main stakeholders (including the athlete, the university, the Member State and the European Union) which are articulated within the study. This research study therefore seeks to develop an understanding of the perspectives on student-athletes' development in academic and sporting terms, identifying the principal challenges faced and how these may be overcome, and considers the implications of such insights for practitioners and policy makers.

The objectives in this study were to investigate dual career transitions experiences and the overall perception of the transition process of university student-athletes in a Swedish dual career program. Twenty-one interviews were conducted with student-athletes between 19-29 years (M=22.14, SD=2.52) at the end of their first study year, based on the holistic developmental model and the athletic career transition model. The interviews were analyzed based on the athletic career transition model (perceived demands, resources, barriers, coping strategies) as well as the overall perception, outcomes and personal meaning of the dual career transition of the first year. The results revealed that the student-athletes experienced simultaneous demands within the dimensions of life, and the biggest perceived demands  were the search of a dual career balance. The most mentioned resource was social support, and the student-athletes experienced the most barriers within the academic dimension. The most common coping strategy was coping with the athletic dimension. The overall perception resulted in perceived benefits, perceived challenges and lessons learned from their first year. The results for this study can be a part of the Swedish dual career research which can provide information in the development of Swedish guidelines on dual careers.

Nas últimas décadas, foi possível observar mudanças na forma como as pessoas estão lidando com as decisões de carreira nas organizações. Além da dimensão profissional, aspectos de âmbito pessoal e familiar estão sendo considerados, evidenciando a importância da integração entre vida e trabalho no contexto contemporâneo. Muitos fenômenos sociais, culturais e políticos têm proporcionado debates relevantes sobre carreira e trabalho no cenário mundial e brasileiro, destacando-se o crescente aumento da participação feminina no processo produtivo, a ressignificação do papel masculino no casamento, o modelo familiar homoafetivo se fundamentando enquanto instituição legal, social e política, e os novos desenhos de carreira que buscam suprir necessidades pessoais e organizacionais. Considerando tais temas, estudos sobre dual career family (famílias em carreira dual) têm sido retomados de forma mais intensa pela academia, buscando investigar como os casais estão gerenciando os domínios do trabalho e da vida familiar, concomitantemente às suas aspirações de carreira. As pesquisas sobre a carreira dual no cenário mundial abordam o relacionamento, os dilemas, os conflitos e as influências na carreira e na família para casais hetero e homoafetivos. Este estudo buscou determinar os fatores que influenciam a carreira dual para casais heteroafetivos, casais de lésbicas e casais de gays, em função das aspirações de carreira profissional e das demandas familiares. Para tanto, foram realizadas doze entrevistas com homens e mulheres em união hetero e homoafetiva da Grande São Paulo, com nível superior e união conjugal de mais de dois anos. Os dados foram coletados e analisados de acordo com a técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977). Para os heteroafetivos, constatou-se o crescente compromisso com a carreira dual, fundamentado nos ajustes que ambos os cônjuges realizam para conciliar as demandas profissionais e familiares por meio da busca de interações equitativas de poder. Os homoafetivos direcionam seus esforços à progressão na carreira. Entre os gays, o foco na carreira individual influencia o nível de compromisso com a carreira dual, observando-se relações de poder menos igualitárias na interação do casal. As lésbicas vivenciam o compromisso compartilhado com a carreira dual, baseado em interações igualitárias e em ajustes que ambas realizam para conciliar as demandas profissionais e familiares, e crescerem juntas na carreira. Constatou-se também diferença na tomada de decisões entre o casal baseada no papel de gênero associado ao sexo, construindo socialmente. / In recent decades, changes were observed in the way how people are dealing with career decisions in organizations. In addition to the professional dimension, personal and family context aspects are considered, highlighting the importance of integration between life and work in the contemporary context. Many social, cultural and political phenomena have provided relevant discussions on career and work in the world and Brazilian scenario, emphasizing the increasing female participation in the production process, the redefinition of the male role in marriage, homosexual family model is basing as a legal institution, social and political, and the new career designs that seek to fulfill personal and organizational needs. Studies on dual career family have been taken up more fully in the academy, trying to investigate couples are managing the domains of work and family life, concomitantly to their career aspirations. Research on dual career on the world stage approach the relationship, dilemmas, conflicts and influences on career and family for heterosexual and homosexual couples. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the dual career for heterosexual couples, lesbian couples and gay couples, according to the career aspirations and family demands. Twelve interviews were conducted with men and women in union hetero and homosexual of São Paulo, with higher education and marital union of more than two years. Data were collected and analyzed according to the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin (1977). For heterosexuals, there was the growing commitment to dual career, based on the settings that both spouses hold to reconcile work and family demands by seeking equitable interactions power. The homosexuals direct their efforts to career progression. Among gays, focus on individual career influences the level of commitment to dual career, observing least equal power relations in the interaction of the couple. Lesbians experience the shared commitment to dual career, based on egalitarian interactions and adjustments that both perform to reconcile work and family demands, and grow together in their careers. It was also difference in decision making between the couple based on gender role associated with sex, building socially

Um fenômeno que surge estreitamente relacionado às mudanças no âmbito social, econômico e cultural, e que cresce à medida que os anos caminham, vem despertando a atenção de pesquisadores para o desenvolvimento de estudos que envolvem tanto o campo individual quanto o organizacional. Denominado de famílias de dupla carreira, esse fenômeno enfatiza um movimento conjunto de marido e mulher (casal) na esfera familiar e no desenvolvimento da carreira de ambos. As leituras sobre gênero ajudam a explicar e entender um pouco mais esse cenário de modificações no qual a dupla carreira desponta, visto que se verifica cada vez mais a migração das mulheres do ambiente doméstico para espaços públicos de trabalho. Essa entrada da mulher no mercado de trabalho alterou várias estruturas e impactou conceitos tradicionais já arraigados no cotidiano das pessoas. O modelo familiar tradicional e a identidade de homens e mulheres em relação ao desempenho de suas funções são duas estruturas impactadas pela mutação dessas mesmas estruturas. Tais mudanças, que acabaram favorecendo uma relação mais íntima entre família e trabalho, levaram a mulher à assumir responsabilidades e atividades antes consideradas somente dos homens, como o desenvolvimento e comprometimento com sua própria carreira. Dessa forma, a fim de conhecer como essas relações estão se estabelecendo, propôs-se como objetivo geral deste estudo investigar quais os fatores determinantes que constituem o fenômeno da dual career no contexto brasileiro. Inicialmente, foi conduzida uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre carreira, visando a construção do referencial teórico, seguida de uma discussão de gênero, a fim de entender as mudanças nessa área e seus impactos na dupla carreira. A pesquisa contou com 340 participantes, todos ex-alunos da FEA/USP, que deveriam ser casados ou viver maritalmente. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar, por meio de estatísticas descritivas, o perfil dos casais de dupla carreira no cenário brasileiro. Observou-se na amostra predominância de pessoas do gênero masculino. Há maior frequência de casais legalmente unidos, escolaridade maior do que a graduação e atuação em empresas de grande porte. Alguns desses resultados corroboram estudos anteriores, e outros contribuem com novas informações sobre as características desses casais. Com base nos estudos sobre tipologias, aplicou-se a análise de cluster com o objetivo de agrupar os indivíduos com comportamentos próximos nas questões que indicam a postura diante da família e do trabalho. Obtiveram-se cinco tipos de dual career: familista coordenada, familista convencional, carreirista coordenada, carreirista convencional e acrobata. Os familistas são aqueles que priorizam a família, os carreiristas priorizam a carreira e os acrobatas atribuem importância similar a ambas as esferas. Verificou-se na amostra que há uma maior adesão ao tipo acrobata, ou seja, os casais estão dispostos a atuar simultaneamente nas esferas família e carreira. Considerando-se essas tipologias, foram identificadas as percepções que os participantes desenvolvem sobre os benefícios e conflitos que a prática da dual career pode originar. Dessa forma, aplicou-se a análise fatorial, para identificar os diferentes tipos de benefícios e conflitos advindos da dual career. Foram obtidos sete fatores e observou-se predominância dos benefícios sobre os conflitos, ou seja, os respondentes perceberam com maior relevância os benefícios do que os conflitos da dupla carreira. As possíveis contribuições deste estudo envolvem a perspectiva individual e também organizacional. Na perspectiva individual, favorece delinear quais são as prioridades desse casal, seus anseios em relação à carreira e à família, o que favorece a perspectiva organizacional, já que traz informações sobre o colaborador que a empresa possui, possibilitando a esta definir estratégias direcionadas a adequar as políticas de trabalho ao perfil no qual o seu funcionário dual career se adequa. / A phenomenon that appears closely linked to changes in social, economic, and cultural changes and that has been growing as the years go by. It has attracted attention to the development of studies involving both the individual and the organizational field. Termed as dual career families, this phenomenon emphasizes a combined movement between husband and wife (couple) in the family sphere and in the career development of both. The readings on gender help to explain and understand a little more about this scenario of changes, in which dual career emerges, since there is increasing migration of women from home environment to the public work. This entry of women into the labor market has changed several structures and has an impacted on traditional concepts rooted in everyday life. The traditional family model and the identity of men and women in relation to the performance of their duties, two structures are impacted by mutation of its structures. Such changes ultimately favoring a relationship between family and work, led women to assume responsibilities and activities previously considered only by men, including the development and the compromising with their own career. Thus, in order to know how these relationships are being established it was proposed as a general objective of this study, investigate what are the factors that constitute the phenomenon of dual-career in the Brazilian context. Initially a literature search was conducted about career seeking the construction of the theoretical framework, followed by a discussion about gender in order to understand the changes in this area and their impacts on the dual career. The research included 340 participants, all former students of FEA USP that had to be married or at least live maritally. The results allowed to characterize by means of descriptive statistics, which the profile of dual career couples in the Brazilian scenario. In the sample has been observed a predominance of male. There is a higher frequency of couples legally united, and a higher educational degree and experience in large companies. Some of these results corroborate previous studies and others contribute with new information on the characteristics of these couples. Based on studies on typologies, we applied cluster analysis with the aim of grouping individuals with similar patterns that indicate the posture towards family and work. We obtained five types of dual careers: familist coordinated, conventional family, careerist coordinated , conventional careerist and acrobat. The families are those who prioritize family, the careerists are those who prioritize career and the acrobats are those who attach similar importance to both spheres. It was found in the sample that there is a greater adhesion to type acrobat, that means the couples are willing to work in both spheres - family and career. Considering these types it has been identified the perceptions that participants had about the benefits and conflicts that the practice of dual-career can manifest. For this purpose we applied factor analysis to identify the different types of benefits and conflicts arising from dual-career. Seven factors have been obtained and it has been noted the predominance of the benefits on conflicts. The possible contributions of this study surround the individual and also organizational perspective; the individual perspective helps delineate what are the priorities of this couple, their expectations regarding career and family, which favors an organizational perspective as it brings information about the employee that the company has, allowing for this, strategies directed that permit to suit the demand of labor at the profile of the dual career employee.

Elite sport is becoming more professional, and elite athletes have to be more committed to spend several hours in training to achieve elite level and this means that the time to pursue a university academic career to the side of elite sport is minimized. Still only few elite athletes will be able to make a living of their sport. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the opportunities and difficulties for a student who combines academic study with elite sport. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eight students studying at the University of Umeå, combining elite sport with academic studies. Results show that there are high demands on elite students to structure and plan for the combination of studies and elite sport. The study also shows that environmental factors in the form of university teachers and directors of studies, but also coaches and leaders in the various compounds have a major impact on how favorable combination becomes.

Das Verbundsystem „Eliteschulen des Sports“ (EdS) wurde geschaffen, um schulpflichtige Nachwuchsathleten bei der Bewältigung ihrer „dualen Karrieren“ zu unterstützen. In aktuellen Evaluationsstudien wird den EdS diese duale Wirksamkeit jedoch teilweise abgesprochen. Festgemacht wird dies maßgeblich an outputorientierten Ergebnis-kriterien, wie der Anzahl an Schulabschlüssen oder Medaillen, die in erster Linie die Sichtweise von Geldgebern und Eigentümern repräsentieren. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Strukturen und Prozesse, auf denen ein erfolgreicher Output basiert, genauso wenig berücksichtigt werden wie die subjektiven Anforderungen, die Nachwuchsathleten an dieses Fördersystem stellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher im Rahmen dreier Untersuchungsabschnitte die subjektiv empfundene Zufriedenheit der jugendlichen Athleten mit den EdS in den Fokus der Betrachtung gerückt. Zur Analyse dualer Karrierebedingungen an den EdS wurden zunächst auf der Basis einer expertengestützten Delphi-Untersuchung (N = 40) 20 Qualitätskriterien dualer Unterstützungsleistungen an den EdS identifiziert. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Erhebungsinstrument (AZ-EdS; N = 445) entwickelt und faktoranalytisch überprüft, das die individuellen Ansprüche der Athleten an die EdS in standardisierter Form erfasst. Dieses diente abschließend als Grundlage für eine Zufriedenheitsanalyse (N = 445) mit Sportschülern, in der die Schwachstellen des Fördersystems EdS aus der subjektiven Athletensicht identifiziert wurden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Athleten das Fördersystem insgesamt positiv beurteilen. Hierbei wird vor allem den Strukturen und Prozessen, die dem Ergebnis vorgelagert sind, erhöhte Wichtigkeit beigemessen. Es offenbart sich allerdings auch eine hohe Subjektivität bei der Zufriedenheitsbeurteilung, so dass durch die Athleteneinschätzung zwar kritische Handlungs-felder aufgedeckt werden können, weitergehende Analysen anhand objektiver Maßstäbe jedoch unumgänglich sind. / The German Elite Sport Schools (ESS) have been established to support the “dual career“ of junior athletes by offering school education and optimal training conditions. However, present evaluations of ESS argue that the aimed dual efficacy is not achieved. This efficacy is mainly determined by analysing output-based criteria out of a shareholder-perspective, such as completed graduations or medals won. Thus, the structures and processes, on which a high output is based, are not taken into account nor the individual demands of junior athletes regarding the dual promotional system. The present work is reacting on this situation by performing three empirical studies, which focus on the individual satisfaction of junior athletes in a holistic approach. At first, a Delphi-analysis was performed (N = 40) to identify 20 quality criteria of dual support at the ESS. These criteria were used to develop and validate a standardized questionnaire (AZ-EdS; N = 445) assessing the individual demands of junior athletes regarding the ESS. The questionnaire was used as a base to determine the athlete satisfaction with the ESS and, furthermore, to reveal the weak spots of that support system out of an athlete point of view (N = 445). The results show, that the athletes judge the support system as overall positive. An elevated importance is ascribed to the structures and processes that are a precondition for the results. However, the results also show a high subjectivity of athlete ratings. Thus, the athlete opinions can be used to reveal weak spots concerning the ESS, but further analyses using objective facts are inevitable.