Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Perez Ramos.pdf: 749029 bytes, checksum: 4936cc8552dcf26b27520a4fd7750c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-23 / This research has as a general purpose of developing and validation na auxiliary scale of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) for healthcare professionals. Three samples of participants took part on it: Group 1: which comprises fifteen esthetic plastic surgery patients diagnosed as having BDD; Group 2: which includes fifteen esthetic plastic surgery patients diagnosed as not having BDD; Group 3: five professionals of psychiatry and psychology which stood as judges to evaluate the items of the scale. Initially, the items of the scale were generated from the study of 4 BDD evaluation questionaries which existed already, comtemplating the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV (1994) and of scientific assays on the BDD field. Fifty items were, then, built (1st version) which were evaluated by the authoress regarding relevance, objectivity, clearness and precision. From this analysis ten items were discarded, resulting in a 40-item scale (2st version). The relevance of the items to the construct by means of the theoretical analysis of judges. As a result from this analysis five more items were discarded for not obtaining an agreement of at least 80% among the judges (3sd version). The third version of the scale was applied on both groups (G1 and G2). The results from this aplication were submitted to the BDD construct study by means of factorial analysis. The discriminating validity was accomplised by the application of the 3sd scale version of the clinical population (G1) and of sample the non clinical population (G2). The estimate of the U Mann-Whitney Test showed that the scale is sensitive to distinguish the individuals diagnosed as having BDD from those diagnosed as not having the disorder. Besides, the instrument was applied once more twenty days later on both groups (G1 and G2), to submit the scale to the test-retest precision. Through the application of the Pearson Test one verified an expressive correlation between the first and the second application for group 1 as well as for group 2. As a result from these quantitative analyses no item was discarded for they showed to be relevant for the BDD measurement. It was, then, proposed a pilot version of the BDD diagnosis auxiliary instrument to be used by healthcare professionals. The current instrument consists of thirty five items measured by the four-point Likert scale. / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo geral desenvolver e validar uma escala auxiliar de diagn?stico do Transtorno Dism?rfico Corporal (TDC) para profissionais da ?rea da sa?de. Para tanto contou com tr?s amostras de participantes: Grupo I: que englobou 15 pacientes de cirurgia pl?stica est?tica diagnosticados com TDC; Grupo 2: que incluiu 15 pacientes de cirurgia pl?stica est?tica sem o diagn?stico de TDC e; Grupo 3: 5 profissionais da ?rea de Psiquiatria e Psicologia que serviram como ju?zes para avaliar os itens da escala. Inicialmente os itens da escala foram gerados por meio do estudo de quatro question?rios de avalia??o do TDC j? existentes, contemplando os crit?rios diagn?sticos do DSM-IV (1994) e de trabalhos cient?ficos na ?rea do TDC. Construiu-se, ent?o, 50 itens (P Vers?o) os quais foram avaliados pela autora em rela??o a pertin?ncia, objetividade, clareza e precis?o. A partir desta an?lise foram descartados dez itens, o que resultou em uma escala de 40 itens (2a Vers?o). Analisou-se a pertin?ncia dos itens ao construto, por meio da an?lise te?rica de ju?zes. Como resultado desta an?lise mais cinco itens foram descartados por n?o obterem uma concord?ncia de no m?nimo 80% entre os ju?zes (3a Vers?o). A terceira vers?o da escala foi aplicada nos dois grupos (G1 e G2). Os resultados dessa aplica??o foram submetidos ao estudo do construto do TOC por meio da an?lise fatorial. A validade discriminativa foi realizada por meio da aplica??o da primeira vers?o da escala em uma amostra da popula??o cl?nica (G I) e uma amostra da popula??o n?o cl?nica (G2). O c?lculo da prova U de Mann-Whitney mostrou que a escala ? sens?vel para discriminar os indiv?duos diagnosticados com TDC dos indiv?duos sem o diagn?stico do transtorno. Al?m disso, o instrumento foi reaplicado ap?s 20 dias nos dois grupos (G1 e G2), para submeter a escala ? precis?o de teste-reteste. Atrav?s da aplica??o da correla??o de Pearson verificou-se uma alta correla??o entre a primeira e a segunda aplica??o tanto do Grupo 1 como do Grupo 2. Como resultado dessas an?lises quantitativas n?o foi descartado nenhum item pois os 35 mostraram ser significativos para a mensura??o do TDC. Foi proposta ent?o, uma vers?o piloto do instrumento auxiliar de diagn?stico do TDC para a utiliza??o por profissionais da ?rea da sa?de. O instrumento ficou composto por 35 itens medidos por escalas Likert de quatro pontos.

Intellectual disability (ID) affects approximately 1-3% of the population and is defined as having an IQ below 70 as well as a significant limitation in adaptive behavior. The implementation of chromosomal microarrays (CMA) into the field of clinical genetics has revolutionized the ability to find genetic aberrations responsible for different genetic disorders. Importantly. these technologies have allowed several new microdeletion and microduplication aberrations to be identified that otherwise would have escaped detection using more conventional methods. Finding the genetic etiology of a syndrome and its association to the phenotype is paramount to better health care, provision of tailored therapy, presymptomatic screening, accurate prognosis, recurrence risk evaluation and in some cases prenatal testing. Despite the plethora of new information available, there are still a number of clinical and genetic features we do not fully understand. The aim of this work was to identify regions and syndromes associated with ID by CMA analysis and to make a detailed clinical description of the affected patients’ phenotype. In paper I we studied the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome and presented two familial cases with a description of both their genotype and phenotype. Additionally, 36 cases harboring the duplication were reviewed to further delineate the phenotype of the syndrome. In paper II, we revealed two unrelated patients with a deletion at 6q14.1-q15 and a distinct phenotype. Together with one previously reported patient our study suggests that a novel, clinically recognizable microdeletion syndrome exists in these patients. In paper III the phenotype and genotype of six unrelated patients with partially overlapping microdeletions at 10p12.31-p11.21 were described. Taken together with a previously reported patient we propose that these findings represent a new contiguous gene syndrome. In paper IV, two sisters; one presenting with two tandem interstitial duplications and the other a large deletion over the same region (6q13-q16) were reported. The reason for the CNVs was a maternal de novo translocation. This is the first case describing the genotype and phenotype of this duplicated region at 6q13-q16. In conclusion, four different genetic aberrations involved in the etiology of ID and their corresponding phenotypes and candidate genes have been characterized.

The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between critical comments that men can recall others making about their bodies and their current level of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptomotology. Participants (N = 118) were recruited via study board from a mid-Western university with a population of 20,674 students. The hypothesis of the current study was that men who can recall critical comments about their bodies will report more MD symptomotology than those who remembered no such comments. In addition, it was expected that out of those who recall critical comments, the more severe or threatening they remember the comment being, the more MD symptomotology they will report. In this study it was also expected that men who associate more negative emotions with the comment will have higher levels of reported MD symptomotology. To evaluate the first hypothesis, an independent samples (-test was used. Results did not support this hypothesis, and no significant differences were found on MD symptoms between participants who recalled comments about their bodies and those who did not recall such comments. These results are not consistent with previous research that was conducted on women with eating disorders which found that female athletes with disordered eating habits were more likely to recall critical comments made about their bodies than women without disordered eating habits. Results supported the second and third hypotheses. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine if there was a relationship between how threatened a participant reported being from the critical comment made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology. A significant correlation was found. A correlational analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between associating negative emotions with the critical comment and having higher levels of MD symptomotology. The participants in the study were asked to name who made the comment about their bodies. The most commonly named person was a friend, followed by a coach, and then a girlfriend. Additional tests showed that there was no significant correlation between how long ago the comment occurred and participants' levels of MD symptoms. However, there was a significant relationship between how well a person remembered the comment and his current level of MD symptomotology. Results from this study extend on what is known about MD and the effects of criticism. Although there was no significant relationship between one's ability to recall critical comments made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology, there was a significant relationship between finding the comment threatening and associating negative emotions with the comment, if one was reported, and one's current level of MD symptomotology. One limitation of the study is that all of the data was gathered via self-report measures. Data may have been affected by poor recall by the participants as well as denial of symptoms. Also, all of the participants attended Western Kentucky University. There was little diversity in regards to age and race.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether picture presentation influenced men’s experienced body shame or Muscle Dysmorphia symptomatology, and whether there was a relationship between body shame and Muscle Dysmorphia. Participants were 112 men attending Western Kentucky University. Participants completed the Body Shame Questionnaire and Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory. Participants were randomly assigned to either view eight photographs of average men or eight photographs of muscular men. After viewing the photographs, the participants completed the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale and the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale. Although there was a trend, results indicate that men who view photographs of muscular men do not experience more body shame than those who view photographs of average men. In the sample, 63.5% reported that they were dissatisfied with their bodies, 69% with their chest size, 69% with their own body build, 65% with their arms, and 63% were dissatisfied with their own abdomen. Results indicate that viewing photographs of muscular men does not increase one’s symptomatology of MD. However, there was a positive correlation between body shame and muscle dysmorphia symptoms for both men who viewed photographs of muscular men and those who viewed photographs of average men.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Psychology. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josy de Souza Moriyama-1.pdf: 538769 bytes, checksum: d9c9c18d8d0776782f67a5efca7e8c1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-17 / The Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is diagnosed when there is an exaggerated preoccupation with some minimal or imagined defect in the appearance, which brings significative impairments to the person s life. It has been sought to investigate the development and maintenance of the BDD behaviors through the functional analysis and the concept of experential avoidance proposed by Hayes, Wilson, Gifford and Follette (1996). Seven people with characteristic behaviors of the BDD, their families and four plastic surgeons participated in this study. It has been used as instruments: instructions to orient surgeons about behaviors of the BDD, enabling them to identify and invite patients to participate in the research; an identification questionnaire with the purpose to select the sample; semi-structured interviews for the participant and their families, containing questions relating to the history of the participants life, families relationship, the beginning of the concern with the appearance, behaviors of the BDD and actual contingencies which maintains them. Ten patients responded to the identification questionnaire and seven of them were selected. Individual interviews were made with each of the participants and their families, according to the necessity of collecting complementary data. From the recording and transcription of the interviews, it has been made a clinic systematical study, in which, the behaviors were described and analyzed according to probable origin and actual functioning processes. Beyond the behaviors related to the preoccupations with the appearance, typical behaviors of other disorders were found (such as: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Depression, Social Phobia, Hypochondria) and standards of behavior known as personality features (such as: vanity, perfectionism, aggressiveness). The results pointed similar functional processes, among all the participants. Among the origin processes there were: the cohersitive education with few positive reinforcements in the childhood, past occurrence like accidents, comparisons and comments relating to the part of the body which they worried about. These contingencies, probably, influenced the strong emphasis on discriminative stimuli related to the appearance. Among the actual processes there have been identified: negative reinforcement, lack of positive reinforcements, secondary gains and strong cultural influences of the valorization of the appearance. As particular variables to each case there have been found: low development of skilful socially behaviors, models in the childhood, extremely critical mother concerning to the appearance, among others. It has been concluded that the actual functioning of the BDD is marked by experiential avoidance where the individuals start avoiding the private aversive stimuli, like the anxiety, thoughts about their appearance and about the reaction of the people against their appearance. This avoidance prevents them from exposing themselves to the social situations, resulting in consequences such as social isolation and depressive behaviors. Functional resemblances were demonstrated for all seven cases studied although some topographic behaviors were different, indicating the necessity in considering the functionality of the behaviors and not only the arbitrariness of the psychiatric classification based on symptoms. / O Transtorno Dism?rfico Corporal (TDC) ? diagnosticado quando h? uma preocupa??o t?o exagerada com algum defeito m?nimo ou imaginado na apar?ncia, que traz preju?zos significativos ? vida da pessoa. Buscou-se investigar o desenvolvimento e manuten??o de comportamentos do TDC atrav?s de an?lises funcionais e do conceito de esquiva experencial proposto por Hayes, Wilson, Gifford e Follette (1996). Participaram do estudo sete pessoas com comportamentos caracter?sticos do TDC, seus familiares e quatro cirurgi?es pl?sticos. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: roteiros para orientar cirurgi?es sobre comportamentos do TDC, possibilitando-os identificar e convidar pacientes seus para participarem da pesquisa; uma ficha de identifica??o dos participantes, para selecionar a amostra; roteiros de entrevistas semi-estruturadas para os participantes e seus familiares, com quest?es relativas ? hist?ria de vida dos participantes, rela??es familiares, in?cio das preocupa??es com a apar?ncia, comportamentos do TDC e conting?ncias atuais que os mantinham. Dez pacientes responderam ? ficha de identifica??o e sete foram selecionados. Entrevistas individuais foram feitas com cada participante e com seus familiares, de acordo com a necessidade de se coletar dados complementares. A partir da grava??o e transcri??o das entrevistas foi feito um estudo sistem?tico cl?nico em que os comportamentos foram descritos e analisados de acordo com prov?veis processos de origem e funcionamento atual. Al?m de comportamentos relacionados ?s preocupa??es com a apar?ncia, foram encontrados comportamentos t?picos de outros transtornos (como: Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo, Depress?o, Fobia Social, Hipocondria) e padr?es de comportamento conhecidos como tra?os de personalidade (como: vaidade, perfeccionismo, agressividade). Os resultados apontaram processos funcionais semelhantes, entre todos os participantes.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-23T17:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Rocha Wagner_.pdf: 2982994 bytes, checksum: 24c9aa0417df7a1e1754e10e2db53e9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T17:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Rocha Wagner_.pdf: 2982994 bytes, checksum: 24c9aa0417df7a1e1754e10e2db53e9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A compreensão da morfologia facial, seja pela visualização ou pela antropometria, é uma questão importante para o diagnóstico clínico e estudo de síndromes dismórficas. Quando não é possível ter acesso ao paciente, fotografias 2D podem ser utilizadas como um meio de visualização e análise antropométrica, ainda que limitada a um único ponto de vista por imagem e pela perda da dimensão de profundidade, o que não ocorre em imagens 3D. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de antropometria digital e análise imersiva de modelos 3D visando auxiliar a pesquisa e o diagnóstico clínico de síndromes dismórficas. Um total de 59 crianças afetadas por Zika Congênita foram analisadas. Foram coletados modelos 3D da cabeça e 13 medidas antropométricas craniofaciais de cada paciente. Para obtenção das medidas antropométricas foram utilizadas duas abordagens, o método manual tradicional com uso do paquímetro e o método computacional proposto neste trabalho. A diferença média das medidas do método proposto em relação com o método tradicional ficou abaixo de 1mm para a maioria das medidas consideradas, sendo a maior diferença média próxima de 3mm. Na comparação de ambos, o método proposto apresentou resultados compatíveis com o tradicional além de apresentar algumas vantagens em relação à antropometria manual. / The understanding of facial morphology, either by visualization or by anthropometry, is an important issue for the clinical diagnosis and the study of dysmorphic syndromes. When it is not possible to have access to the patient, 2D photographs can be used as a means of visualization and anthropometric analysis, although limited to a single point of view per image and the loss of the depth dimension, which does not occur in 3D images. This work proposes a model of digital anthropometry and immersive analysis of 3D models aiming to aid the research and clinical diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes. A total of 59 children affected by Congenital Zika were analyzed. 3D models of the head and 13 craniofacial anthropometric measurements of each patient were collected using two approaches, the traditional manual method with the use of the caliper and the computational method proposed in this study. The average difference of the measurements of the proposed method in relation to the traditional method was below 1mm for most of the measures considered, with the largest average difference being close to 3mm. When comparing both, the proposed method presented results compatible with the traditional one also presenting some advantages over manual anthropometry.

This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted to assess the presence of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and a drive for muscularity (DFM) in 1,039 personal trainers using the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS). Muscle dysmorphia is considered a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder that can be exacerbated by an intense DFM, which may in turn lead to negative psychobehavioral outcomes. Because personal trainers are an unresearched population with regard to these 2 constructs, a multidisciplinary framework was used to ground the present research study. Independent variables were structured using a biopsychosocial foundation where the biological dimension was operationalized through the Body Comparison Scale, the psychological dimension through the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, and the social dimension through the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4. Kendall's tau-b revealed that general appearance concerns, muscle concerns, and somatic features were positively related to both MD and a DFM. A DFM and MD were significantly, positively correlated with internalization of thin ideals, muscular/athletic ideals, family and peer pressures, but not media pressures. All psychological variables were significantly, positively related to MD and a DFM. The DMS was able to significantly predict scores on the MDI using hierarchal multiple regression. Trainers who displayed MD and DFM symptoms did so with little disparity between the sexes. Trainers are in a unique position of instruction as well as guidance, and therefore a better understanding of how MD presents in this specific fitness arena may impact not only personal trainers, but also their clients through increased body image disturbance awareness as well as provide a new population of interest for future MD research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether men with a large amount of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms had a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work. Participants in the current study were a convenience sample of men recruited from undergraduate classes at Western Kentucky University and the community of Bowling Green Kentucky and Somerset Kentucky. A total of 215 men completed the study. Participants completed the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI) and the Attitude-Behavior Questionnaire (ABQ). Results indicate scores on the MDI were significant predictors of scores on the ABQ. This suggests that men with a high number of Muscle Dysmorphia symptoms have a more favorable outlook and opinion of body work.

The aims of the studies were to assess body image perceptions, the role of stress and other possible associated psychopathologies within a non-clinical sample. The prevalence of body image concern is increasing and is widely considered as secondary to evolving socio-cultural trends. Negative self-perceptions about body image can be manifest as measurable indicators of physiological stress, or even psychopathology. This thesis describes two quantitative studies into the role and relevance of various causative factors in the development of negative body image in cohorts of volunteers drawn from the general population of the University of Bradford in West Yorkshire, UK. In Study One, subjects (n=360) completed a self-directed questionnaire that psychometrically measured satisfaction/dissatisfaction with personal appearance, queried which external sources influenced those opinions, and correlated these with demographic information. In particular, we sought to examine how a subject's opinion about their personal appearance varied with age, gender, ethnicity, mental health, relationship status, sexual orientation and Body Mass Index (BMI). Subjective views regarding personal appearance were determined by answers given to specific body image questions that revealed a subject's day-to-day appearance concerns, all preoccupations, and the extent to which these concerns resulted in distress, all social impairment. Overall, the results demonstrated that BMI values were positively correlated with personal appearance concerns. High BMI values correlated with greater dissatisfaction with personal appearance. Self ratings of appearance values were negatively correlated with BMI scores. Subjects who gave themselves high appearance ratings were relatively unaffected by media influence with regard to their image, compared to subjects rating themselves less attractive. These latter subjects also showed higher peer pressure scores in terms of both the amount of time they compared themselves to peers, and the degree to which peer comparisons affected their self-appearance ratings. Based on responses to the body image questions specifically, the entire cohort of subjects were categorised into principal clusters: those largely unaffected by any body image concerns; and those profoundly distressed by their self assessed body image. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of these findings is that the scores for this latter (n=17) group of subjects on the body image questions revealed a degree of personal distress this is almost identical to the scores expected from those people diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Collectively, these results suggest that high BMI values in subjects negatively impact on self-appearance ratings, render subjects more prone to media messages that portray body image ideals, and elicit frequent comparisons with peers to validate self-image concerns. Furthermore, severely affected subjects with high BMI scores may show similar psychopathology to that of BDD sufferers. In Study Two, a small cohort of subjects (n=60) were given questionnaires and were interviewed to further investigate self-appearance ratings and mood/depressive traits. The body image questions used in Study One to assess image concerns and the magnitude of distress were repeated in Study Two. Mood and depressive state were measured using the validated Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). In parallel, subjects completed the Derriford Appearance Scale 59 (DAS 59), which is a valid psychometric indication of an individual's perception of their appearance as 'normal' or 'disfigured', and used as a tool by plastic surgeons to inform decisions regarding the necessity for surgery to correct an individual's appearance. Physiological markers were recorded before and after exposure of subjects to a physical and a psychological stressor: these were saliva concentrations of cortisol and sIgA (an immune marker), blood glucose and blood pressure. The results of Study Two revealed no changes in scores for any of the physiological measures following stressors. BDI scores for most subjects fell within normal ranges, although females scored higher than males, but not at a pathological level. Those subjects with a history of mental illness or those who reported feeling a high degree of stress on a daily basis, or those who expressed greater self-appearance concerns, all had significantly elevated BDI values. Perhaps the most intriguing finding from Study Two, as in Study One, was that subjects again tended to fall within specific categories for body image concerns: those unaffected or minimally affected by body image concerns, and those (n=6) greatly and deleteriously affected by body image concerns. This subsection of subjects also scored very high on the DAS 59 for disfigurement. On the basis of these findings it would seem that body image concerns may be severe enough for some individuals for them to perceive themselves as actually being disfigured, or that the DAS 59 (a widely used assessment tool in plastic surgery), may not be entirely appropriate for assessment of an individual's need for surgery because it cannot distinguish between those genuinely disfigured and those merely expressing severe body image concerns.