Introdução: A craniossinostose é causada pela fusão prematura de uma ou mais suturas cranianas, levando à deformidade do crânio. Formas sindrômicas ocorrem quando a craniossinostose é associada a características dismorfológicas adicionais. A fusão precoce das suturas pode ser causada por fatores ambientais e genéticos. No presente trabalho, pretende-se reconhecer os diagnósticos clínicos e características fenotípicas da craniossinostose em pacientes atendidos nos ambulatórios de Genética Médica do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre no período de 2006 a 2016. O protocolo de investigação incluiu anamnese, exame dismorfológico e revisão de prontuário, incluindo exames de investigação realizados. Resultados: Entre 2006 e 2016, foram avaliados 133 indivíduos com craniossinostose, sendo que 121 reuniram critérios para inclusão neste estudo. A idade média de diagnóstico da craniossinostose foi de 38,4 meses. A sutura mais frequentemente acometida foi a sutura metópica. Houve maior proporção de casos sindrômicos (69,4%). Em 25 desses pacientes, foram identificadas as síndromes de Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Muenke, Craniofrontonasal ou Saethre-Chotzen. Síndromes não tipicamente relacionadas a craniossinostose foram também identificadas, como distrofia miotônica tipo 1 (n=2), síndrome de Gorlin, síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann e galactosemia. Os sinais clínicos não eram típicos de qualquer síndrome particular em 32 indivíduos (38,1% dos casos sindrômicos). Características fenotípicas frequentes incluíram malformações de extremidades (35,5%), do sistema nervoso central (32,1%), cardiovasculares (21,4%) e genito-urinárias (16,6%). Foram observadas malformações raras como espinha bífida (n=3), hérnia diafragmática congênita (n=3) e hipoplasia congênita de parede abdominal (n=2). Anormalidades citogenéticas ou moleculares foram identificadas em 18 indivíduos sindrômicos, sendo a síndrome de Muenke o diagnóstico mais frequente (n=7). Discussão: A maior proporção de casos sindrômicos em relação a outras séries é possivelmente relacionada ao fato de tratar-se de casos atendidos em um serviço de Genética clínica. Observou-se diagnóstico significativamente tardio na presente casuística, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias de saúde pública envolvendo treinamento de recursos humanos e otimização da referência aos centros terciários. O acometimento multissistêmico reforça a importância do acompanhamento multidisciplinar. Conclusão: O estudo demonstra uma amostra amplamente heterogênea em termos clínicos, genéticos e terapêuticos. É fundamental o desenvolvimento de estratégias de educação contínua não apenas dentro da equipe, mas também ao acessar pacientes e familiares, através do aconselhamento genético e de ferramentas de comunicação. Para isso, propõe-se uma cartilha informativa sobre craniossinostoses para pacientes e familiares. Faltam estudos em países em desenvolvimento para análise comparativa dos dados em contextos sociais semelhantes. / Introduction: Craniosynostosis is caused by premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, leading to deformity of the skull. Syndromic forms occur when craniosynostosis is associated with additional dysmorphological features. Early suture fusion can be caused by environmental and genetic factors. In this study, it is intended to recognize the clinical diagnosis and phenotypic characteristics of craniosynostosis in patients attending Medical Genetics outpatient clinics of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from 2006 to 2016. The research protocol included anamnesis, dysmorphological examination, review of medical records and investigations carried out. Results: Between 2006 and 2016, 133 individuals with craniosynostosis were evaluated, and 121 met inclusion criteria for this study. The mean age at diagnosis of craniosynostosis was 38.4 months. Metopic suture was the most commonly involved. There was a higher proportion of syndromic cases (69.4%). In 25 of these patients, Apert, Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Muenke, Craniofrontonasal or Saethre-Chotzen syndromes were identified. Syndromes not typically associated to craniosynostosis were also identified, such as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (n = 2), Gorlin syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and galactosemia. Clinical signs were not typical of any particular syndrome in 32 individuals (38.1% of syndromic cases). Frequent phenotypic features included extremities (35.5%), central nervous system (32.1%), cardiovascular (21.4%) and genitourinary malformations (16.6%). Rare malformations such as spina bifida (n = 3), diaphragmatic hernia (n = 3) and congenital abdominal wall hypoplasia (n = 2) were observed. Cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities were identified in 18 syndromic patients, and Muenke syndrome was the most frequent diagnosis (n = 7). Discussion: The higher proportion of syndromic cases than in other series is possibly due to the fact that these cases are treated in a clinical genetics service. Significantly late diagnosis was observed in the present series, reinforcing the need for public health strategies involving training of human resources, optimization of referral to tertiary centers and active search strategies. Multisystemic involvement reinforces the importance of multidisciplinary follow-up. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a widely heterogeneous clinical, genetic and therapeutic sample. Strategies for continuous education within the team, patients and family members, through genetic counseling and communication tools are important, so it is proposed an information booklet for patients and families. There is a scarcity of case series from developing countries for comparative analysis in similar social contexts.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Trisomy 21 occurs in approximately 1 out of 750 live births and causes brachycephaly, a small oral cavity, a shortened mid-face, and mental impairments in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Craniofacial dysmorphology occurs in essentially all individuals with trisomy 21 and causes functional difficulties. Mouse models are commonly used to study the etiology of human disorders because of the conserved phenotypes between species. The Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model has triplicated homologues for approximately half the genes on human chromosome 21 and exhibits many phenotypes that parallel those found in individuals with DS. Specifically, newborn and adult Ts65Dn mice display similar craniofacial defects as humans with DS. Ts65Dn embryos also exhibit smaller mandibular precursors than their euploid littermates at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). Furthermore, Ts65Dn mice exhibit reduced birth weight which suggests a possible generalized delay in overall embryonic growth. Based on previous research at E9.5, it was hypothesized that Ts65Dn E13.5 embryos would have reduced mandibular precursors with altered gene expression. It was also hypothesized that other neural crest derived structures would be reduced in trisomic embryos. Using morphological measurements it was determined that the mandible, Meckel’s cartilage, and hyoid cartilage were significantly reduced in E13.5 trisomic embryos. The tongue was of similar size in trisomic and euploid embryos while cardiac and brain tissue volumes were not significantly different between genotypes. Analysis of total embryonic size at E9.5 and E13.5 revealed smaller trisomic embryos with developmental attenuation that was not related to maternal trisomy. A microarray analysis performed on the mandibular precursor revealed 155 differentially expressed non-trisomic genes. Sox9 was of particular interest for its role in cartilage condensation and endochondral ossification. It was hypothesized that the overexpression of Sox9 in the developing mandible would be localized to Meckel’s and hyoid cartilages. Immunohistochemistry performed on the mandibular precursor confirmed an overexpression of Sox9 in both Meckel’s and the hyoid cartilages. This research provides further insight into the development of trisomic tissues, both neural crest and non-neural crest-derived, and also the specific molecular mechanisms that negatively affect mandibular development in Ts65Dn mice and presumably individuals with Down syndrome.

Malformações ou anomalias congênitas são deformidades que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento embrionário e que, no caso dos répteis podem ter diversas causas, como genética, temperatura, radiação ou contaminantes entre outros fatores. Este estudo verificou as malformações em filhotes recém-nascidos de jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) e cascavel (Crotalus durissus) de fêmeas prenhes recém-capturadas na natureza (323 e 41 ninhadas respectivamente) do sudeste brasileiro. Após o nascimento, os filhotes foram medidos, pesados e o sexo foi verificado. Realizamos análise macroscópica em busca de malformações perceptíveis e conduzimos exames radiográficos a fim de descrever e documentar as anomalias. As jararacas apresentaram 129 indivíduos malformados entre 5427 recém-nascidos (2,4%); e as cascavéis ttiveram 50 serpentes malformadas em 391 nascidos (12,7%). Anomalias na coluna vertebral foram as mais comuns para as duas espécies, seguidas de fusão nas placas ventrais e malformações oculares. Os filhotes de jararaca apresentaram uma maior variedade de malformações como esquistossomia, cauda retorcida, bicefalia e hidrocefalia, não encontradas em cascavéis. O Ensaio do Cometa não apresentou diferença estatística significativa no índice de dano do DNA (ID) das células das mães que pariram filhotes normais e das que pariram filhotes malformados. Os dois grupos apresentaram células com diferentes graus de dano no DNA. Quando comparamos o tamanho das mães e a frequência de malformações encontramos uma regressão positiva (r2= 0,67). Devido à relação positiva entre idade e tamanho nos répteis concluímos que serpentes com idade mais avançada tendem a apresentar mais filhotes com malformações. O padrão de uso do solo (urbanização, agricultura, pecuária e vegetação nativa), foi correlacionado com a presença de filhotes com malformações, utilizando o Coeficiente de Spearman. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a presença de malformações e as áreas agrícolas (rs= 0,67; p=0,01), mas negativa quando comparados às áreas de vegetação nativa (rs= -0,57; p=0,03). Não houve correlação entre a pecuária ou urbanização e malformações em jararaca. Malformações em cascavel não apresentaram quaisquer correlações com o padrão de uso do solo, sendo que tal condição pode ser resultado da baixa amostragem desta espécie no presente estudo. Serpentes são animais de topo de cadeia e se mostram como bons indicadores biológicos. A presença e diversidade de malformações apresentadas, aliadas ao fato de haver correlação com os padrões do uso do solo, demonstram a necessidade de se realizar um estudo mais aprofundado e interdisciplinar das causas destes fenômenos e um monitoramento destas espécies para se ter um panorama temporal do problema / Malformations or congenital anomalies are deformities that occur during embryonic development and in the case of reptiles may have several causes, such as genetics, temperature, radiation, contaminants and other factors. This study assessed malformations in newborn of pit viper (Bothrops jararaca) and South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus,) from wild captured pregnant females (323 and 41 litters respectively) in southeastern Brazil. Newborn snakes were measured, weighed, sexed and studied grossly and by radiography for the presence of malformations. We performed macroscopic analysis in search of noticeable defects and radiographic examinations conducted in order to describe and document the deficiencies. A hundred twenty -nine malformed pit vipers were identified from 5,427 births (2.4%), while 50 malformed rattlesnakes were found from 391 births (12.7%). Spinal abnormalities were the most common in both species, followed by fusion of ventral scales. Pit vipers showed a greater range of malformations including schistosomia, kinked tail, bicephaly and hydrocephaly. There was no statistically significant difference in the index of DNA damage (ID) determined by the Comet Assay in the erythrocytes of mothers that delivered normal litters compared to the erythrocytes of the ones that delivered malformed neonates, both groups containing cells with different degrees of DNA damage. When comparing the length of the pit viper mothers with the frequency of malformations, a positive regression (r2 = 0.67) was found. Due to the positive relationship between age and size in snakes we conclude that older animals tend to have more malformed offspring. The patterns of land use (urbanization, agriculture, livestock and native vegetation) have been correlated with the presence of neonates with malformations. There was a positive correlation between the presence of malformations in pit viper neonates and agricultural areas (rs = 0.67, p = 0.01) but a negative one when compared to areas of native vegetation (rs = -0.57, p = 0.03). There was no correlation between urbanization or livestock and malformations in pit vipers. Malformations in rattlesnake did not show any correlation with the pattern of land use, and such condition could be the result of the poor sampling of this species in the present study. As snakes are in the top of the animal food-chain they are good biological indicators. The presence and diversity of malformations presented, coupled with the correlation with the patterns of land use, demonstrate the need to undertake further interdisciplinary study of the causes of these phenomena and the behavior of these species to have a temporal overview of the problem

Malformações ou anomalias congênitas são deformidades que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento embrionário e que, no caso dos répteis podem ter diversas causas, como genética, temperatura, radiação ou contaminantes entre outros fatores. Este estudo verificou as malformações em filhotes recém-nascidos de jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) e cascavel (Crotalus durissus) de fêmeas prenhes recém-capturadas na natureza (323 e 41 ninhadas respectivamente) do sudeste brasileiro. Após o nascimento, os filhotes foram medidos, pesados e o sexo foi verificado. Realizamos análise macroscópica em busca de malformações perceptíveis e conduzimos exames radiográficos a fim de descrever e documentar as anomalias. As jararacas apresentaram 129 indivíduos malformados entre 5427 recém-nascidos (2,4%); e as cascavéis ttiveram 50 serpentes malformadas em 391 nascidos (12,7%). Anomalias na coluna vertebral foram as mais comuns para as duas espécies, seguidas de fusão nas placas ventrais e malformações oculares. Os filhotes de jararaca apresentaram uma maior variedade de malformações como esquistossomia, cauda retorcida, bicefalia e hidrocefalia, não encontradas em cascavéis. O Ensaio do Cometa não apresentou diferença estatística significativa no índice de dano do DNA (ID) das células das mães que pariram filhotes normais e das que pariram filhotes malformados. Os dois grupos apresentaram células com diferentes graus de dano no DNA. Quando comparamos o tamanho das mães e a frequência de malformações encontramos uma regressão positiva (r2= 0,67). Devido à relação positiva entre idade e tamanho nos répteis concluímos que serpentes com idade mais avançada tendem a apresentar mais filhotes com malformações. O padrão de uso do solo (urbanização, agricultura, pecuária e vegetação nativa), foi correlacionado com a presença de filhotes com malformações, utilizando o Coeficiente de Spearman. Houve uma correlação positiva entre a presença de malformações e as áreas agrícolas (rs= 0,67; p=0,01), mas negativa quando comparados às áreas de vegetação nativa (rs= -0,57; p=0,03). Não houve correlação entre a pecuária ou urbanização e malformações em jararaca. Malformações em cascavel não apresentaram quaisquer correlações com o padrão de uso do solo, sendo que tal condição pode ser resultado da baixa amostragem desta espécie no presente estudo. Serpentes são animais de topo de cadeia e se mostram como bons indicadores biológicos. A presença e diversidade de malformações apresentadas, aliadas ao fato de haver correlação com os padrões do uso do solo, demonstram a necessidade de se realizar um estudo mais aprofundado e interdisciplinar das causas destes fenômenos e um monitoramento destas espécies para se ter um panorama temporal do problema / Malformations or congenital anomalies are deformities that occur during embryonic development and in the case of reptiles may have several causes, such as genetics, temperature, radiation, contaminants and other factors. This study assessed malformations in newborn of pit viper (Bothrops jararaca) and South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus,) from wild captured pregnant females (323 and 41 litters respectively) in southeastern Brazil. Newborn snakes were measured, weighed, sexed and studied grossly and by radiography for the presence of malformations. We performed macroscopic analysis in search of noticeable defects and radiographic examinations conducted in order to describe and document the deficiencies. A hundred twenty -nine malformed pit vipers were identified from 5,427 births (2.4%), while 50 malformed rattlesnakes were found from 391 births (12.7%). Spinal abnormalities were the most common in both species, followed by fusion of ventral scales. Pit vipers showed a greater range of malformations including schistosomia, kinked tail, bicephaly and hydrocephaly. There was no statistically significant difference in the index of DNA damage (ID) determined by the Comet Assay in the erythrocytes of mothers that delivered normal litters compared to the erythrocytes of the ones that delivered malformed neonates, both groups containing cells with different degrees of DNA damage. When comparing the length of the pit viper mothers with the frequency of malformations, a positive regression (r2 = 0.67) was found. Due to the positive relationship between age and size in snakes we conclude that older animals tend to have more malformed offspring. The patterns of land use (urbanization, agriculture, livestock and native vegetation) have been correlated with the presence of neonates with malformations. There was a positive correlation between the presence of malformations in pit viper neonates and agricultural areas (rs = 0.67, p = 0.01) but a negative one when compared to areas of native vegetation (rs = -0.57, p = 0.03). There was no correlation between urbanization or livestock and malformations in pit vipers. Malformations in rattlesnake did not show any correlation with the pattern of land use, and such condition could be the result of the poor sampling of this species in the present study. As snakes are in the top of the animal food-chain they are good biological indicators. The presence and diversity of malformations presented, coupled with the correlation with the patterns of land use, demonstrate the need to undertake further interdisciplinary study of the causes of these phenomena and the behavior of these species to have a temporal overview of the problem

Depuis le début des années 90, le projet génome humain a permis l’émergence de nombreuses techniques globalisantes porteuses du suffixe –omique : génomique, transcriptomique, protéomique, épigénomique, etc.… L’étude globale de l’ensemble des phénotypes humains (« phénome ») est à l’origine de nouvelles technologies constituant la « phénomique ». L’approche phénomique permet de déterminer des liens entre des combinaisons de traits phénomiques. Nous voulons appliquer cette approche à l’étude des malformations humaines en particulier leurs combinaisons, ne formant des syndromes, des associations ou des séquences bien caractérisés que dans un petit nombre de cas. Afin d’évaluer la faisabilité de cette approche, pour une étude pilote nous avons décidé d’établir une base de données pour la description phénotypique des anomalies foetales. Nous avons effectué ces étapes : o Réalisation d’une étude rétrospective d’une série d’autopsies de foetus au CHU Sainte- Justine (Montréal, QC, Canada) entre 2001-2006 o Élaboration de trois thésaurus et d’une ontologie des anomalies développementales humaines o Construction une base de données en langage MySQL Cette base de données multicentrique accessible sur (http://www.malformations.org), nous permet de rechercher très facilement les données phénotypiques des 543 cas observés porteurs d’une anomalie donnée, de leur donner une description statistique et de générer les différents types d’hypothèses. Elle nous a également permis de sélectionner 153 cas de foetus malformés qui font l’objet d’une étude de micropuce d’hybridation génomique comparative (aCGH) à la recherche d’une anomalie génomique. / Since the early 90s, the Human Genome Project (HGP) has allowed the development of numerous worldwide techniques which carried the suffix “omic”: genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenomic, etc…. The global investigation of the sets of human phenotypes (phenome) is called phenomic. With phenomic studies we should be able to determine the links among similar phenotypic groups. We wish to apply this approach to human dysmorphology, particularly malformation combinations, which form characteristic malformation associations, malformation sequences, malformation syndromes or malformation disorders only in a minority of cases. As a graduate student research project, we decided to perform a retrospective study of the sets of pathology reports including 543 fetuses autopsied in the Department of Pathology of CHU Sainte-Justine (Montreal, QC, Canada) between 2001 and 2006. We have established an open Malformation Database (MDB) which can be accessed at http://www.malformations.org. To achieve this, we conducted the following steps: o Realization of a retrospective study of fetopathology reports for fetal malformations. o Development of an ontology along with three thesauruses of human developmental anomalies. o Implementation of these thesauruses and ontology in the MySQL system. This hypothesis-generating database allows us to easily retrieve the fetal cases (phenotypic data) with anomalies, calculate the frequencies of these anomalies, and evaluate the feasibility of the phenomic approach to human dysmorphogenesis. We were able as well to select 153 cases of malformed fetuses which will be the subject of aCGH array study for genomic research of human anomalies.

Depuis le début des années 90, le projet génome humain a permis l’émergence de nombreuses techniques globalisantes porteuses du suffixe –omique : génomique, transcriptomique, protéomique, épigénomique, etc.… L’étude globale de l’ensemble des phénotypes humains (« phénome ») est à l’origine de nouvelles technologies constituant la « phénomique ». L’approche phénomique permet de déterminer des liens entre des combinaisons de traits phénomiques. Nous voulons appliquer cette approche à l’étude des malformations humaines en particulier leurs combinaisons, ne formant des syndromes, des associations ou des séquences bien caractérisés que dans un petit nombre de cas. Afin d’évaluer la faisabilité de cette approche, pour une étude pilote nous avons décidé d’établir une base de données pour la description phénotypique des anomalies foetales. Nous avons effectué ces étapes : o Réalisation d’une étude rétrospective d’une série d’autopsies de foetus au CHU Sainte- Justine (Montréal, QC, Canada) entre 2001-2006 o Élaboration de trois thésaurus et d’une ontologie des anomalies développementales humaines o Construction une base de données en langage MySQL Cette base de données multicentrique accessible sur (http://www.malformations.org), nous permet de rechercher très facilement les données phénotypiques des 543 cas observés porteurs d’une anomalie donnée, de leur donner une description statistique et de générer les différents types d’hypothèses. Elle nous a également permis de sélectionner 153 cas de foetus malformés qui font l’objet d’une étude de micropuce d’hybridation génomique comparative (aCGH) à la recherche d’une anomalie génomique. / Since the early 90s, the Human Genome Project (HGP) has allowed the development of numerous worldwide techniques which carried the suffix “omic”: genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenomic, etc…. The global investigation of the sets of human phenotypes (phenome) is called phenomic. With phenomic studies we should be able to determine the links among similar phenotypic groups. We wish to apply this approach to human dysmorphology, particularly malformation combinations, which form characteristic malformation associations, malformation sequences, malformation syndromes or malformation disorders only in a minority of cases. As a graduate student research project, we decided to perform a retrospective study of the sets of pathology reports including 543 fetuses autopsied in the Department of Pathology of CHU Sainte-Justine (Montreal, QC, Canada) between 2001 and 2006. We have established an open Malformation Database (MDB) which can be accessed at http://www.malformations.org. To achieve this, we conducted the following steps: o Realization of a retrospective study of fetopathology reports for fetal malformations. o Development of an ontology along with three thesauruses of human developmental anomalies. o Implementation of these thesauruses and ontology in the MySQL system. This hypothesis-generating database allows us to easily retrieve the fetal cases (phenotypic data) with anomalies, calculate the frequencies of these anomalies, and evaluate the feasibility of the phenomic approach to human dysmorphogenesis. We were able as well to select 153 cases of malformed fetuses which will be the subject of aCGH array study for genomic research of human anomalies.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate facial dysmorphism in Williams (WBS), Noonan (NS) and DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) patients and also to evaluate changes in the morphology of the face during growth. In total 57 3D facial scans of patients of all ages were analysed, including 12 WBS, 20 NS, 25 DGS and 31 scans of control subjects. The evaluation has been carried out using methods of geometric morphometry, namely by coherent point drift - dense correspondence analysis, superprojection of mean faces, per vertex t-test and principal component analysis. Statistically significant differences in the facial morphology were shown for all the syndromes vs. control. Observed dysmorphies in WBS (narrow forehead, bitemporal narrowing, periorbital fullness, bulbous and anteverted nasal tip, malar flattening, protrusion of both lips, pointed chin) mostly confirmed existing knowledge of the typical phenotype. The morphology in WBS is thus strongly specific and manifested in most of the patients. During ontogeny, the dysmorphic features associated with increased facial convexity become pronounced, while the other typical features remain relatively stable. In contrast to the control, the retrusion of the chin occurs during the development. Observed dysmorphic traits in NS (less prominent supraorbital ridges,...

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a preventable cause of mental retardation and is the severest category within Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). As gestational alcohol exposure affects fetal cognitive functioning, children with FAS present with intellectual deficits. Unfortunately FASD prevalence rates are increasing amongst infants and school-going children. The main goal of this study was to compare the neurodevelopmental subscales of infants diagnosed with FAS, Partial FAS and non- FAS. Seventy-four infants with confirmed FAS, Partial FAS or Non- FAS diagnoses were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale. Development assessed at 7-12 and 17-29 months of age showed that, regardless of a FAS, PFAS or Non-FAS diagnosis, all infants performed weaker at their assessment at 17-29 months. The Subscales significantly affected included Personal-Social, Eye- Hand Coordination and Performance. The infants with FAS and PFAS displayed the most marked developmental delays. From this study it can be concluded that there are definite neurodevelopmental profiles for infant's diagnosed with FAS, PFAS and/or Non-FAS, highlighting the significant impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on various aspects of infant development. / Social work / M.Diac.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a preventable cause of mental retardation and is the severest category within Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). As gestational alcohol exposure affects fetal cognitive functioning, children with FAS present with intellectual deficits. Unfortunately FASD prevalence rates are increasing amongst infants and school-going children. The main goal of this study was to compare the neurodevelopmental subscales of infants diagnosed with FAS, Partial FAS and non- FAS. Seventy-four infants with confirmed FAS, Partial FAS or Non- FAS diagnoses were assessed using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale. Development assessed at 7-12 and 17-29 months of age showed that, regardless of a FAS, PFAS or Non-FAS diagnosis, all infants performed weaker at their assessment at 17-29 months. The Subscales significantly affected included Personal-Social, Eye- Hand Coordination and Performance. The infants with FAS and PFAS displayed the most marked developmental delays. From this study it can be concluded that there are definite neurodevelopmental profiles for infant's diagnosed with FAS, PFAS and/or Non-FAS, highlighting the significant impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on various aspects of infant development. / Social work / M.Diac.