This thesis is concerned with the formulation of a suitable notion of monotonicity of discrete and continuous-time dynamical systems on Lie groups and homogeneous spaces. In a linear space, monotonicity refers to the property of a system that preserves an ordering of the elements of the space. Monotone systems have been studied in detail and are of great interest for their numerous applications, as well as their close connections to many physical and biological systems. In a linear space, a powerful local characterisation of monotonicity is provided by differential positivity with respect to a constant cone field, which combines positivity theory with a local analysis of nonlinear systems. Since many dynamical systems are naturally defined on nonlinear spaces, it is important to seek a suitable adaptation of monotonicity on such spaces. However, the question of how one can develop a suitable notion of monotonicity on a nonlinear manifold is complicated by the general absence of a clear and well-defined notion of order on such a space. Fortunately, for Lie groups and important examples of homogeneous spaces that are ubiquitous in many problems of engineering and applied mathematics, symmetry provides a way forward. Specifically, the existence of a notion of geometric invariance on such spaces allows for the generation of invariant cone fields, which in turn induce notions of conal orders. We propose differential positivity with respect to invariant cone fields as a natural and powerful generalisation of monotonicity to nonlinear spaces and develop the theory in this thesis. We illustrate the ideas with numerous examples and apply the theory to a number of areas, including the theory of consensus on Lie groups and order theory on the set of positive definite matrices.

abstract: In response to the recent publication and media coverage of several books that support educating boys and girls separately, more public schools in the United States are beginning to offer same-sex schooling options. Indeed, students may be more comfortable interacting solely with same-sex peers, as boys and girls often have difficulty in their interactions with each other; however, given that boys and girls often interact beyond the classroom, researchers must discover why boys and girls suffer difficult other-sex interactions and determine what can be done to improve them. We present two studies aimed at examining such processes. Both studies were conducted from a dynamical systems perspective that highlights the role of variability in dyadic social interactions to capture temporal changes in interpersonal coordination. The first focused on the utility of applying dynamics to the study of same- and mixed-sex interactions and examined the relation of the quality of those interactions to participants' perceptions of their interaction partners. The second study was an extension of the first, examining how dynamical dyadic coordination affected students' self-perceived abilities and beliefs in science, with the intention of examining social predictors of girls' and women's under-representation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Family and Human Development 2012

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Cette thèse se situe à l’interface entre théorie des nœuds et théorie des systèmes dynamiques. Le thème central consiste, étant donné un champ de vecteurs dans une variété de dimension 3, à considérer ses orbites périodiques, et à s’interroger sur les informations qu’elles donnent sur le champ de vecteurs et la variété initiaux.La première partie est consacrée au flot géodésique défini sur le fibré unitaire tangentd’une surface, ou d’une orbiface, à courbure constante. L’observation de certains exemples (sphère, tore, surface modulaire) suggère la conjecture suivante, due à Étienne Ghys : l’enlacement entre deux familles homologiquement nulles quelconques d’orbites périodiques est toujours négatif. En d’autres termes, le flot géodésique serait lévogyre. Quand la courbure est négative, par les travaux de David Fried sur les flots d’Anosov, cette conjecture implique une propriété étonnante et très particulière : n’importe quelle collection homologiquement nulle d’orbites périodiques borde une section de Birkhoff pour le flot géodésique, et est par conséquent la reliure d’un livre ouvert. En ce sens, cette conjecture propose une généralisation de la construction de Norbert A’Campo de livres ouverts sur les fibrés unitaires tangents. Nous proposons la démonstration de cette conjecture dans les cas du tore, des orbifolds de type (2, q, infini), et de l’orbifold de type (2, 3, 7). La seconde partie est consacrée au comportement asymptotique des invariants des nœuds formés par les orbites périodiques d’un champ de vecteur, quand la longueur de l’orbite tend vers l’infini. Le but est de définir des invariants de champs de vecteurs stables par difféomorphisme. Dans le cas particulier des nœuds de Lorenz, nous montrons que les racines du polynôme d’Alexander admettent un comportement particulier : elles s’accumulent au voisinage du cercle-unité. / This thesis deals with interactions between knot theory and dynamical systems. Givena vector field on a 3-manifold, the main idea is to study its periodic orbits from the knottheoretical point of view, and to deduce informations about the vector field and the initial manifold. The first part is devoted to the study of the geodesic flow defined on the unit tangent bundle of a surface, or an orbiface, with constant curvature. Simple examples (sphere, torus, modular surface) suggest the following conjecture, due to Ghys : the linking number of two homologically zero collections of periodic orbits is always negative. In other words, the geodesic flow on any orbiface with constant curvature is left-handed. In the negatively curved case, the work of Fried imply another surprising property : any homologically trivial collection of periodic orbits bound a Birkhoff section for the geodesic flow, and is therefore the binding of an open book decomposition. In this setting, the conjecture is a generalization of A’Campo’s construction of open book decompositions on unit tangent bundles. In our work, we prove the conjectre for the torus, for the orbifolds of type (2, q, oo), and for the orbifold of type (2, 3, 7). The second part is devoted to the asymptotic behaviour of invariants of the knots made by the periodic orbits of a vector field, when the length of the orbits tend to infinity. The goal is to define invariants of the vector field under diffeomorphism. In the case of Lorenz knots, we show that the roots of the Alexander polynomial admit an asymptotic behaviour, namely that they accumulate on the unit circle.

Orientador: Edson Denis Leonel / Banca: Denis Gouvea Ladeira / Banca: Juliano Antônio de Oliveira / Resumo: Neste projeto aplicamos o formalismo de escala com o objetivo de explorar a evolução em direção ao equilíbrio perto de uma bifurcação tangente no mapa logístico. No ponto de bifurcação a órbita segue o caminho descrito por uma função homogênea com expoentes críticos bem definidos. Perto da bifurcação, a convergência para o equilíbrio é exponencial, cujo tempo de relaxação é marcado por uma lei de potência. Para obtermos os expoentes utilizamos dois procedimentos distintos: (1) o primeiro, fenomenológico, envolvendo hipóteses de escala, com o qual determinamos uma lei de escala entre os 3 expoentes críticos; (2) o segundo transforma uma equação de diferenças em uma equação diferencial, sendo resolvida com condições iniciais convenientes. Os resultados analíticos confirmam bem os resultados encontrados numericamente / Abstract: In this project we apply the scaling formalism to understand and describe the evolution towards the equilibrium at and near at a tangent bifurcation into logistic map. At the bifurcation the convergence to the steady state is described by a homogeneous function with well de ned critical exponents. Near the bifurcation, the evolution to the equilibrium is described by an exponential function whose relaxation time is described by a power law. We use two di erent approaches to obtain the critical exponents: (1) a phenomenological investigation based on three scaling hypotheses leading to a scaling law relating three critical exponents and; (2) a procedure transforming the di erence equation into a di erential equation which is solved under appropriate conditions. The numerical results give support for the theoretical approach / Mestre

Orientador: Juliano Antônio de Oliveira / Banca: Rene Orlando Metrano Torricos / Banca: Priscilla Andressa de Souza Silva / Resumo: Neste trabalho consideramos o mapa padrão descrito nas variáveis momento e ângulo, a partir do movimento de um rotor pulsado. Uma vez definido o modelo para o caso conservativo, construímos o espaço de fase para analisar a dinâmica do sistema. Observamos um mar caótico ao redor de ilhas periódicas e limitado por um conjunto de curvas invariantes spannig. Para caracterizar o caos, usamos os expoentes de Lyapunov. Estendemos os nossos estudos introduzindo dissipação no sistema. Dada a escolha dos parâmetros de controle, observamos que a estrutura mista observada no sistema conservativo decai exponencialmente para atratores caóticos. Os expoentes de Lyapunov foram usados para caracterizar os atratores caóticos. Introduzimos uma função de descontinuidade no sistema para investigar a raiz quadrada da variável ação quadrática média ao longo dos atratores caóticos. Uma lei de escala foi estabelecida e os expoentes de escala são encontrados numericamente. Finalmente, discutimos uma abordagem analítica para a variável ação quadrática média no mapeamento padrão dissipativo descontínuo / Abstract: In this work we consider the standard map described in the momentum and angle variables from the movement of a kicked rotor. Once the model for the conservative case is defined, we build the phase space to analyze the dynamics of the conservative system. We observe a chaotic sea surrounding periodic islands and limited by a set of invariant spannig curves. To characterize chaos we use the Lyapunov exponents. We extend our studies introducing dissipation in the system. Given the chose of the control parameters we obseve that the mixed structure observed in the conservative case decay exponentially for large chaotic attactors. The Lyapunov exponents were used to characterize the chaotic attactors. We introduce a discontinuity function in the system to investigate the root mean square of the quadratic action variable along of the chaotic attractors. A scaling law was established and the scaling exponents are found numerically. Finally a analytical approach for the quadratic mean action variable in the dissipative discontinuous standard mapping is discussed / Mestre

Orientador: Edson Denis Leonel / Banca: Denis Gouvêa Ladeira / Banca: Ricardo Egydio de Carvalho / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentaremos e discutiremos algumas propriedades dinâmicas para uma família de mapeamentos discretos que preservam a área no espaço de fases nas variáveis momentum, I, e coordenada generalizada, θ. O mapeamento é descrito por dois parâmetros de controle, sendo eles ε, ajustando a intensidade da não linearidade, e γ, um parâmetro que fornece a forma da divergência da variável "θ"no limite em que I → 0. O parâmetro ε controla a transição de integrabilidade, quando ε = 0, para não integrabilidade, no limite em que ε ≠ 0. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é descrever o comportamento das curvas do momentum médio, I_RMS(ε,n), em função de n, a partir de uma função de probabilidade, P(I(n)), de observar um determinado momentum I em um instante n. Para tanto, resolveremos a Equação da Difusão analiticamente, considerando os casos: (i) o momentum inicial nulo, I_0 = 0, e (ii) o momentum inicial não nulo, I_0 ≠ 0. Nossos resultados descrevem bem os resultados fenomenológicos conhecidos na literatura (Physics Letters A, 379: 1808 (2015)) / Abstract: In this work we will present and discuss some dynamical properties of a family of mappings that preserves area in the phase space for two variables momentum, I, and generalized coordinate, θ. The mapping is controled by two parameters: ε, tunning the intensity of nonlinearity, and γ, that describes the form of divergence of θ when I → 0. The parameter ε defines a transition from integrability, when ε = 0, to nonintegrability, when ε ≠ 0. The main goal of this work is to describe the curves of average momentum, I_RMS(ε,n), in terms of n, from a probability function, P(I(n)), to observe a determined momentum I at an instant n. Therefore, we will solve the Diffusion equation analitically considering the cases: (i) the initial momentum is null, I_0 = 0, and (ii) the initial momentum is nonzero, I_0 ≠ 0. Our results describe well the known phenomenological results in literature (Physics Letters A, 379: 1808 (2015)) / Mestre

Nesta dissertação é explorado o comportamento emergente de uma população heterogênea de jogadores negociando segundo o jogo do ultimato: dois jogadores recebem uma oferta; um deles (o proponente) propõe a sua divisão, enquanto o outro jogador (o aceitador) pode aceitar ou rejeitar a proposta. A rejeição é prejudicial a ambos jogadores, pois nenhum deles recebe sua parcela dos possíveis ganhos. Neste contexto, o ganho e seus momentos são calculados a partir de métodos analíticos simples e várias simulações computacionais corroboram os resultados obtidos. Também são analisadas as flutuações estatísticas da distribuição do ganho. Além disso, é apresentada uma abordagem simples evolucionária que considera mudanças em estratégias baseadas em ganhos anteriores. Para este caso, é demonstrado que o tempo médio de permanência (idade) de uma estratégia de uma população de "justos" convergepara um valor constante enquanto t se aproxima do ∞ e o cutoff médio decai segundouma lei de potência em tempos altos, após uma queda inicial. Também foram observadas transições entre comportamentos de alto e baixo ganho. Adicionalmente foi estudadauma versão espacial desse modelo. Para tanto são consideradosjogadores interagindo com seus primeiros vizinhos em reticulados 2D de acordo com duas dinâmicas estocáticas: (1) morte e nascimento com amostragem seletiva (MNAS), (2) Gibbs sampling sobre a vizinhança (GS). Estes resultados trazem importantes considerações sobre o projeto de simulaçõesno contexto da teoria dos jogos evolucionários, em particular na simulação dos aspectos relevantes quando modelando grandes populações. / Weexplore the emergent behavior of a heterogeneous population of players negotiating via an ultimatum game: two players are offered a gift; one of them (the proposer) suggestshow to divide the offer while the other player (the responder) can either agree or reject the deal. Rejection is detrimental to both players as it results in no eamings. In this context, the payoff and its moments are calculated from simple analytical methods and several computer simulations corroborate the obtained results. Wealso analyze statistical fluctuationson payoff distribution. In addition,we present a simple evolutionaryapproach that considers changes in strategies based on previous eamings. For this case, we show that average permanence time (age) in a strategy of a fair population converges to a constant value when t approaches ∞ and the cutoff average decays as a power law for large times after a initial deterministic slip. We have also observed transitions between highlow payoffbehaviors. Additionallywe studied a spatial version ofthis model. For this we consider players interacting with their nearest neighbors in 2D lattices according to two different stochastic dynamics: (1) Death and birth with selective sampling (MNAS), (2) Gibbs sampling on neighborhood (GS) Webelieve that these results can bring important considerationsto the design of simulations in the context ofthe evolutionary game theory, in particular in the simulation of relevant features when modeling large populations.

Esta dissertação apresenta o framework DynamicML para o desenvolvimento de aplicações (sistemas supervisórios) dinâmicas para telefones celulares. A proposta é que o aplicativo seja criado usando a linguagem DynamicML; assim, através deste arquivo, que é enviado ao dispositivo móvel (com o framework previamente instalado), este é então interpretado e, finalmente, a aplicação gerada. Além disso, a qualquer momento o arquivo de configuração pode ser alterado e isso se refletirá imediatamente na aplicação. Assim, torna-se possível a adaptação/evolução de aplicações na plataforma Java ME em tempo de execução, além de proporcionar uma maneira de desenvolver aplicações de forma rápida, e com qualidade; abstraindo do desenvolvedor a maior parte da complexidade de programação. A fim de permitir maior portabilidade nos celulares atuais, a proposta é implementada usando Java ME (Java Micro Edition) tendo como principal alvo a configuração CLDC (a mais difundida nos aparelhos atuais), mas que também é suportada na configuração CDC. Existem vários esforços para permitir o carregamento de componentes em tempo de execução na plataforma Java ME: alguns têm como alvo a configuração CDC, e consequentemente exigem hardware avançado e/ou específico; outros têm propostas que exigem um enorme esforço de desenvolvimento, exigindo uma implementação para cada plataforma alvo. A principal vantagem deste trabalho está no uso da DynamicML como uma metalinguagem para a descrição de aplicações, o que torna possível gerar a aplicação dinamicamente. Dessa forma, não é necessária nenhuma biblioteca extra (indisponível na maioria dos aparelhos) e nem o desenvolvimento de uma solução para cada plataforma alvo. A validação da proposta foi realizada através do desenvolvimento de um protótipo aplicado a três casos de uso nas áreas de automação residencial e supervisão industrial. O protótipo consiste num sistema para celulares usando o framework, e uma arquitetura web para interagir com os sistemas supervisionados e simular o funcionamento do conjunto para demonstração. / This dissertation presents the DynamicML, a framework for developing dynamic applications (supervisory systems) for mobile phones. The proposal is that the application is created using the DynamicML language, so through this file, which is sent to the mobile device (pre-installed with the framework), is then interpreted and, finally, the application is generated. Also, the configuration file may be changed at any time and this will immediately reflect on the application. Thus, it becomes possible adaptation/evolution of applications at runtime on the Java ME platform, while providing a way to quickly develop applications, with quality; and abstracting most of the complexity of programming from the developer. In order to allow greater portability in the today cell phones, the proposal is implemented using the Java ME (Java Micro Edition) having as the primary target the CLDC configuration (the most widespread in the current devices), but that is also supported in the CDC configuration. There are several efforts to allow the loading of components at runtime in Java ME platform: some are targeted to the CDC configuration, and consequently require advanced and/or specific hardware, others have proposals requiring a huge development effort, requiring one implementation for each target platform. The main advantage of this research is the use of DynamicML as a metalanguage for describing applications, which makes it possible to dynamically build the application. Thus, there is no need for extra library (not available on most devices) and even the development of a solution for each target platform. The validation of the proposal was done by developing a prototype applied to three use cases in the fields of residential automation and industrial supervision. The prototype consists of a system for mobile phones using the framework, and a web architecture to interact with the supervised systems and simulate the operation of the set for demonstration.

In this thesis we study a mathematical model that describes task partitioning in a colony of ants. This process of self-organization is modeled by a nonlinear coupled system of rst order autonomous ordinary dierential equations. We discuss how this system of equations can be derived based on the behavior of ants in a colony. We use GNU Octave (a high-level programming language) to solve the system of equations numerically for dierent sets of parameters and show how the solutions respond to changes in the parameter values. Finally, we prove that the model is well-posed locally in time. We rewrite the system of ordinary dierential equations in terms of a system of coupled Volterra integral equations and look at the right-hand side of the system as a nonlinear operator on a Banach space. By doing so, we have transformed the problem of showing existence and uniqueness of solutions to a system of ordinary dierential equations into a problem of showing existence and uniqueness of a xed point to the corresponding integral operator. Additionally, we use Gronwall's inequality to prove the stability of solutions with respect to data and parameters.