District energy systems are a key component to addressing reductions in green house gases, encouraging compact settlement form and ensuring reliable community energy delivery. System development can also generate local economic benefits like aggregated energy pricing and employment creation. This research focuses on an exploration of Ontario’s planning framework with respect to energy generation and thermal energy distribution, providing broad recommendations to municipalities intended to help facilitate the development of district energy systems. In summary, this research was designed to accomplish the following objectives: 1. To craft a set of transferrable recommendations that will help Ontario municipalities facilitate the development of district energy systems where appropriate. 2. To add to the literature available on district energy system development from a municipal planning perspective. 3. To examine the tools available to planning practitioners to help engage communities and municipalities in planning for local energy generation and delivery. The methodological approach employed for this research is qualitative in nature, relying on an inductive style building from particulars to general themes. The characteristics of a qualitative study are best suited to address the research questions and objectives because community energy planning and land use planning are largely unexplored in conjunction, and this methodology provides a framework to explore where the fields have integrated in practice as well as reveal some of the challenges and potential solutions. Case studies were used to examine the development of two different Ontario district energy systems. Additionally, key informant interviews provide insights from planners, system operators, customers and industry experts to provide a practice based foundation of information to development transferable recommendations. The findings suggest that the development of a district energy system is a very complex process, requiring the expertise of many specialists, and the support from local stakeholders. There are planning implications for the implementation of district energy systems, which require forethought at the beginning of the planning process and opportunities to support community based energy solutions through policy. The adoption of a planning regulatory framework will ensure adequate consideration is given to community energy management in conjunction with land use and urban form. Going forward, accounting for the conservation of energy in land use will be imperative for achieving local, regional and provincial goals associated with infrastructure, the environment, and energy resource management.

The importance and benefits of involving community members in health policy making-­-from the first step of needs assessment through to actual policy development--are increasingly being recognized. This thesis describes the evaluation of a community consultation process which was part of a needs assessment conducted by Saskatoon District Health, in Saskatchewan, Canada. In September 1995, a Children and Youth Working Group was formed, made up of volunteers representing service providers, users, and families. Their mandate was to develop and priorize recommendations on ways to improve the health status of children and youth in the District, which has a total population of approximately 300,000. In addition to a comprehensive epidemiological assessment, the Working Group engaged in a community consultation process which solicited input from the general community, with a specific emphasis on key groups such as youth, Aboriginal, immigrant/refugees, and service providers in health, education, social services, and justice. In this process, information on perceived needs of children and youth was collected through 20 focus groups (n=213) and a questionnaire (n=1,985). Based on a synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative data, the Working Group drafted a set of recommendations, which were then discussed at a community meeting for input and feedback. <p> This research evaluates the effectiveness of the consultation process in facilitating community participation using three sources of data: the entire consultation process was observed (from January 1996 until February 1997), including the focus groups, Working Group meetings, and the final community meeting; interviews (2) were held with the Working Group (n=9), with selected individuals who had participated in the consultation (n=7), and with non-participants (n=2); and documentation produced by the Working Group (i.e., minutes, notes, background material) was reviewed. These data were analyzed thematically according to criteria established jointly by the representatives of the member groups of the Population Health Project (Working Group, Coordinating Group, Research Advisory Group) and the researcher. The effectiveness was gauged by comparing the findings with the criteria and with the components of meaningful community consultation as defined by the Working Group (appropriateness, timeliness, completeness, accuracy, representativeness, relevance). The themes which emerged from the analysis deal with the participants' feelings about their participation or non­participation, the success of the consultation process, the nature of the data collected; by-­products of the process, and the consultation's influence on the outcome of the needs assessment. The results of this analysis are presented and conclusions drawn regarding factors that contribute to or impede effective public participation in health needs assessment.

Abstract   Back ground: Home based care is a meaningful activity giving patients and their families a chance to live their lives as close to normal as possible. Advanced palliative care is today provided at home, although geography does play a role in shaping that care. A rural setting can mean that conditions for such care differ from those in urban areas. Purpose: To describe the experiences of district nurses in palliative home care settings in a rural community. Method: Semi structured interviews with seven district nurses. The interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed in a precise fashion. A method of qualitative analysis of the contents, inspired by Burnard, was used to analyze the material. Results: Palliative care places high demands on the competency and experience of district nurses. The conditions of a rural setting contribute to the structure of such care in so far as its organization and prioritization. The work of the district nurses involved was marked by cooperation and peer support. The fact that the care for patients varied between communities was however, seen as unfair. Conclusion: The study expands the body of knowledge of the experiences of district nurses. It also clarifies the conditions that influence palliative care in a rural community. Hopefully this study will contribute to further development of palliative home care, and enable those affected to receive care on more equal terms.

The district nurses' duties with all organisational changes, above all during the last 20 years, have been changed. Economy and listing governs which visits that to be prioritized. The aim with this study was to examine what district nurses in the primary care in Uppsala län has for view about their occupational role. The method was qualitative and the selection comprized ten district nurses in Uppsala län that were interviewed individually on the basis of a semi structured interview guide that the authors the actual created. In the wide analysis of the results could a theme, As a rubber screw in a shrinking hole and three central categories be discerned, Occupational role, Diversity and Organisation. The district nurses enjoy with work and their choice of profession despite higher demand, stress and low staffing. They experience that the profession role have become unclear and others professions has poor knowledge about which competence they hold. They have an interest of working preventive and a holistic view when thinking about nursing care among children and adults. The feeling of not be needed as a profession, not to become seen with the competence that they possesses, is experienced very frustrating and the obvious role the district nurse earlier had in the primary health care and society seem to fade increasingly. The district nurses description of their profession role can compared as a rubber screw which reflects the flexibility but also the resistance against increasingly healthcare. The shrinking hole symbolize the majority organization changes as forced the district nurses to priority other duties than public health work and a decreased sphere of activity.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att spädbarnskrik är påfrestande för föräldrar och tillgång till stöd kan bidra till att föräldrar klarar denna påfrestning bättre. Distriktssköterskan inom barnhälsovården i Sverige har en unik möjlighet att ge stöd till föräldrar, få studier beskriver dock vad distriktssköterskan ger för stöd till föräldrar som lever med just ett skrikigt spädbarn. Syfte: Att beskriva distriktssköterskans stöd till föräldrar som lever med ett skrikigt spädbarn. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio distriktssköterskor. Intervjumaterialet analyserades sedan med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Vid analysen av intervjumaterialet framkom tre kategorier och åtta underkategorier som bildar studiens resultat. Utreda skrik inkluderade två underkategorier: att hjälpa föräldrarna bena upp skriksituationen samt att utesluta fysisk sjukdom hos spädbarnet. Hantera skrik inkluderade tre underkategorier: att informera om spädbarns behov, att ge råd om åtgärder som kan minska skriket samt att rekommendera avlastning. Stärka föräldrarna inkluderade tre underkategorier: att vägleda föräldrarna att hitta egna hanteringsstrategier, att bekräfta föräldrarnas känslor samt att ge positiv förstärkning. Slutsats: Den påfrestning spädbarnsskrik har på föräldrar ställer krav på att distriktssköterskan inom barnhälsovården i Sverige ger stöd till föräldrarna för att de ska ges förutsättningar att kunna skydda och ta hand om sitt spädbarn. Det är dessutom avgörande att verksamheten säkerställer möjligheten för distriktssköterskan att vara tillgänglig för att detta stöd överhuvudtaget ska kunna ges. Ytterligare studier krävs för att kunna fastställa att föräldrar som lever med ett skrikigt spädbarn erhåller det stöd de faktiskt önskar och är i behov av. / Background: Studies show that infant crying is stressful for parents and access to support can help parents cope with this stress better. The district nurse in Swedish child health care has a unique opportunity to provide support. Few studies, however, describe what kind of support the district nurse give to these parents. Aim: To describe the district nurse’s support for parents with a crying infant. Method: The study has a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten district nurses. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Findings: The analysis of the interviews revealed three categories and eight subcategories that form the result of the study. Investigating the crying included two subcategories: to help parents analyse the cry situation and to exclude physical illness in the infant. Managing infant crying included three subcategories: to inform about infants needs, to advice on measures that can reduce infant crying and to recommend relief. Strengthening parents included three subcategories: to guide the parents to find their own coping strategies, to confirm the parents feelings and to give positive reinforcement. Conclusion: The stress infant crying has on parents requires the district nurse in Swedish child health care to provide support to parents to enable them to protect and care for their infant. It is also important to ensure that it is possible for the district nurse to be available in order for this support at all to be given. Further studies are needed in order to make sure that parents with a crying infant actually receive the support they want and need.

For individuals and organizations, the events of the past shape and affect the decisions made in the present, to the benefit or detriment of the person or group. Historical research can make available information about the past that aids understanding of the future. This qualitative explanatory historical study of the schools of Magnolia, Texas creates a record of the Magnolia Independent School District by focusing on the political climate, growth patterns, and ethnic influences from 1900 to 2009. The methods of data collection consist of personal interviews, oral histories, school district documents, school board minutes, and newspaper articles. The research questions that guide the study are: (1) What is the history of Magnolia Public Schools and what influential people and events have shaped the district? (2) What were the causes of growth periods in the Magnolia Independent School District, and what were the effects of such growth? and, (3) How did the district’s ethnic and socioeconomic groups affect its growth and instruction? This explanatory historical study identifies the connection between the development of the schools in Magnolia, Texas and the surrounding community that has grown due to urban expansion. By recording the perceptions of the key people who have witnessed the district’s history, noting the influential events that have occurred, and documenting the district’s periods of growth, this study will help preserve the history of the schools in Magnolia for current and future leaders and researchers. By assisting with an understanding of the causes of decisions and actions taken in the past, this study has the potential to become an important resource for school administration and staff, community members, and other stakeholders as they seek to positively impact the present and the future.

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The research aims at benchmarking apply to local government, it proof the feasibility for public department practice benchmarking and integrate TQM spirit. In management of internal activities, the institution built benchmarking performance index, at the same time, exhibited local large-scale activities to test performance of organization act the participation and suggestion institution. The research example for Tzudying District Office, and choose Kaohsiung City Government Personnel Department as benchmarking partner. The study is to inquire about benchmarking apply on the local government office's feasibility and performance in valuation, in order to seek the complete of research outcome and practical objective. It takes¡usecond-hand data analysis¡v¡B¡uquestionnaire investigation¡vto carry on the study. In the second-hand data analysis, it consults to quote the data of Kaohsiung City Government Personnel Department. In the questionnaire investigation, by investigating the satisfactory of the masses that jointing the activity, to acquire whether the organization introduce participation and suggestion institution can enhance the activities performance. We find that it is important element about the chief of department to support benchmarking on the research, and after introducing benchmarking to the local government not only help on administration development but also it has the outstanding performance on affairs. The study proposes the following suggestions: 1. Giving more power to the chief of department is the promise of moving benchmarking. 2. Public servant's performance reward institution and benchmarking suitable to carry out for reinforce to fulfill performance management. 3. It is the only way to improve performance and sustainable development for the future government organization that emphasizing on employee's professional skill and educational training.

Since 1990 Porter has advert the conception that cluster could improve the competitive strength of textile industry, it has arouse highly attention of academe, also a lot of developed countries took this appearance of assemblage policy as the development policy for their industries. The textile industry of Taiwan has been developed around 50 years ago, in nearly years, ascribe to the rise of cost, the value of export continually decrease and the increase of abroad competitors, the textile industry has been considered as a declined industry. However, according to the research it¡¦s still one of the most important industry which can create a lot of foreign exchange; on 2001 Council For Economic Planning And Development has planned to build a silk and filament district in Yunlin particular for the textile industry , for assemble the textile industry and push Taiwanese industries into the textile center of Asia-pacific. According to this research we would like to know how the cluster strategy could improve the development of textile industry in Taiwan. Mainly use Location Quotient analysis to know if the textile industry is the most important basal industry in this area, and with all the related documents we could realist the crux element of the development of cluster strategy, then we could have talk with related industries and companies, in this way we may have a complete view of the whole situation in this industry and the project of having this special area. The combination of above descriptions, we could understand this special area of the textile industry and the production environment, find out the lack part and create a millennium for the development of textile industry. The result of this research discovered that according to the analysis of this industry, the textile industry has highly central tendency and it is the main industry of this area; but according to the crux element of the development, it does not have strong enough connection between local companies and it does not have good enough interactive with schools in this area, it may cause the lack of talent people, knowledge and research. In the future, it is going to be a very important issue that we have to consider about, aggrandize the connection between the local companies and the interactive with schools.

Taiwan has enforced the educational reforms since the academic year of 1994. One of the policies is expand the chance for further education by means of increasing the senior high schools and launching the comprehensive high schools. From academic year of 2001, the policy of high school integrating with local community was undertaken, the core objectives are balancing the gaps between the urban and country districts and promoting the educational quality of the general and vocational high schools. Therefore the government encouraged the students attend the nearby schools to save the social costs and set up the fundamental for the 12-Year Compulsory Education. The enrolment rate of the junior student graduates have been over 96% in the recent years. If the student has the will for further education, the chance is almost 100%. However, the pressure of enrolment has never eased off or calmed down. Because the pursuits for the ¡§elite school¡¨ have never faded off among the mind of the general public. The expectation for entering the ¡§elite senior high school¡¨ for the students and their parents is to seek a better opportunity for superior social class. They do not understand the objectives of diversified social values and hindered the students to seek for their best development by their talent and orientation. Even thought, can the ¡§elite senior high school¡¨ guarantee a ticket to the higher education? The study focus on the junior high school graduates with the same score level of the basic competence test comparing the differences on their academic performances, motives for further education and their reception of education according their different choice of attending schools 3 years after the graduation. The major findings are as listed below: 1. The students who chose the nearby schools they have better grades for the Academic Attainment Testing for university than the students who attend the schools located on different districts. 2. Most of the senior high school students choose their attending school on the preferences of the conventional social values (according the traditional ranking of high schools). The second consideration is the traffic, the reputation of school and the faculties. The incentive of high scholarship is the latest consideration of choosing school. The key for the student chose to attend the schools nearby is on the schools¡¦ high quality educational environment and their good tradition and the word- of- mouth reputation. 3. Most of the students¡¦ satisfaction for the attending schools lied on the ¡§non-academic performance¡¨ and the second lied on the ¡§teacher¡¦s caring on students¡¨ and ¡§good school reputation and tradition¡¨. The least items lies on ¡§high scholarship¡¨ and the ¡§academic performance¡¨. The study concluded with some suggestions on the enforcements of the ¡§academic district allocation¡¨ and ¡§nearby school enrollment¡¨ for the 12-Year Compulsory Education. Key words: nearby school enrollment; cross academic district enrollment; comprehensive high school