Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research was an attempt to investigate the role of the doula during labour and the promotion of natural childbirth as well as the assessment of the effect of the presence of the doula during natural childbirth. There has been a shift from home-based deliveries to hospital-based deliveries, which does not sufficiently provide for optimal care and emotional support to the women during labour. The registered midwives in the maternity units in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape region in both private and public hospitals displayed some reluctance in using the doulas during labour. The design for this study utilised a quantitative approach which is non-experimental, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. The data -collection method used was only the statistical data from the registered midwives’ questionnaire designed as per the format from the University of Stellenbosch. Research ethics implemented were confidentiality, informed consent, privacy, protection, information and debriefing. Validity and reliability had to be observed on this study as it was observed that the content of the study had to be closely related to what was measured, as well as consistency of the data –gathering instrument in obtaining the same results in similar situations The study took place at the Port Elizabeth Maternity Units in the Eastern Cape with registered midwives (40 in the Public Sector and 45 in the Private Sector),and 45 in the private sector of the maternity units of the selected hospitals. The results of this study and the interpretation thereof assisted the researcher to confirm that there was indeed a great need for the doulas during natural childbirth in the maternity units in the public sector, where there is a shortage of registered midwives and care workers to attend to the basic needs of the patients. The value of the contributions of the doula to support and provide comfort measures to women during labour should not be underestimated; and registered midwives should be informed about the important role of the doula and how the doula can complement the obstetrical care rendered by the midwife. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie is uitgevoer om die rol van die doula of kindergeboorte-begeleidster gedurende baring in die bevordering van natuurlike kindergeboorte asook die effek van die teenwoordigheid van laasgenoemde te ondersoek. Die klem het verskuif van tuisbevallings na hospitaal- bevallings. Hierdie tendens het veroorsaak dat daar nie genoeg voorsiening gemaak word vir versorging en emosionele ondesteuning nie. Die geregistreede vroedvroue in die verlossings-eenhede in Port Elizabeth in die Oos-Kaapse streek, in beide openbare en private hospitale toon ‘n mate van onwilligheid om doulas tydens baring te benut, Die studie ontwerp is non-eksperimenteel, eksploratief, beskrywend en kontekstueel van aard, met ‘n kwantitatiewe benadering. In kwantitatiewe studies help die ontwerp, die navorser deur middel van prosedures om akkurate en interpreteerbare data te ontwikkel. Die studie is onderneem by die Port Elizabeth se Verloskunde-eenhede in die Oos-Kaap. In hierdie hospitale is daar 40 geregistreerde vroedvroue in die Openbare- en 45 in die Privaatsektor. Die resultate van hierdie studie en die interpretasie daarvan het die navorser gehelp om te bevestig dat daar inderdaad ‘n groot behoefte bestaan vir die bydraes van kindergeboortbegeleidsterss en veral in die openbare sektor waar daar groot tekorte aan geregistreerde vroedvroue voorkom en nie genoeg personeel is om in die basiese behoeftes van die pasiënte te voorsien nie. Die waarde van die bydraes van doulas om ondersteuning en bemoedigingsmaatreëls vir die vrou tydens baring te voorsien moet nie onderskat word nie; en geregistreerde vroedvroue behoort bewus gemaak te word van die belangrike rol van die doula en hoe die doula die obstetriese sorglewering van die pasient kan komplementeer.

Handwriting is an integral part of our culture and civilization. It is an important and indispensable skill that makes us a full-fledged member of society. When acquiring this skill particular problems can develop which need to be captured as soon as possible in order to ensure the fastest and most effective remedy. The presented work deals with a profound description of written expression in the third grade of primary school. It is based on the revised rating scale which was derived from the original scale created by A. Kucharská, and J. Veverková in 2011. Using this revised scale the degree of attachment and coping skills in writing for third grade students was captured and described. It was also investigated the area of reflection of the errors and the ways students dealt with them. Finally, based on last scale area the rate of fixing grammar and typing skills was observed. The analysis scrutinized dictations of 90 students from Prague, central and east region who was taught by the genetics and analyst-synthetic metod. In order to process the data the quantiative methods and multidimensional methods were used. The qualitative analysis was used as well with the purpose of supporting the particular issues. The data allowed us to determine the extent of the handwriting fixation, provided us with...

Title: Shoulder joint stress and the formation of muscle disbalances suffered by tennis players. Goals: Finding the correct cooperation of selected muscles during the initial stage of tennis service and discuss their impact and medical effects on the shoulder joint. Method: Kinematic analysis using the Qualisys Motion System, Electromyography Results: The shoulder joint stabilizes during the initial stage of service. The m. supraspinatus has a big significance in this motion. Key words: tennis, service, muscles cooperation during tennis service

The topic of my thesis is Land Reforms in Czech Lands during the 20th century. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse evolution of stance of the state to land property through the laws only in territory of the Czech Republic during the 20th century. The reason for my research is find and discribe circumstances and conditions which affect decision of the state to change land property. My hypothesis is negative consequence realization the Land Reforms during the 20th century. The thesis is composed of five main chapters, each of them dealing with different periods of changes of land property. Chapter One is introductory and defines land as a subject of land property. The next chapters describe process of periods of Land Reforms, especially conditions of formation and consequences of realization the Land Reforms. Conclusions are drawn in individual chapters and my final opinion is at the end of my thesis. My hypothesis was confirmed especially in case of the Second Land Reform.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how children experience their everyday travel. More specifically how do certain travel characteristics influence children’s current mood, experiences of their everyday travel, and their cognitive performance. The thesis consists of two papers (Papers I and II). In Paper I, 206 children (101 girls) in grade 4 (aged 10), in the city of Staffanstorp in Sweden, recorded all their journeys in a diary during one school week, along with reports of their travel mode, their current mood while travelling (ranging from very sad to very happy and from very tired to very alert), their activities on arrival, and their experiences regarding those activities. In Paper II, a sample of 344 children (165 girls) between the ages of 10 and 15 was taken at five public schools in Värmland County, Sweden. The children rated their current mood, filled out the Satisfaction with Travel Scale (capturing the travel experience), reported details about their journeys, and took a word-fluency test. The findings show that children’s immediate affective experiences (current mood) vary with how they travel and where they go, and that there is a difference between boys’ and girls’ experiences. Children who travel by car experience the lowest degree of quality and activation, something which is also maintained throughout the school day (as the case with activation). Social activities during travel add to higher degree of quality and excitement, while solitary activities bring more stress. The findings further show that using a smartphone or doing a combination of activities during the journey results in better cognitive performance, as do longer traveling times. It is concluded that where and how children travel, what they do when traveling, and for how long they travel all affect children’s travel experiences, mood, and/or cognitive performance. This thesis sheds light on a neglected research area – which is the experiences of travel – through the lens of a child. / The purpose of this licentiate thesis is to examine how children experience their everyday travel. More specifically, do travel mode, travel time, and travel activities influence children’s experiences of their everyday travel, how they feel, and how they perform at school. In Paper 1 we investigate whether children’s moods, while travelling, vary with travel mode and destination. In Paper 2 we investigate whether children’s experiences of travel and current mood vary with travel mode, traveling time, and activities during travel. We also investigate whether the travel experience affects cognitive performance. The overall findings of the two studies suggest that where and how children travel, what they do when traveling, and for how long they travel all affect children’s travel experiences, moods, and cognitive performance. These novel findings bring important knowledge of the impact of a journey. Children are the next generation of traveler; how they experience their day-to-day travel may contribute toward their future travel behavior and influence how societies travel in the future.

Background: The prevalence of anxiety postpartum is high. Physical activity has shown positive effects for depressive symptoms and anxiety in pregnant women. The risk of anxiety postpartum can increase with a high and low Body Mass Index (BMI), no studies have been found to investigate the correlation between muscle mass and anxiety. Aim: To investigate the correlation between level of anxiety, BMI and proportion of muscle mass postpartum and see if there were any differences in level of self-reported anxiety between two independents groups: those who reported regular exercise and those who didn’t report regular exercise during pregnancy. Method: A quantitative correlative and comparative cross-sectional study. Data was collected using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire and one question about training answered by 2599 participants. Bioimpedance was used to calculate the proportion of muscle mass and BMI and included 164 participants. Results: There was a correlation between higher level of anxiety and higher proportion of muscle mass (r=0.25 p=<0.05) and between higher level of anxiety and higher BMI (r=0.23 p=<0.05). There was a difference (p=<0.05) in level of anxiety between two groups: those who reported regular exercise: Md 4 (Q=6) self-reported a lower level of anxiety than those who didn´t report regular exercise: Md 4 (Q=8). Conclusion: High BMI and high proportion of muscle mass correlate with higher level of anxiety postpartum. There was a correlation between exercise during pregnancy and a decreased level of anxiety.

A colheita mecanizada da cultura de cana-de-açúcar tem grande relevância no sistema de produção de tal cultura, influenciando na qualidade e nos custos da matériaprima entregue à usina. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do herbicida Paraquat, aplicado como dessecante em pré-colheita, no sistema de corte, carregamento e transporte de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em área de Latossolo Vermelho - Amarelo, localizada no município de Boa Esperança do Sul SP, em canavial sem queima prévia, sistematizado para colheita mecanizada. A área experimental possuía 0,353 ha sendo representada por 24 fileiras, das quais 12 foram tratadas com o dessecante Paraquat e 12 foram consideradas como testemunha. Os tratamentos foram: V1P (área com aplicação de Paraquat e velocidade da colhedora de 4 km h-1); V2P (área com aplicação de Paraquat e velocidade da colhedora de 6 km h-1); V1T (área testemunha e velocidade da colhedora de 4 km h-1) e V2T (área testemunha e velocidade da colhedora de 6 km h-1). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x2 (2 tratamentos: com ou sem aplicação de dessecante x 2 velocidades da colhedora: 4 e 6 km h-1). Foi constatado estatisticamente que, com a aplicação de dessecante, não houve diferenças mínimas significativas nas seguintes variáveis: Eficácia de Manipulação, perdas de cana-de-açúcar na colheita, quantidade de matéria estranha mineral na matéria-prima colhida e consumo de óleo diesel nas capacidades efetivas de colheita (Bruta e Líquida). Entretanto, a aplicação do dessecante Paraquat diminuiu a quantidade de matéria estranha vegetal presente na matéria-prima colhida, aumentou a capacidade efetiva líquida e bruta de colheita, o consumo de combustível no tratamento V2P e o peso específico da matéria-prima transportada, evidenciando os benefícios da aplicação do produto na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. / The mechanized harvest of sugar cane has great relevance in the production system of the culture, influencing in the quality and in the costs of the product delivers to the plant. The present work had for objective to evaluate the effect of the herbicide Paraquat, applied as desiccant in preharvest, in the system of cut, shipment and transport of sugar cane. The experiment was lead in area of Yellow Red Latossolo, located in the city of Boa Esperança do Sul - SP, in sugar cane plantation without previous burning, systemize for mechanized harvest. The experimental area had 0.353 ha being represented by 24 rows, of which 12 were treated with Paraquat and 12 were considered as control. The treatments had been: V1P (area with application of Paraquat and speed of the sugar cane harvester 4 km h-1); V2P (area with application of Paraquat and speed of the sugar cane harvester 6 km h-1); V1T (area testifies and speed of the sugar cane harvester 4 km h-1) and V2T (area testifies and speed of the sugar cane harvester 6 km h-1). The adopted experimental delineation was entirely randomized, in a factorial 2x2 (two treatments: with or without the application of desiccant x 2 speed of the harvester: 4 and 6 km h-1). It was found that statistically, with the desiccant application, there were no differences in the following variables: Efficacy of manipulation, loss of sugar cane at harvest, amount of foreign matter in mineral raw materials harvested and diesel consumption in the effective capacity of harvest (Gross and Net). However, the application of Paraquat decreased the amount of foreign matter present in raw plant material harvested, increased the effective capacity of net and gross harvest, the fuel consumption in treatment V2P and specific weight of raw material transported, evidencing the benefits of the application of the product in the cultivation of sugar cane.

In recent years, worldwide obesity rates have risen dramatically, putting major strain on public health systems and the economy. Obesity is a multifaceted disease and its development can be influenced by a variety of factors including genetic, psychological and environmental influences. One area of current focus in obesity research is that of early life programming. It has been well-established that certain early life factors can impact the physiology and behaviour of the offspring. Because of this, early life programming has become increasingly well studied in order to develop a deeper understanding of how early life can influence obesity development. Another area of interest lies in positive mood. While there has been much research into the effects of negative states such as stress and anxiety on feeding behaviour, there is still very little known about how positive states can influence food choice. Using rat models of prenatal stress, neonatal overnutrition and positive affect, this thesis aimed to investigate the effects of early life and mood factors on feeding behaviour and food choice. Prenatal stress has been extensively studied and is characterised by an enhanced stress response in the offspring. Using two rat models of prenatal stress- social and restraint stress, the effects of prenatal stress on feeding behaviour and food choice in the offspring were examined. In both models, no effects of prenatal stress on either food intake or food choice were observed. However, in both cases the expected alterations to the offspring's stress responses when exposed to an acute stressor were not replicated. This may suggest that models of prenatal stress are not as robust as often cited in the literature. As well as the prenatal environment, the early postnatal environment is also able to influence physiology and behaviour. In terms of obesity, a well-studied model is that of small litter size. Rats from small litters are over-nourished as neonates and because of this illustrate an increased body weight that persists throughout life. While this increase in weight gain has been well-established, there is no evidence examining the impact of neonatal overnutrition on long-term food choice. Therefore, food intake and food choice were measured in small and control litter rats over a 10-week period. When placed on an ad lib diet of bland chow, sucrose and lard, small litter rats consumed significantly more chow than control litter rats, whilst maintaining similar consumption of lard and sucrose. However, when offered a high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) pellet for two hours a day alongside ad lib chow, small litter rats illustrated increased consumption of the HFHS pellet compared to controls. This suggests that small litter rats may be programmed to adjust their food choices to enable them to maintain their increased body weight in comparison to controls. To examine the effects of positive affect on feeding behaviour, ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs, specifically those at 50 kHz) were used as a measure of positive affect in rats. In order to examine whether access to a food reward could induce a positive affect (as measured by an increase in 50 kHz USVs), rats were schedule-fed sweetened condensed milk and USVs measured before, during and after consumption. No differences in 50 kHz USVs were observed suggesting that a palatable food, whilst rewarding, does not alter affective state in the rat. Using heterospecific social contact (a tickling interaction simulating rough and tumble play) to induce positive affect, rats were presented with an hour-long sucrose preference test following social contact in order to examine the impact of positive affect on food choice. While no differences in sucrose consumption were found, a reduced sucrose preference was observed in rats receiving social contact compared to controls, suggesting that positive affect may play a role in mediating food choice. Finally, the effects of fasting (a negative stimulus thought to reduce 50 kHz USVs) and a food reward on motivation for social contact were examined. Both fasting and access to a food reward resulted in no differences in conditioned place preference to receive social interaction. Overall, the results obtained in this thesis implicate both neonatal overnutrition and, for the first time, positive affect as possible mediators of food choice, although further studies are required to fully establish these effects. Importantly, these results also raise questions regarding the reproducibility of some early life models, such as prenatal stress, and highlights the importance of sharing precise experimental protocols across laboratories. Through further investigation of the effects of early life and affective states on food consumption and choice, and the mechanisms behind these, this may enable the development of therapeutic interventions and preventative measures that can help slow, or even reverse, the global obesity epidemic.

A colheita mecanizada da cultura de cana-de-açúcar tem grande relevância no sistema de produção de tal cultura, influenciando na qualidade e nos custos da matériaprima entregue à usina. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do herbicida Paraquat, aplicado como dessecante em pré-colheita, no sistema de corte, carregamento e transporte de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em área de Latossolo Vermelho - Amarelo, localizada no município de Boa Esperança do Sul SP, em canavial sem queima prévia, sistematizado para colheita mecanizada. A área experimental possuía 0,353 ha sendo representada por 24 fileiras, das quais 12 foram tratadas com o dessecante Paraquat e 12 foram consideradas como testemunha. Os tratamentos foram: V1P (área com aplicação de Paraquat e velocidade da colhedora de 4 km h-1); V2P (área com aplicação de Paraquat e velocidade da colhedora de 6 km h-1); V1T (área testemunha e velocidade da colhedora de 4 km h-1) e V2T (área testemunha e velocidade da colhedora de 6 km h-1). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 2x2 (2 tratamentos: com ou sem aplicação de dessecante x 2 velocidades da colhedora: 4 e 6 km h-1). Foi constatado estatisticamente que, com a aplicação de dessecante, não houve diferenças mínimas significativas nas seguintes variáveis: Eficácia de Manipulação, perdas de cana-de-açúcar na colheita, quantidade de matéria estranha mineral na matéria-prima colhida e consumo de óleo diesel nas capacidades efetivas de colheita (Bruta e Líquida). Entretanto, a aplicação do dessecante Paraquat diminuiu a quantidade de matéria estranha vegetal presente na matéria-prima colhida, aumentou a capacidade efetiva líquida e bruta de colheita, o consumo de combustível no tratamento V2P e o peso específico da matéria-prima transportada, evidenciando os benefícios da aplicação do produto na cultura de cana-de-açúcar. / The mechanized harvest of sugar cane has great relevance in the production system of the culture, influencing in the quality and in the costs of the product delivers to the plant. The present work had for objective to evaluate the effect of the herbicide Paraquat, applied as desiccant in preharvest, in the system of cut, shipment and transport of sugar cane. The experiment was lead in area of Yellow Red Latossolo, located in the city of Boa Esperança do Sul - SP, in sugar cane plantation without previous burning, systemize for mechanized harvest. The experimental area had 0.353 ha being represented by 24 rows, of which 12 were treated with Paraquat and 12 were considered as control. The treatments had been: V1P (area with application of Paraquat and speed of the sugar cane harvester 4 km h-1); V2P (area with application of Paraquat and speed of the sugar cane harvester 6 km h-1); V1T (area testifies and speed of the sugar cane harvester 4 km h-1) and V2T (area testifies and speed of the sugar cane harvester 6 km h-1). The adopted experimental delineation was entirely randomized, in a factorial 2x2 (two treatments: with or without the application of desiccant x 2 speed of the harvester: 4 and 6 km h-1). It was found that statistically, with the desiccant application, there were no differences in the following variables: Efficacy of manipulation, loss of sugar cane at harvest, amount of foreign matter in mineral raw materials harvested and diesel consumption in the effective capacity of harvest (Gross and Net). However, the application of Paraquat decreased the amount of foreign matter present in raw plant material harvested, increased the effective capacity of net and gross harvest, the fuel consumption in treatment V2P and specific weight of raw material transported, evidencing the benefits of the application of the product in the cultivation of sugar cane.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho analisa, em Juazeiro do Norte â CearÃ, a problemÃtica do lixo durante os dias de romarias, enfocando as condiÃÃes sociais, econÃmicas e ambientais do MunicÃpio. A cidade possui uma populaÃÃo de 214 mil habitantes, a qual à duplicada durante as trÃs festas religiosas que acontecem as romarias, ocorrendo uma sobrecarga nos serviÃos pÃblicos, especialmente no manejo adequado do lixo. Durante a pesquisa, foi usada metodologia dialÃtica, a qual possibilitou inicialmente fazer diagnÃstico da situaÃÃo atual do lixo, com caracterizaÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo dos resÃduos sÃlidos nos dias de romarias, identificando-se os impactos negativos desses resÃduos e verificando-se quem sÃo os produtores do lixo, seu papel e responsabilidade perante a questÃo ambiental na cidade de Juazeiro do Norte â CearÃ. AlÃm disso, fez-se um levantamento dos depÃsitos de materiais reciclÃveis para verificar a demanda e analisou-se a situaÃÃo dos catadores desses materiais. Identificaram-se, por meio de pesquisa de campo, os lixÃes de Juazeiro do Norte, utilizando-se como referÃncia Ãs gestÃes municipais de 1980 atà 2005. Consideraram-se tambÃm os atores sociais e suas respectivas aÃÃes educativas no MunicÃpio na busca de mitigar o problema. Com base nesses elementos, analisaram-se as questÃes estudadas, realÃando o fato de que a Cidade de Juazeiro do Norte necessita integrar aÃÃes para a gestÃo e gerenciamento dos resÃduos sÃlidos no MunicÃpio, assim como, precisa agir diante da ineficiÃncia das polÃticas pÃblicas e implementar, com a participaÃÃo dos habitantes e visitantes, a EducaÃÃo Ambiental como elemento fundamental na aprendizagem do eco-cidadania. / The present work analyzes, in Juazeiro do Norte â CearÃ, waste sdid problematic during the pilgrimagesâ days, with enphasis in: social, economical and environmental conditions. This city has a population of 214 thousand inhabitants, which is duplicated during the three religious parties at pilgrimages period. It causes an overload in public services, especially in appropriate waste solid management. The methodology dialectic was used in this research. Initially, this methodology made possible to do diagnosis of waste solid current situation. Moreover, the present research characterized and quantified the waste solid in the days of pilgrimages, identified the negative impacts of those residues and verified who are the produtors. As well as, it analyzed role and responsibility of environmental subject at Municipality of Juazeiro do Norte - CearÃ. The deposits of recyclable materials were lifted up to verify the demand and to analyze the situationâs collectors of those materials. The Juazeiro do Norteâs landfill were identified through field research during the period of the municipal administrations between 1980 and 2005. The social actors and their respective educational actions in the city were considered to searching the problemâs solution. The studied subjects were analyzed with base in those elements to enhance that the city of Juazeiro do Norte needs to integrate actions for the administration of the solid residues. A well as, this City needs to act before the inefficiency of the public politics and to implement the Environmental Education as fundamental element in the learning of the ecocitizenship, with the inhabitants' participation and visitors.