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L'irradiation peut modifier les propriétés mécaniques des aciers inoxydables austénitiques. Une diminution de la ténacité à la rupture des aciers en fonction de la dose est observée. La rupture ductile due à la croissance et la coalescence des cavités est toujours un mécanisme dominant dans les aciers irradiés jusqu'à 10 dpa. Des cavités peuvent être crées de manière différente : nucléées à partir des inclusions ou des précipités d'irradiation, ou créées directement par irradiation. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier la rupture ductile des aciers irradiés due à la croissance et la coalescence des cavités intragranulaires. Basée sur la plasticité cristalline, des simulations en éléments finis sont effectuées sur les cellules unitaires pour étudier l'effet de l'orientation cristallographique et de la triaxialité de contraintes sur la croissance et la coalescence des cavités. L'effet de l'écrouissage post-irradiation sur la croissance et la coalescence des cavités est étudié avec un modèle de la plasticité cristalline prenant compte des défauts d'irradiation. En outre, un modèle élastomère-visco-plastique en grandes transformations est proposé pour décrire la croissance des cavités dans le monocristal. Le modèle est appliqué à la simulation de l'endommagement ductile dans le monocristal et le polycristal. Des cavités peuvent avoir des tailles différentes et la taille peut avoir une influence sur la ténacité à la rupture des aciers. Afin d'étudier cet effet, un modèle micromorphe de plasticité cristalline est proposé et appliqué à la simulation de la croissance et la coalescence des cavités intragranulaires de différentes tailles ainsi qu'aux phénomènes de localisation dans les monocristaux. / Irradiation causes drastic modifications of mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels and a decrease in the fracture toughness with irradiation has been observed. Ductile fracture due to void growth and coalescence remains one dominant fracture mechanism for doses in the range of 0-10 dupa. Voids may have different origins : nucleated at inclusions or irradiation-induced precipitates during mechanical loading, or produced directly by irradiation. The present work is to investigate ductile fracture of irradiated steels due to growth and coalescence of intragranulaire voids. Based on continuum crystal plasticity theory, FE simulations are performed on unit cells for studying effects of lattice orientation and stress triaxiality on void growth and coalescence. The influence of post-irradiation hardening/softening on void growth ans coalescence is evaluated with a physically based crystal plasticity model. Besides, an elastoviscoplastic model at finite strains is proposed to describe void growth up to coalescence in single crystals, and is assessed based unit cell simulations. The model is then applied to simulate ductile damage in single crystals ans polycrystals. As voids in irradiated steels may have different origins, they may have different sizes, which potentially have an influence on ductile fracture process and fracture toughness of irradiated steels. In order to assess the size effect, a micromorphic crystal plasticity model is proposed and applied to simulate growth and coalescence of intragranular voids of different sizes.

Experimental studies have shown that the yield strength of many important engineering materials such as polymers, ceramics and metallic glasses is dependent on hydrostatic stress. In addition, these materials may also exhibit plastic dilatancy. These deviations from the assumptions of classical plasticity theories have also been observed for some metallic alloys, although to a lesser extent compared to non-metals. In pressure independent plastic solids, it has been found that the level of crack tip constraint can affect the near-tip stress and deformation fields and hence the fracture resistance. The objective of the present work is to study the effects of pressure sensitive yielding, plastic dilatancy and constraint loss on the ductile fracture processes under mode-I conditions. Further, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of elastic-plastic near-crack front fields in a pressure independent plastic solid under mixed mode (combined modes I and II) loading is also examined. A finite element study of 3D crack tip fields in pressure sensitive plastic solids under mode-I, small scale yielding (SSY) conditions is first carried out. The material is assumed to obey a small strain, Extended Drucker-Prager (EDP)yield criterion. The roles of pressure sensitive yielding, plastic dilatancy and yield locus shape on the 3D plastic zone development and near-crack front fields are systematically investigated. It is found that while pressure sensitivity leads to a significant drop in the hydrostatic stress all along the 3D crack front, it enhances the plastic strain and crack opening displacements. However, plastic incompressibility results in elevation of both near-tip hydrostatic stress and notch opening. The implications of these observations on micro-void growth and interaction near a notch tip are studied in detail subsequently. The effects of constraint loss on void growth near a notch tip under mode-I loading in materials exhibiting pressure sensitive yielding and plastic dilatancy are investigated by performing large deformation elastic-plastic finite element analyses. To this end, two-dimensional (2D)plane strain and 3Dmodified boundary layer formulations are employed by prescribing the elastic K-T field as remote boundary conditions. The results are generated for different combinations of K (or J ) and T -stress. The material is assumed to obey a finite strain, EDP yield condition. The distributions of hydrostatic stress and plastic strain in the ligament connecting the notch and a nearby void (cylindrical or spherical) as well as the growth of the notch and the void are studied. The results show that void growth with respect to J is enhanced due to pressure sensitivity, and more so when the plastic flow is non-dilatational, which corroborates with the trends exhibited by the 3D crack tip fields. However, the evolution of ductile fracture processes like void growth, plastic strain localization and ligament length reduction with respect to J is retarded in the case of spherical voids. Further, irrespective of pressure sensitivity, loss of crack tip constraint can significantly slow down void growth. The effects of pressure sensitive yielding and plastic dilatancy on near-tip void growth and multiple void interaction mechanisms in single edge notched bend (SENB) and center cracked tension (CCT) specimens which display high and low constraint levels, respectively, are investigated next. It is observed that the latter mechanism which is favored by high initial porosity is further accelerated by pressure sensitive yielding and high constraint. The predicted resistance curves based on a simple void coalescence mechanism show enhancement in fracture resistance when constraint level is low and when pressure sensitivity is suppressed. Finally, detailed elastic-plastic finite element simulations are carried out using a boundary layer (SSY) formulation to investigate the 3D nature of near-crack front fields in a von Mises solid under mixed mode (combined modes I and II)loading. The plastic zones and radial, angular and thickness variations of the stresses are studied corresponding to different levels of remote elastic mode mixity and applied load, as measured by the plastic zone size with respect to the plate thickness. The 3D results are compared with those obtained from 2D simulations and asymptotic solutions to establish the validity of 2D plane stress and plane strain approximations near a crack front. It is found that, in general, plane stress conditions prevail at a distance from the crack front exceeding half the plate thickness, although it could be slightly smaller for mode-II predominant loading.

Lorsqu’on découpe un feuillard à l’aide d’un outil, ou lorsqu’on découpe un tube selon son axe, au fur et à mesure que l’on propage la fissure qui traduit la découpe il arrive que des ondulations de flambage perturbent les deux bords libres générés par la propagation de la fissure. Cette étude vise à analyser les origines de ces ondulations. Nous avons mené une campagne expérimentale, dans laquelle des tubes en acier inox avec différentes géométries (rayon/épaisseur) sont « découpés » selon une génératrice. Une instrumentation adéquate, couplant des mesures ponctuelles, à l’aide de jauges de déformation, et une méthode champ par corrélation d’image, nous a permis de correctement mettre en exergue la phénoménologie, en particulier les cinématiques induites à l’échelle géométrique de la fissure (front de fissure) ainsi qu’à l’échelle du tube, avec les longueurs d’onde de flambage observées à l’aval de la fissure. La modélisation numérique menée en non linéaire géométrique (flambage), matériau (déchirure ductile), et conditions aux limites (contact) est aussi abordée à l’aide du code de calcul Abaqus/Standard. Pour la gestion de la propagation de la fissure, deux modèles de rupture sont proposés. Le premier modèle dit zone cohésive est développé et implanté dans le code Abaqus via la subroutine UEL. Pour la deuxième modélisation, nous avons utilisé le modèle dit « d’endommagement ductile » du code Abaqus. La modélisation via des éléments massifs ou des éléments coques volumiques ainsi que l’utilisation de ces modèles de rupture permettent de corroborer les observations expérimentales. Ces travaux montrent que l’augmentation de la charge inhérente au déplacement de l’outil de « découpe », induit une extension dans la direction circonférentielle et donc une striction dans la direction radiale amenant finalement la rupture. Lors de la rupture, un « sillage plastique » apparait, relativement large, près et parallèle aux bords de la fissure. « Confiné » par les autres parties du tube qui restent élastiques, des contraintes de compression axiale résiduelles apparaissent dans ce sillage plastique, à l’aval de la fissure, leur intensité est suffisante pour produire les ondulations des bords libres qui traduisent un flambage local. Les contraintes résiduelles liées à l’opération de découpe induisent donc le flambage. / When one uses a tool to cut a sheet metal, or a tube according to his axis, as one propagates the crack which translates cutting it arrives that undulations of buckling disturb the two free edges generated by the propagation of the crack. This study aims at analyzing the origins of this behavior. We conducted an experimental campaign, in which stainless steel tubes with various geometries (radius/thickness) are « cut out » according to a generator. An adequate instrumentation, coupling of specific measurements, using strain gauges, and a field method, by digital image correlation, allowed us accurately to put forward phenomenology, in particular the kinematics at the scale of the crack (ahead of crack tip) and at the level of tube, with the wavelengths of buckling observed at the downstream of the crack tip. The numerical modeling taking into account nonlinearities of material (ductile tear), geometry (buckling) and boundary conditions (contact) is also approached using the code Abaqus/Standard. For the management of the crack propagation, two rupture models are proposed. The first model called cohesive zone is developed and implemented in the Abaqus code via the user routine UEL. For the second modeling, we used the model called “ductile damage model” in the Abaqus code. Modeling via solid elements or shell continuum elements as well as the use of these rupture models make it possible to corroborate the experimental observations. These studies show that the increase of the load inherent in the displacement of the tool of « cutting » induced a circumferential extension of the tube that leads to a local necking in the radial direction bringing the rupture finally. During the failure, a “plastic wake” appears, relatively wide, close and parallel to crack lips. Constrained by other parts of the tube which remain elastic, sufficient axial residual compressive stresses produced in this plastic wake produce the undulations which represents a local buckling. The residual stresses related to the operation of cutting thus induce buckling.

This master´s thesis deals with the evaluation of fracture behavior of ODS steel MA956 at high temperature range. This behavior was tested by using miniaturized CT specimens, on which were performed experiments to measure of ductile crack growth resistance curves (J-R curves). The value of the fracture toughness was determined from these J-R curves. Fracture properties were consequently evaluated by using fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces. Structural properties of material was identified by hardness measurement and analyzed by metallographic methods. Results of the measurements show drop of the fracture toughness with respect to the increasing temperature.

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The focus of this thesis is to develop a simulation model for predicting ductile fractures during hot working at Alleima. The main fracture mechanism in these conditions is ductile fracture by void coalescence. The ductile fractures are caused by the linking of voids that appear when there is large plastic deformation near second-phase particles. The chosen method to simulate these was to use a Ductile Fracture Criterion (DFC), which builds on using FE models with a damage parameter. Two criteria were selected to be tested. The austenitic stainless-steel alloy 316L was selected as material for this work. Using the Gleeble 3500 system, hot tension and compression experiments were performed to gather data needed for the simulation models as well as inducing ductile fractures. Rupture occurred for all the hot tension samples and cracks were found for only one of the hot compression experiments. Using data from the Gleeble tests, a separate simulation model for each of the setups were created using the finite element software Marc/Mentat. A flow stress model for 316L was developed. Results from the simulations show that both selected DFCs can be used to predict ductile fractures. Particularly for hot tension. It was shown that it is important to model the temperature gradient in the sample accurately. For hot compression, it was difficult to conclude if the criterions were able to predict fracture since only one data point was available. The thesis concludes that there could be of interest with continued work using DFCs at Alleima.

This study focuses on developing explicit analytical and numerical process models for mechanical micro-machining of heterogeneous materials. These models are used to select suitable process parameters for preparing and micro-machining of these advanced materials. The material system studied in this research is Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites (Mg-MMCs) reinforced with nano-sized and micro-sized silicon carbide (SiC) particles. This research is motivated by increasing demands of miniaturized components with high mechanical performance in various industries. Mg-MMCs become one of the best candidates due to its light weight, high strength, and high creep/wear resistance. However, the improved strength and abrasive nature of the reinforcements bring great challenges for the subsequent micro-machining process. Systematic experimental investigations on the machinability of Mg-MMCs reinforced with SiC nano-particles have been conducted. The nanocomposites containing 5 Vol.%, 10 Vol.% and 15 Vol.% reinforcements, as well as pure magnesium, are studied by using the Design of Experiment (DOE) method. Cutting forces, surface morphology and surface roughness are characterized to understand the machinability of the four materials. Based on response surface methodology (RSM) design, experimental models and related contour plots have been developed to build a connection between different materials properties and cutting parameters. Those models can be used to predict the cutting force, the surface roughness, and then optimize the machining process. An analytical cutting force model has been developed to predict cutting forces of MgMMCs reinforced with nano-sized SiC particles in the micro-milling process. This model is iv different from previous ones by encompassing the behaviors of reinforcement nanoparticles in three cutting scenarios, i.e., shearing, ploughing and elastic recovery. By using the enhanced yield strength in the cutting force model, three major strengthening factors are incorporated, including load-bearing effect, enhanced dislocation density strengthening effect and Orowan strengthening effect. In this way, the particle size and volume fraction, as significant factors affecting the cutting forces, are explicitly considered. In order to validate the model, various cutting conditions using different size end mills (100 µm and 1 mm dia.) have been conducted on Mg-MMCs with volume fraction from 0 (pure magnesium) to 15 Vol.%. The simulated cutting forces show a good agreement with the experimental data. The proposed model can predict the major force amplitude variations and force profile changes as functions of the nanoparticles’ volume fraction. Next, a systematic evaluation of six ductile fracture models has been conducted to identify the most suitable fracture criterion for micro-scale cutting simulations. The evaluated fracture models include constant fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, Johnson-Cook coupling criterion, Wilkins, modified Cockcroft-Latham, and Bao-Wierzbicki fracture criterion. By means of a user material subroutine (VUMAT), these fracture models are implemented into a Finite Element (FE) orthogonal cutting model in ABAQUS/Explicit platform. The local parameters (stress, strain, fracture factor, velocity fields) and global variables (chip morphology, cutting forces, temperature, shear angle, and machined surface integrity) are evaluated. Results indicate that by coupling with the damage evolution, the capability of Johnson-Cook and Bao-Wierzbicki can be further extended to predict accurate chip morphology. Bao-Wierzbiki-based coupling model provides the best simulation results in this study. v The micro-cutting performance of MMCs materials has also been studied by using FE modeling method. A 2-D FE micro-cutting model has been constructed. Firstly, homogenized material properties are employed to evaluate the effect of particles’ volume fraction. Secondly, micro-structures of the two-phase material are modeled in FE cutting models. The effects of the existing micro-sized and nano-sized ceramic particles on micro-cutting performance are carefully evaluated in two case studies. Results show that by using the homogenized material properties based on Johnson-Cook plasticity and fracture model with damage evolution, the micro-cutting performance of nano-reinforced Mg-MMCs can be predicted. Crack generation for SiC particle reinforced MMCs is different from their homogeneous counterparts; the effect of micro-sized particles is different from the one of nano-sized particles. In summary, through this research, a better understanding of the unique cutting mechanism for particle reinforced heterogeneous materials has been obtained. The effect of reinforcements on micro-cutting performance is obtained, which will help material engineers tailor suitable material properties for special mechanical design, associated manufacturing method and application needs. Moreover, the proposed analytical and numerical models provide a guideline to optimize process parameters for preparing and micro-machining of heterogeneous MMCs materials. This will eventually facilitate the automation of MMCs’ machining process and realize high-efficiency, high-quality, and low-cost manufacturing of composite materials.

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No description available.