published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

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No description available.

[Preface] The detailed geological survey of the country described in this bulletin commenced in 1953 and was completed in 1956 with the mapping of 1,480 square miles of country. Information is supplied on 227 mines which produced mica alone or both mica and beryl, and 134 mines which produced only beryl. In addition, wolfram, gold, graphite, kyanite and rutile deposits and mines are described. Mineral outputs are given up to end of 1959. The field mapping and writing of the bulletin is entirely the work of Mr. Wiles. Mapping of the Field has established that, with a few exceptions, a metamorphic control has operated in the development of economic sheet mica and has led to the conclusion that very many of these pegmatites are composite bodies which have derived their material from two sources: one metamorphic and the other igneous. This conclusion was arrived at after a detailed petrographic investigation of the metamorphic rocks. The map at the end of this bulletin was drawn by Mr.A. H. Barrie and the diagrams are largely the work of Mr. D. O. L. Levy. Chemical analyses are by Messrs. A. J. Radford and E. Golding and were made in the Geological Survey Laboratory. Some of the photographs are by H. J. Cotterel of the Geological Survey while the remainder were taken by the Planning and Technical Services of the Federal Ministry of Home Affairs (formerly the Federal Information Department). It gives me pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and facilities offered the Department by mining men and residents in the district.

The reality today is that we are all interdependent and have to co-exist on this small planet therefore, the only sensible and intelligent way of resolving differences and clashes of interests, whether between individuals or nations, is through dialogue --the Dalai Lama Nomadic pastoralist communities all over the world depend on the keeping livestock for their livelihood, and are characterized by constant migration, in search of pasture and water, or what others may call “search for greener pastures”. Most often as the case such as in Northern Kenya these communities or clans are in conflict with each other mainly over the same scarce resources- water and pasture. This particular treatise explores the role of local NGOs in managing such inter-clan conflict. As aptly put by Lewis (1981: 10-13), when grazing land is abundant, settlement patterns of the pastoral communities may include many non patrilineal kin, or other clans, the true patrilineal kin is honored when pressure arises in the form of diminishing water and pasture, in such instances those who are not one‟s clan become undesirable aliens, thus it is was not a surprise to witness, in the course of conducting the study the many sprouting settlements in Wajir County consisting of entirely agnatic kin, meant to protect “clan‟s” ideals at any costs. Intra-clan and inter-clan conflicts are thus common in the entire Northern Kenya; this study explores the management of inter-clan conflict in Wajir County, North Eastern Province of Kenya. In particular, this research offers an exploration and discussion of the sources of inter-clan conflict, the role of the local NGOs and the perceptions of the local communities, politicians, provincial administration and the local peace committees in the processes of the managing inter-clan conflicts by the local NGOs. With reference to relevant research and literature, as well as the researcher‟s good background understanding on the interventions of the local NGOs in Wajir County, this treatise will provide a series of recommendations to respond to the recurrent inter-clan conflict in the Wajir County, which to some extent could also be applicable to communities with similar settings in Africa and beyond.

This research explores the perceptions and experiences of female former child soldiers in regard to their reintegration within the community of Gulu District, northern Uganda. In many societies women are generally excluded due to prevailing patriarchal hegemonies, with northern Uganda being no exception. Moreover, former child soldiers are commonly marginalized and discriminated against because members of communities commonly believe that they should be punished for the perceived atrocities that they allegedly committed during times of conflict, rather than be reintegrated into society. In this regard female former child soldiers can be identified as a particularly vulnerable and marginalized group. Therefore, it can be suggested that although the distinction between traditional gender roles has been eroded during times of armed conflict, there is still widespread evidence that women are largely overlooked and disregarded in the process of peace building. In order to explore the perceptions and experiences of former female child soldiers, a qualitative case study method was utilized based on in-depth face to face interviews with women from Gulu District, northern Uganda. The findings of this study indicate that, even though these women went through considerable hardships, all of them displayed a strong sense of resilience. Many of them had taken on the role as active change agents in their own lives and provided an array of suggestions on how their situation could be improved. The major themes constructed from the study include: challenges facing returnees; facilitating factors for returnees and suggestions on improved reintegration. Based on these findings a number of recommendations emerged. The recommendations are presented in order to assist organizations and other stakeholders involved in reintegration of child soldiers in northern Uganda and elsewhere in the world. Apart from providing information to the existing body of research, future areas of proposed research are also outlined.

The youth are generally in the peripheral of most development endeavors. This research dealt with factors influencing financial sustainability of youth enterprises funded under the Youth Enterprise Development Fund in Karonga, a district in the Northern Region of Malawi. The study was conducted through a descriptive and analytical survey. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Questionnaires were analyzed and presented using graphs and in form of percentages. Findings from the questionnaires, interviews and FGDs were analyzed for content and presented in narrative form according to the thematic areas in relation to the variables. This research has revealed that repayment rates of YEDF beneficiary enterprises in the district are at 31 percent and that those that have finished paying back the loans stand at 15 percent. The research shows that political influence and inadequate capacity building skills in business management are some of the major reasons for the low repayment of the YEDF loans. The leaders and members in most groups had no prior experience and capacity for running a business. The challenges have negatively affected the revolving nature of the fund. The study recommends that YEDF should be independent of political influence, group members be given more training to enable them understand key business and financial management skills and, strengthening monitoring and evaluation of these groups by the YEDF officers.

In recent years, a number of secondary schools in the Kirinyaga district of Central Province of Kenya have experienced riots and boycotts. The major objective of this study was to understand why students disrupt the normal processes of schooling. Students' perceptions were obtained by examining their attitudes, ideas, opinions, morals, and myths about these uprisings. The study was phenomenological in nature and was informed by the symbolic interactionism (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). Data were collected from six diverse secondary schools: three all boys schools, two all girls schools, and one co-educational school. Multiple sources of data and methods of collection allowed for triangulation. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 ex-students, nine staff members, and one central office administrator. Interviews were open-ended, interactive, and designed to encourage the respondents to share their stories, beliefs, and standpoints. Written case histories, school-level and district-level documents, and students' records helped contextualize the interviews and past events. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Respondents spoke to causes, dimensions, conditions, types, processes, and consequences of the disruptions. It was found that some disruptions were spontaneous and fueled by students' established cultural norms which dictated fights for power and status. Other disruptions were carefully planned to draw the attention of school administrators and teachers to perceived grievances and issues that students cared about. The data also indicated that some of the disruptions were instigated by adult members of the community who were motivated by financial and power gains. Furthermore, respondents narrated experiences of physical hurt and psychological harm, plus damage to school property and financial losses incurred during riots and boycotts. It was observed that the secondary students were not motivated about their schooling experiences. For many students schools lacked relevance given the rapid changes and dislocations experienced by their culture, and the uncertainties of employment. The study acknowledges it is difficult for schools to respond adequately to deep-seated stresses of modernization processes. The study concludes by recommending fundamental changes in educational structure and certification in order to overcome archaic vestiges of the British system in formerly colonized Kenya.

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5th generation district heating and cooling is a novel approach to district heating and cooling networks. Instead of a centralized energy supply, the technology relies on multiple building-level energy centers, equipped with heat pumps and chillers. The energy centers are connected to a low-temperature district energy network which allows for energy exchange by rejecting the waste heat and coolth produced by the chillers and heat pumps. A growing interest in 5th generation district heating and cooling has spurred new research on the topic but there are still many unanswered questions regarding the viability of the concept, both from a technical and economical perspective. This thesis aims to increase the understanding of these types of networks by creating a simple model that can be used to evaluate the performance of a potential 5th generation district heating and cooling network, based primarily on the hourly heating and cooling demand of different building types. The model was implemented on 2 theoretical building clusters located in Bristol, UK. Cluster 1 was made up of offices, retail establishments, and hotels while cluster 2 consisted of residential buildings, hospitals, and data centers. The network was modelled after a 2-pipe closed loop system. Cluster 2 was able to limit the ratio of external heat and coolth addition to the system to 30% while cluster 1 required 53%. The low-temperature network enabled the connected heat pumps to reach a seasonal coefficient of performance of 3.4 for both clusters. The cooling equipment (free cooling heat exchanger and chiller) managed to reach a seasonal coefficient of performance of 17 in the case of cluster 1 and 18.2 for cluster 2. Distribution losses in the network amounted to about 3.2% for the warm pipe while the cold pipe gained 1.4% of coolth from the ambient. The results of the simulations indicate that the seasonality of the heating and cooling demand is one of the main factors to account for when designing a 5th generation district heating and cooling network. Highly seasonal heating and cooling demands lead to less possibilities for energy exchange on the network and will thus require more energy addition or increased energy storage capacity. The findings of this thesis seem to suggest that the advantages of 5th generation district heating and cooling networks are highly dependent on the demand profile of the connected buildings. Future research should aim to establish under what conditions these networks are economically viable. This will depend on several factors but arguably the most important ones are the amount of energy required to balance the network, cost of decentralized substations, and availability of cheap low-temperature heat and seasonal storage.