La voiture de demain semble prendre forme. Elle sera connectée et autonome, c'est à dire qu'elle se substituera complètement à l'être humain. Quelques milliers de véhicules communicants devraient être mis en circulation dès 2016. Par le biais du développement de multiples fonctions avancées d'aide à la conduite et de sécurité active, il est déjà possible de parler d'autonomie partielle de conduite. En effet, ces dernières années, un grand nombre de systèmes sont apparus dans les véhicules, comme par exemple le contrôle adaptatif de vitesse, l'alerte de franchissement de ligne, l'aide au stationnement ... Ils utilisent des technologies de plus en plus perfectionnées qui induisent ainsi des coûts de développement important. Les constructeurs automobiles sont actuellement très nombreux sur le marché. Ils doivent faire face à une concurrence accrue, ce qui influe fortement sur la phase de conception. Ainsi, les délais entre la phase de conception des véhicules et celle de fabrication sont de plus en plus restreints afin d'accroître la compétitivité. A cet effet, la simulation numérique se développe afin de diminuer les coûts liés au prototypage et le temps de mise au point des véhicules . Elle fait appel à des modèles génériques et fins permettant de simuler le comportement du véhicule ou des systèmes présents dans le véhicule. La modélisation de la dynamique des véhicules en régime statique est aujourd'hui chose acquise. En ce qui concerne le régime transitoire, la caractérisation dynamique du comportement du véhicule ou des phénomènes physiques ressentis par les occupants du véhicule a fait depuis longtemps l'objet d'études, mais possède encore des lacunes. Tel est précisément le cas des modèles de pneumatiques actuels qui ne retranscrivent pas correctement le comportement transitoire de cet organe, notamment lors de manœuvres d'urgence.Ces travaux s'inscrivent ainsi dans cette problématique d'amélioration de la représentativité des modèles de pneumatiques en régime transitoire. / The car of tomorrow is taking form. It will be connected and autonomous, i.e. it will substitute for human being. A few thousand of communicating vehicles should be put in circulation by 2016. Through the development of multiple advanced functions of driver assistance and active safety, it is already possible to speak of partial autonomy of conduct. Indeed, these last years, a large number of systems have appeared in vehicles such as adaptive speed control, lane departure warning, parking assistance ... They use technologies more and more sophisticated that lead to significant development costs. Actually, car manufacturers are very numerous on the market. They face increased competition, which strongly influences the design phase. Thus, the time limit between the phase of vehicle design and manufacturing are becoming smaller in order to increase competitiveness. For that purpose, the numerical simulation is developed to reduce prototyping costs and development time of vehicles. It uses generic and accurate models allowing the simulation of the vehicle behavior or the behavior of the other systems in the vehicle. Dynamic modeling of vehicle static behavior is now an acquired thing. As regards the transient behavior, the dynamic characterization of the vehicle behavior or the physical phenomena experienced by the vehicle occupants has long been studied, but still has gaps. This is precisely the case of current tire models that do not correctly transcribe the transient behavior of this body, in particular during emergency maneuvers. This work is inscribed in this problem of transient tire models representativeness improvement.

This research presents a new and unique technique called SÁDI, statistical analysis data identification, for identifying the type of data on a digital device and its storage format based on data type, specifically the values of the bytes representing the data being examined. This research incorporates the automation required for specialized data identification tools to be useful and applicable in real-world applications. The SÁDI technique utilizes the byte values of the data stored on a digital storage device in such a way that the accuracy of the technique does not rely solely on the potentially misleading metadata information but rather on the values of the data itself. SÁDI provides the capability to identify what digitally stored data actually represents. The identification of the relevancy of data is often dependent upon the identification of the type of data being examined. Typical file type identification is based upon file extensions or magic keys. These typical techniques fail in many typical forensic analysis scenarios, such as needing to deal with embedded data, as in the case of Microsoft Word files or file fragments. These typical techniques for file identification can also be easily circumvented, and individuals with nefarious purposes often do so.

Les actionneurs électromécaniques sont de plus en plus utilisés dans le domaine de la motorisation. Particulièrement, ils sont employés pour contrôler la boucle d’air du moteur Diesel. De tels actionneurs ont généralement une structure interne très complexe dont les caractéristiques sont protégées par des conventions de confidentialité. Notre travail dans cette thèse vise, en premier, à élaborer des procédures de modélisation et d’identification en prenant en compte une seule source de non linéarité, à savoir les frottements. Deux classes d’actionneurs sont ainsi étudiées et quatre procédures d’identification sont introduites permettant l’estimation des paramètres des systèmes et les coefficients des forces de frottement. Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite utilisés pour développer des simulateurs sous Simulink-MATLAB et AMESim dont la dynamique est expérimentalement validée via LabVIEW. Afin d’évaluer la dégradation des performances due au processus de vieillissement, la seconde partie du travail consiste en la réalisation des études de sensibilité quantifiant l’impact des variations paramétriques sur la réponse des actionneurs. Les techniques d’ANOVA (analyse des variances) et des plans d’expériences sont appliquées, en boucle ouverte et en boucle fermée, aux actionneurs étudiés. Les résultats issus des deux techniques sont cohérents permettant ainsi de valider les études réalisées.La dernière partie du travail a pour objectif l’élaboration de lois de commande robuste vis-à-vis des perturbations et des incertitudes de modélisation. Ainsi, trois stratégies de contrôle sont utilisées : PI-Flou (PI-Fuzzy controller), l’IDA-PBC (Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control) et le backstepping. Les trois contrôleurs sont testés en présence et en absence d’incertitudes. Leur performance est démontrée en simulation en utilisant Simulink-MATLAB, et expérimentalement via LabVIEW. / In the motorization field, electromechanical actuators are more and more employed. In particular, they are used to control the diesel engine air path. Such actuators have a very complex structure whose characteristics are generally protected by confidential agreements. This work firstly deals with the modelling and the identification of electromechanical systems, considering only one nonlinear phenomenon, i.e. the friction. Hence, two actuator categories are studied, and four identification procedures are designed allowing estimating both the system parameters and the friction coefficients. Effectiveness of the developed simulators is shown using Simulink-MATLAB, AMESim and LabVIEW. In order to evaluate the ageing impact on the actuator performance, this work secondly introduces two techniques of sensitivity analysis: ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) and DOE (Design Of Experiments). These techniques are applied, in open and closed loop, to evaluate how the change in parameters may affect the output of such actuator. Both techniques lead to very similar results allowing validating the designed study.Finally, this work aims at the design of nonlinear friction compensation techniques. Therefore, three techniques are used: PI-Fuzzy controller, IDA-PBC (Interconnection and Damping Assignment - Passivity Based Control) and the backstepping. All controllers are tested with and without uncertainties. Their effectiveness is shown in simulation, using Simulink, and experimentally via LabVIEW.

[Truncated abstract] The identification of individual animals based on acoustic parameters is a non-invasive method of identifying individuals with considerable advantages over physical marking procedures. One requirement for an effective and practical method of acoustic individual identification is that it is call-independent, i.e. determining identity does not require a comparison of the same call or song type. This means that an individuals identity over time can be determined regardless of any changes to its vocal repertoire, and different individuals can be compared regardless of whether they share calls. Although several methods of acoustic identification currently exist, for example discriminant function analysis or spectrographic cross-correlation, none are call-independent. Call-independent identification has been developed for human speaker recognition, and this thesis aimed to: 1) determine if call-independent identification was possible in birds, using similar methods to those used for human speaker recognition, 2) examine the impact of noise in a recording on the identification accuracy and determine methods of removing the noise and increasing accuracy, 3) provide a comparison of features and classifiers to determine the best method of call-independent identification in birds, and 4) determine the practical limitations of call-independent identification in birds, with respect to increasing population size, changing vocal characteristics over time, using different call categories, and using the method in an open population. ... For classification, Gaussian mixture models and probabilistic neural networks resulted in higher accuracy, and were simpler to use, than multilayer perceptrons. Using the best methods of feature extraction and classification resulted in 86-95.5% identification accuracy for two passerine species, with all individuals correctly identified. A study of the limitations of the technique, in terms of population size, the category of call used, accuracy over time, and the effects of having an open population, found that acoustic identification using perceptual linear prediction and probabilistic neural networks can be used to successfully identify individuals in a population of at least 40 individuals, can be used successfully on call categories other than song, and can be used in open populations in which a new recording may belong to a previously unknown individual. However, identity was only able to be determined with accuracy for less than three months, limiting the current technique to short-term field studies. This thesis demonstrates the application of speaker recognition technology to enable call-independent identification in birds. Call-independence is a pre-requisite for the successful application of acoustic individual identification in many species, especially passerines, but has so far received little attention in the scientific literature. This thesis demonstrates that call-independent identification is possible in birds, as well as testing and finding methods to overcome the practical limitations of the methods, enabling their future use in biological studies, particularly for the conservation of threatened species.

Personal identification of individuals is becoming increasingly adopted in society today. Due to the large number of electronic systems that require human identification, faster and more secure identification systems are pursued. Biometrics is based upon the physical characteristics of individuals; of these the fingerprint is the most common as used within law enforcement. Fingerprint-based systems have been introduced into the society but have not been well received due to relatively high rejection rates and false acceptance rates. This limited acceptance of fingerprint identification systems requires new techniques to be investigated to improve this identification method and the acceptance of the technology within society. Electronic fingerprint identification provides a method of identifying an individual within seconds quickly and easily. The fingerprint must be captured instantly to allow the system to identify the individual without any technical user interaction to simplify system operation. The performance of the entire system relies heavily on the quality of the original fingerprint image that is captured digitally. A single fingerprint scan for verification makes it easier for users accessing the system as it replaces the need to remember passwords or authorisation codes. The identification system comprises of several components to perform this function, which includes a fingerprint sensor, processor, feature extraction and verification algorithms. A compact texture feature extraction method will be implemented within an embedded microprocessor-based system for security, performance and cost effective production over currently available commercial fingerprint identification systems. To perform these functions various software packages are available for developing programs for windows-based operating systems but must not constrain to a graphical user interface alone. MATLAB was the software package chosen for this thesis due to its strong mathematical library, data analysis and image analysis libraries and capability. MATLAB enables the complete fingerprint identification system to be developed and implemented within a PC environment and also to be exported at a later date directly to an embedded processing environment. The nucleus of the fingerprint identification system is the feature extraction approach presented in this thesis that uses global texture information unlike traditional local information in minutiae-based identification methods. Commercial solid-state sensors such as the type selected for use in this thesis have a limited contact area with the fingertip and therefore only sample a limited portion of the fingerprint. This limits the number of minutiae that can be extracted from the fingerprint and as such limits the number of common singular points between two impressions of the same fingerprint. The application of texture feature extraction will be tested using variety of fingerprint images to determine the most appropriate format for use within the embedded system. This thesis has focused on designing a fingerprint-based identification system that is highly expandable using the MATLAB environment. The main components that are defined within this thesis are the hardware design, image capture, image processing and feature extraction methods. Selection of the final system components for this electronic fingerprint identification system was determined by using specific criteria to yield the highest performance from an embedded processing environment. These platforms are very cost effective and will allow fingerprint-based identification technology to be implemented in more commercial products that can benefit from the security and simplicity of a fingerprint identification system.

Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / A combination of Radio Frequency Identification technology and ubiquitous computing are revolutionising the manner in which we look at simple objects. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) allows RFID labeled objects to be identified at a distance without physical contact, and ubiquitous computing provides a virtually connected environment for the objects. RFID labels are frequently referred to as the next generation barcodes. RFID Systems provide increased productivity, efficiency, convenience and many advantages over bar codes for numerous applications, especially global supply chain management. RFID labeling has a number of advantages over conventional bar code systems. The optics based bar code systems could be rendered useless by common everyday environments containing dirt, dust, smoke, grease, condensation and by misorientation and misalignment. Furthermore bar codes are subject to fraudulent duplication and counterfeiting with minimal effort. However, there are limitations and constraints inherent to RFID technology: semiconductor thresholds, limits on transmitted power, costs, antenna and coupling inefficiencies. Thus it is important for RFID designers to understand these limitations and constraints in order to optimise system designs and overcome inefficiencies where possible. Therefore the work presented in this dissertation seeks to improve the performance of advanced RFID systems by overcoming a number of these limitations. Prior to a discussion of improving performance, the author's interpretation of a modem RFID system along its evolutionary path as a ubiquitous RFID network and its application to supply chain management is described. Performance improvements are achieved by: the development of electromagnetic theory for RFID system analysis and optimisation; design and development of interrogator antennas; analysis of electrically small and tiny antennas for RFID labels; and development and utilisation of a design methodology for creating high performance label antennas and antennas for tagging metallic objects. Implementations of RFID systems have raised concerns regarding information security and possible violations of end-user privacy. The most profound concerns are raised against low cost RFID technology because of its potential for mass scale deployment, its pervasive nature, and the resource limitations preventing the provision of strong cryptographic solutions. There is a growing need in the RFID community to discover and develop techniques and methods to overcome various hurdles posed by the above-mentioned concerns. Thus, the thesis also considers the vulnerabilities of low cost RFID systems and associated insecurities and privacy concerns resulting from the latter. Prior to addressing such concerns impeding the deployment of low cost RFID technology, a framework within which to provide security services is also detailed. It has become important to both defme and identity a framework based around low cost RFID systems since RFID has become a "catch all" phrase for various other forms of technology. Addressing security and privacy of low cost RFID systems requires novel thinking. The later parts of the thesis outline design considerations for security mechanisms and a number of practicable solutions for providing the features of: mutual authentication; confidentiality; message content security; product authentication; anonymity and untraceability, that are necessary for low cost RFID systems to overcome the weaknesses identified in this dissertation. Implementing these security mechanisms requires the generation of true random tag parameters and true random numbers. Achieving these objectives using a hardware based true random number generator is also described and analysed. A final part of the thesis focuses on active RFID labels and improving their performance. The primary concern with active labels is the life of the onboard battery. Turn-on circuits provide a method of turning "on" and "off" an active label remotely to conserve valuable battery power. Analysis, development and testing of a turn-on circuit concept, based on interrogator field sensing, have provided a means of remotely activating and deactivating active RFID labels and conserving battery power. The final chapter of this thesis provides a detailed analysis, based on coupling relations between electromechanical systems, for evaluating the feasibility of a theft detection sensor, based on a turn-on circuit for an active RFID label, for preventing the theft of high value items. While low cost RFID needs to overcome certain security and privacy related barriers, RFID technology does provide novel and valid approaches to such security related applications as product authentication, anti-counterfeiting and theft detection. It is believed that the contributions from this thesis will extend and elaborate on the existing knowledge base, paving the way forward to allow further significant deployment of advanced RFID techno logy. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1368084 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2007

Accurate taxonomy is essential to preservation and management of native grasses. Four problems in fescue taxonomy were investigated: the identity of the native fescue that dominates western Oregon and Washington prairies, the relationship of native Festuca roemeri to closely related grasses, the status of F. howellii and F. washingtonica, and fescue identification. The cespitose fine-leaved fescue that dominates prairies in western Oregon and Washington had previously been identified as F. rubra. Two fescues were found to dominate these habitats, one introduced F. rubra var. commutata, and the other native F. roemeri. The two differed in isozymes and subtle morphological traits. Isozymes, flow cytometry of DNA, and leaf anatomy clarified relationships among F. idahoensis, F. roemeri. and the northwest California fescue that shares characters with both of them. Isozyme band patterns divided them into two groups; F. roemeri and a mixture of populations of F. idahoensis and the northwest California fescue. All three fescues were tetraploid. All three fescues were distinguished using leaf anatomy. Festuca roemeri and the northwest California fescue shared leaves elliptic to obovate in cross section and usually having three sclerenchyma bands, at margins and midrib; F. idahoensis had leaves round to hexagonal in cross section, with five or more sclerenchyma bands, Festuca idahoensis and the northwest California fescue had numerous long adaxial leaf hairs; F. roemeri had few and short adaxial hairs. Leaf shape was phenotypically plastic in F. roemeri and the northwest California fescue, but constant in F. idahoensis. Leaf sclerenchyma development was greater in the field than greenhouse for all three fescues. The northwest California fescue was recognized as F. roemeri var. klamathensis B. L. Wilson fined. Morphometric analysis of F. howellii and F. washingtonica revealed that the two are distinct taxa. Festuca washingtonica appeared to be a rare species endemic to lightly grazed and ungrazed areas of eastern Washington. The F. howellii holotype was conspecific with F. elmeri, not F. viridula as previously thought. Because F. howellii is an earlier synonym, F. elineri must now be called F. howellii. Identification keys were provided for identifying fertile or sterile fescues and ryegrasses of the Pacific coast states. / Graduation date: 1999

Dans cette thèse, nous nous penchons sur les effets que peut avoir la discrimination sociale sur le bien-être des personnes qui en sont victimes, et en particulier, sur les stratégies psychologiques que ces dernières mettent en œuvre pour s'en protéger. Parmi les cognitions qui susceptibles de faire office de « tampon », certaines sont liées directement à l'appartenance groupale et donc potentiellement spécifiques à l'expérience de discrimination. Dans une première partie théorique, nous nous attardons sur une définition précise des concepts qui nous intéressent et décrivons en détail la littérature pertinente à notre sujet. Le premier chapitre traite de la notion de discrimination en elle-même, et de ses différences avec des concepts voisins, tels la stigmatisation, le bas statut et la privation relative. L'objectif de cette première section est de préciser notre objet d'étude. Dans un second chapitre, nous abordons la multitude de données existant sur les liens entre discrimination et bien-être, ainsi que les modèles correspondants, notamment ceux de rejet-identification (Schmitt & Branscombe, 2002), de « discounting » (Crocker & Major, 1989) et du stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Cette section nous permet de conclure que l'impact de la discrimination sur le bien-être est loin d'être simple et direct, et met en lumière la résilience des individus qui sont victimes de traitements injustes dus à leur appartenance groupale. Parmi les facteurs de protection à la disposition des personnes discriminées, un certain nombre dépendent directement de ce groupe vilipendé. Nous nous y intéressons dans le troisième et dernier chapitre de l'introduction théorique, en passant en revue les éléments qui permettent de penser que l'identification, l'entitativité, la perception de support social et/ou de discrimination groupale et le soutien à l'action collective puissent être des cognitions protectrices du bien-être. La partie empirique de la thèse vise à investiguer plus avant ces effets protecteurs. En nous intéressant à des groupes discriminés réels (immigrés africains, femmes, infirmiers) ou manipulés (étudiants de l'UCL), nous tentons de cerner plus précisément les relations entre discrimination, cognitions groupales et bien-être. Au travers d'études de laboratoire (chapitres 1 et 2), de terrain (chapitres 3 et 4) et longitudinales (chapitre 5), nous mettons en évidence l'existence d'effets qui semblent spécifiques à certains des groupes étudiés. Notamment, la discrimination groupale a un effet protecteur sur le bien-être dans deux grandes catégories sociales (femmes et immigrés africains), ce qui ne semble pas être le cas dans un groupe professionnel (infirmiers/ères). D'autre part, l'identification au groupe se révèle un concept multidimensionnel dont les différentes facettes ont des effets parfois opposés. Notre conclusion invite le lecteur à la circonspection quant à l'applicabilité de modèles universels à la problématique de la discrimination. Ainsi, si les cognitions groupales peuvent être protectrices du bien-être, c'est sous certaines conditions, dans certains groupes, et non pas comme une panacée valable pour tous. Nous insistons également sur l'importance de distinguer discrimination groupale et personnelle, ainsi que différentes facettes du concept d'identification. Enfin, les études de terrain et les expériences de laboratoire semblent constituer des investigations complémentaires à mener idéalement de concert. / This thesis deals with the cognitive strategies that discriminated individuals use to shield themselves from the aversive effects of social discrimination. More especially, we are interested in group-linked cognitions which are specific to the experience of discrimination, namely identification, perception of group discrimination, entitativity, social support (or solidarity) and the belief in collective action. In the theoretical part, we spend some time defining our concepts. We first distinguish personal discrimination from other related concepts, like relative deprivation, status in social identity theory or stigmatization. We then review the broad literature on the relationship between perceived personal discrimination and well-being. To conclude this first part, we underline the evidence that links group cognitions (identification, group discrimination, entitativity…), perceived personal discrimination and well-being. This first part is only available in French. In the empirical part (in English), we present five studies that gather evidence for the protective properties of group cognitions, with different social categories, among them women, African immigrants and junior nurses, in laboratory (chapters 1 and 2) or natural settings (chapters 3, 4 & 5). We also contrast cross-sectional (chapter 4) and longitudinal data (chapter 5) in order to investigate causality concerns. We conclude our work by stressing the importance of considering group cognitions in relationship to specific groups, and not as a panacea that would be applicable and protective for every single discriminated individual in the same way. We further emphasize the necessity of treating group and personal discrimination as two distinct phenomena, as well as the importance of considering identification as a multi-facetted construct.

Dans nos sociétés culturelles, trois régions anatomiques sont habituellement apparentes et visibles donc identifiables : ce sont le visage et les mains. La main est donc un élément d’identification spécifique à chaque individu et reconnaissable. En mesurant le volume de la main démembrée d’une personne, peut-on déterminer la typologie de cette personne associant, entre autres mesures de la main, le volume au poids? La mesure du volume de moulage des mains de 109 adultes (dont 14 gauchers) est réalisée à l’aide d’un volumètre à aiguille et plusieurs équations de régression mettent en évidence les relations entre des composantes anthropométriques du corps et de ses segments avec le volume des mains. Ensuite, le volume et des variables spécifiques des mains d’un nouvel échantillon de 88 sujets vivants sont mesurés et leur typologie est également déterminée. Les équations de régression caractérisant les relations entre les variables des mains et la typologie estiment la stature par les longueur et largeur des mains (Main Droite : r² = .66 ; SEE = 4 cm ; Main Gauche : r² = .62 ; SEE = 4,2cm) et le poids par le volume et le périmètre de PII du 5ème doigt (MD : r² = .69 ; SEE = 6.64kg ; MG : r² = .64 ; SEE = 7,13kg) La validation de la méthode est réalisée sur un échantillon analogue mais indépendant de 21 sujets adultes. Le poids de 90.5 % des sujets est estimé avec un écart maximum de 5.98kg et la stature de 76% de l’échantillon avec un écart maximum de 3cm. De nombreuses techniques ont été élaborées afin de reconstruire le visage à partir du crâne d’une personne disparue ; dans le même ordre d’idée peut-on reconstruire l’aspect virtuel de la peau d’une main en disposant de son squelette ? Des modèles informatisés, par CT Scan, des os et de la peau sont obtenus des mains d’un cadavre et d’un volontaire. Le logiciel Lhp Builder permet la localisation des coordonnées spatiales de points de repères anatomiques osseux des modèles. A partir de 3 repères, les relations spatiales entre les modèles sont établies et employées afin d’interpoler la peau manquante de la main. Le volume de la « peau interpolée » et le volume de la « peau réelle » obtenus par imagerie médicale sont comparés afin de valider la méthode. Une différence de volume de 3.5 % entre les volumes respectifs de la main du cadavre et de la main reconstruite situe le niveau de précision de la méthode. D’autres manipulations de reconstruction sont exécutées dans des situations analogues au cadre médico-légal (enfouissement en terre de pièces animales, mise en digestion dans des produits caustiques) Cette première approche méthodologique de reconstruction de la main semble prometteuse et la main reconstruite deviendrait un élément important pour l’identification de personnes disparues./ In our cultural society, three anatomical body parts are usually apparent so visible and thus identifiable: the face and the hands. The hand may be an element of identification specific to each individual and recognizable. By measuring the dismembered hand volume of a person, the typology of this person associating, inter alia measurements of the hand, volume with weight could be determined ? The volume measurement of casts hands of 109 adults (of which 14 left-handed persons) is realized using a needle volumeter and several regression equations highlight the relations between anthropometrical components of the body and its segments with the hands volume. Then, the hands volume and specific hands variables of a new sample of 88 living subjects are measured and their typology is also determined. The regression equations characterizing the relations between the hands variables and typology estimate the stature by hands length and width (Right hand: r² = 66; SEE = 4 cm; Left hand: r² = 62; SEE = 4,2cm) and the weight by volume and perimeter of PII of the 5 th finger (Right hand: r² = 69; SEE = 6.64kg; Left hand: r² = 64; SEE = 7,13kg). The validation of the method is carried out on a sample similar but independent of 21 adult subjects. The weight of 90.5 % of the subjects is estimated with a maximum difference of 5.98kg and the stature of 76% of the sample with 3cm maximum. Many techniques were elaborated in order to rebuild the face starting from cranium of a missing person; in the same order can one rebuild the virtual aspect of the hand skin while having its skeleton? From computerized models, by CT Scan, bones and skin are obtained of hands of a corpse and a living volunteer. The software Lhp Builder allows the localization of the 3D co-ordinates of anatomical bones landmarks of the models. From 3 landmarks, the 3D relations between the models are established and used in order to interpolate the missing skin of the hand. The volume of the " interpolated skin " and the volume of the " real skin " obtained by medical imaging are compared in order to validate the method. A volume difference of 3.5 % between respective volumes of the hand corpse and the rebuilt hand estimates the level of precision of the method. Other experiments of rebuilding are carried out in situations similar to the medico-legal framework (ground hiding of animal parts, digestion in caustic products) This first methodological approach of hand rebuilding seems promising and the rebuilt hand would become a significant element for the identification of missing people.

No description available.