Uppsatsen diskuterar området Artificiell intelligens(AI), fullmakt och bud för att kunna faställa om AI kan klassificeras som fullmäktig eller bud vid slutande av avtal. Avtalsslut via internet har blivit allt vanligare i vårt sammahälle, då artificiell intelligens har blivit ett allt mer använt område. Slutsatsen som uppsatsen kommer fram till är att artificiell intelligens inte kan klassificeras som fullmäktig men kan klassificeras som bud vid slutande av avtal. Inom en framtid kanske AI får en mer utvecklad funktionalitet inom avtalsprocessen och kan bedömas från andra rekvisit gällande fullmäktig.

Tarnished plant bug is the most important insect pest of cotton in Mississippi. Management of this insect is difficult because of insecticide resistance as well and the overwhelming population densities in many areas of the Mississippi Delta. Given the level of plant bug infestation and damage observed in cotton over the past several growing seasons, information is needed to improve management of vegetative growth once fruit retention is reduced. Little data exists regarding the impact of nitrogen application on infestation by tarnished plant bug. In addition, growers have been progressively reducing seeding rates as seed and technology fees have increased over the past 15 years. Although seeding rates have been reduced, nitrogen application recommendations have not changed. This research was initiated to determine the relationship between crop management factors and tarnished plant bug and to further refine N rate recommendations in the presence of reduced plant populations.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23779号 / 医博第4825号 / 新制||医||1057(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 玄, 教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 斎藤 通紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Biennial bearing has been investigated longer and more extensively in apple than in any other fruit tree; however, it remains a serious problem in commercial apple production all over the world. Trees that have become biennial flower profusely and carry a heavy crop in the "on" year, and flower sparsely or not at all and carry little or no crop the following year, the "off" year. Fruit in the "on" year tend to be small, poorly colored, and of low quality, while the few fruit in the "off" year are usually too large, become susceptible to physiological disorders, and also are of poor quality. Without intervention, the crops in both the "on" and "off" years are undesirable and uneconomical. The most common method used by commercial apple growers to try to prevent biennial bearing is chemical fruit thinning, which is an "on" year method of removing a part of the crop before it matures on the tree. In general, growers don't do anything in the "off" year to prevent biennial bearing with the exceptions of fertilizing and pruning lightly. In this study, several experiments were conducted with the cultivars "Braeburn", "Golden Delicious", "Ramey York", and "Fuji" in the "off" year to try and suppress FBI and thus prevent a biennial bearing situation in the following year. The first set of experiments studied the effect of whole-tree and partial-tree defoliation on suppressing spur and lateral flowering and fruit set. Flowering and fruit set were suppressed with defoliation in most cases. Defoliation in early July caused the least amount of flowering the following year and in some cases it was zero. As the defoliation timing and severity was delayed, there was less suppression of flowering and fruit set. Ammonium thiosulfate and Endothal increased flowering but decreased fruit set compared to a control. Gramoxone suppressed flowering and fruit set. In another set of experiments, gibberellic acid (GA) treatments were evaluated to suppress FBI in "off" or light crop years. The GA4+7 treatments suppressed return bloom of both spur and lateral flowers more than the GA3 treatments. The effectiveness of GA declined with delayed application. Both GA treatments reduced lateral flowering the most on the basal 1/3 of the shoot. In a four year study, apple trees were thinned to one fruit per flowering cluster every year from 1997 to 2000. Other trees were thinned to zero fruit or two fruit per flowering cluster in alternate years from 1997 to 2000. Trees thinned to one fruit per flowering cluster had moderate flowering and fruit set the following year. Trees thinned to two fruit per flowering cluster had very little to no flowering the following year. Trees thinned to zero fruit per flowering cluster had a "snowball" bloom the following year. Trees that were alternately thinned to two or zero fruit per flowering cluster were in a biennial bearing situation. / Ph. D.

Master of Science / Department of Biology / David C. Hartnett / Perennial grasses on tallgrass prairie primarily reproduce vegetatively via the belowground bud bank, yet the production, dynamics, and morphology of belowground buds is largely unexplored. Since the two main photosynthetic pathway guilds (C3 and C4) on tallgrass prairie vary in their aboveground phenology, their belowground phenology would also be expected to vary. Differences in bud production, development, and spatial arrangement result in different growth forms. Therefore, an extensive biweekly examination of a dominant tallgrass prairie C4 rhizomatous grass Andropogon gerardii and C3 caespitose grass Dichanthelium oligosanthes was conducted over an entire year. Andropogon gerardii and D. oligosanthes have multiple distinctive bud developmental stages. Andropogon gerardii was synchronous in its bud development and its bud bank was composed of multiple annual cohorts. The bud bank of D. oligosanthes was developmentally asynchronous and was comprised of a single bud cohort since its bud bank underwent a complete turnover in early summer. The different roles of buds in the life history of each species reflected their differences in bud longevity, quality, and dormancy. In D. oligosanthes, belowground buds enabled plant survival over the C3 summer dormant period whereas juvenile tillers overwintered during the longer winter dormant period. In contrast, A. gerardii survived its single, winter dormant period as dormant buds. The higher-order bud production observed in D. oligosanthes multiplied its tiller production potential and, along with its shortened internodes, contributed to its caespitose growth form. The rhizomatous growth form of A. gerardii resulted from its lack of higher-order bud production and its elongated internodes. Differences in production of buds per vegetative and flowering tiller were quantified in A. gerardii. Flowering tillers of A. gerardii produced larger numbers of buds per tiller and transitioned a larger proportion of their buds to tillers than did vegetative tillers. Therefore, no tradeoff between sexual and vegetative reproduction was evident. Developmental constraints likely prevented such a tradeoff. Bud bank dynamics offer insight into the control of grass population dynamics, production, and ultimately aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and will be useful in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which management practices and environmental change can alter perennial grasslands.

The law does not regulate the bidding process; it’s the seller who, in consultation with the estate agent, decides the rules. If the estate agent does not inform all the bidders about conditions  attached to the bids,it means that a bidder bid against something he s not fully informed about. This means that the lack of transparency in the bidding process leads to asymmetric information between the bidders and this could be detrimental to a bidder and for the benefit of another. This paper has been written in order to investigate how consumers and the housing market is Affected by the law not regulating the estate agent to inform all the bidders of conditions attached To the bids. Previously nothing has been written on this subject, which means that this paper is of an explorative--‐  and investigative character. Since there was no access to any secondary data in this study, the major part of the work was to collect primary data. The collection of data consisted of a survey to estate agents, a survey/interview to  uyers/speculators And interviews with a number of individuals with special expertise in the subject. The investigations carried out, resulted in a discussion and analysis of how consumers are affected by The estate agent not having to provide information about conditional bids to all bidders. The answers in interviews is not conclusive, there are both pros and cons of not having the bidding Process regulated by law. The conclusion also includes a discussion on how housing prices can be affected by the bidding not being regulated by law regarding conditions. This conclusion is that the prices could both increase and decrease by a regulation of the bidding process, depending on the scenario.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-16T16:43:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERLÂNIA FABÍOLA DE SOUSA FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 942647 bytes, checksum: 70fe8770e6f2f71d2c0f3c1b41b05e2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T16:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VERLÂNIA FABÍOLA DE SOUSA FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 942647 bytes, checksum: 70fe8770e6f2f71d2c0f3c1b41b05e2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-12 / O broto de palma surge no semiárido nordestino como uma hortaliça alternativa e potencial para o consumo humano, possibilitando a obtenção de produtos e alimentos ricos em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento, a qualidade e a capacidade antioxidante em brotos de palma para o consumo humano. Os brotos foram colhidos nas primeiras horas do dia na área experimental do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Pombal - PB e avaliados quanto às variáveis físicas e químicas, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, no fatorial 2 x 4, sendo 2 cultivares (‘Gigante’ e ‘Redonda’) e 4 estádios de desenvolvimento (estádio 1 - brotos de 4,0 a 8,0 cm; estádio 2 - brotos de 8,01 a 12,0 cm; estádio 3 - brotos de 12,01 a 16,0 cm; estádio 4 - brotos de 16,01 a 20,0 cm), com seis repetições e 250 g por unidade experimental. Para as variáveis diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, massa fresca com espinhos, sem espinhos e dos espinhos e rendimento, houve um aumento significativo de seus valores com o estádio de desenvolvimento, com destaque para os brotos da cultivar ‘Redonda’. Os teores de proteínas, lipídeos e carboidratos reduziram significativamente com o avanço do desenvolvimento, para ambas as cultivares, assim como para a relação sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável e para o amido. Nos compostos bioativos clorofilas, carotenoides e flavonoides, os maiores teores foram encontrados no terceiro e quarto estádios da cultivar ‘Gigante’; já os polifenóis extraíveis foram maiores no primeiro e segundo estádios, dessa cultivar. Os teores de ácido ascórbico aumentaram com o estádio de desenvolvimento nas duas cultivares. A capacidade antioxidante foi superior na massa seca quando comparada à massa fresca, nos brotos de palma ‘Gigante’ e ‘Redonda’. Dessa forma, independente dos tratamentos avaliados, os brotos de palma exibiram características similares às de outras hortaliças, constituindo-se como fonte de compostos com propriedades antioxidantes, podendo ser usados como hortaliça em qualquer estádio de desenvolvimento, sendo que o terceiro e o quarto estádios foram os mais indicados, tanto para o consumo in natura como para o processamento agroindustrial. / The bud of palm comes in northeast semiarid as an alternative and potential vegetable for human consumption, making it possible to obtain products and foods rich in nutrients and antioxidants. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the development, quality and antioxidant capacity in palm buds for human consumption. The buds were harvested in the early hours in the experimental area of the Centre for Science and Agrifood Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, in Pombal - PB and analyzed for physical and chemical variables, using a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 4, with 2 cultivars (‘Giant’ and ‘Round’) and 4 developmental stages (stage 1 - buds from 4,0 to 8,0 cm, stage 2 - buds from 8,01 to 12,0 cm, stage 3 - buds 12,01 to 16,0 cm, stage 4 - buds from 16,01 to 20,0 cm), with six replicates of 250 g per experimental unit. For longitudinal and transverse diameter variables, fresh pasta with thorns, without thorns and spines and income, there was a significant increase in their values with the stage of development, with emphasis on the buds of the cultivar ‘Round’. The levels of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates significantly decreased with advancing development, for cultivars, as well as the soluble solid and titratable acidity and starch. Bioactive compounds in chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids, the highest levels were found in the third and fourth stages of cultivar ‘Giant’; have extractable polyphenols were higher in the first and second stages, this cultivar. The levels of ascorbic acid increased with the stage of development in both cultivars. The antioxidant capacity was higher in dry weight when compared to fresh weight in buds palm ‘Giant’ and ‘Round’. Thus, regardless of the treatments, the shoots palm exhibited similar to other vegetables, constituting a source of compounds with antioxidant characteristics, can be used as a vegetable in any stage of development, and the third and fourth in stars were the most suitable for both fresh consumption and for the agro-processing.

<p>Many cells spontaneously establish a polarity axis even in the absence of directional cues, a process called symmetry breaking. A central question concerns how cells polarize towards one, and only one, randomly oriented "front". The conserved Rhotype GTPase Cdc42p is an essential factor for both directed and spontaneous polarization in various organisms, whose local activation is thought to define the cell's front. We previously proposed that in yeast cells, a small stochastic cluster of GTP-Cdc42p at a random site on the cortex can grow into a large, dominating cluster via a positive feedback loop involving the scaffold protein Bem1p. As stochastic Cdc42p clusters could presumably arise at many sites, why does only one site become the dominating "front"? We speculated that competition between growing clusters for limiting factors would lead to growth of a single winning "front" at the expense of the others. Utilizing time-lapse imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution, we now document initiation of multiple polarized clusters that competed rapidly to resolve a winning cluster. Such multicluster intermediates are observed in wild-type yeast cells with functional directional cues, but the locations where they are initiated are biased by the spatial cues. In addition, we detected an unexpected oscillatory polarization in a majority of the cells breaking symmetry, in which polarity factors initially concentrated very brightly and then dimmed in an oscillatory manner, dampening down to a final intermediate level after 2-3 peaks. Dampened oscillation suggests that the polarity circuit contains an in-built negative feedback loop. Mathematical modeling predicts that negative feedback would confer robustness to the polarity circuit and make the kinetics of competition between polarity factor clusters relatively insensitive to polarity factor concentration.</p><p>We are trying to understand how competition between clusters occurs. We find that the yeast guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI), Rdi1p, is needed for rapid competition between clusters. In the absence of Rdi1p the initial clustering of polarity</p><p>factors is slowed, and competition is also much slower: in some cases cells still have two clusters at the time of bud emergence and they form two buds. We suggest that in the absence of Rdi1p, the clusters compete for a limiting pool of Cdc42p, and that slow</p><p>exchange of Cdc42p on and off the membrane in the absence of Rdi1p leads to slow competition.</p> / Dissertation

Pflanzen verfügen über ein hohes Maß an phänotypischer Plastizität. Modifikationen ihres genetisch determinierten Aufbaus ermöglichen ihnen, flexibel auf ein breites Spektrum von Umwelteinflüssen zu reagieren. Dies umfasst Veränderungen der Pflanzenarchitektur, die durch den modularen Aufbau des Sprosses ermöglicht werden. In den Blattachseln des Primärsprosses werden Achselknospen angelegt. Jede einzelne dieser Knospen hat das Potenzial, zu einem Sekundärspross, d.h. einem Zweig, auszuwachsen. Der Knospenaustrieb wird jedoch reguliert und die meisten Knospen verbleiben in einem dormanten Status. Bei der Entscheidung, ob die Dormanz einer Knospe gebrochen wird und sie zu einem Zweig auswächst, spielen diverse endo- und exogene Faktoren eine Rolle, die in einem komplexen, aus Hormonen und Transkriptionsfaktoren bestehenden Regelnetz, integriert werden. Dieses umfasst Strigolactone (SL), eine neuartige Klasse von Phytohormonen, die im Allgemeinen den Knospenaustrieb hemmen. Es wird diskutiert, dass der inhibitorische Effekt der SL durch eine Modulation des Flusses des Phytohormons Auxin und/oder die Regulation anderer nachgelagerter Faktoren direkt in der Knospe herbeigeführt wird. Das bekannteste Beispiel für ein knospenspezifisches, SL-reguliertes Gen ist BRANCHED1 (BRC1), dessen mRNA-Abundanz positiv von SL beeinflusst wird. Es codiert einen Transkriptionsfaktor der den Knospenaustrieb unterdrückt, was höchstwahrscheinlich über eine Regulation des Zellzyklus erfolgt. SL und BRC1 wurden umfassend in Modellarten wie Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Erbse (Pisum sativum), Petunie (Petunia hybrida) und Reis (Oryza sativa) untersucht. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Wissen über die Gene und Stoffwechselwege dieses Regelkreises in verholzten, ausdauernden Arten wie dem Modellbaum Pappel (Populus sp.), limitiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Pappel-Orthologe von Genen, die an der SL-Biosynthese (MAX4) und der SL-Signaltransduktion (MAX2) beteiligt sind, identifiziert und auf eine vermutete Funktion in der Regulation der Baumarchitektur untersucht. Es existieren jeweils zwei Orthologe in der Pappel. Um ihre Funktion zu charakterisieren, wurden Expressionsanalysen durchgeführt und transgene Linien für amiRNA-vermittelte simultane oder einzelne knock-downs der beiden Orthologe erzeugt. Knock-downs von MAX2 waren nur teilweise erfolgreich. Es konnte kein Phänotyp beobachtet werden, was höchstwahrscheinlich auf eine redundante Funktion des nicht herunterregulierten Orthologs zurückzuführen ist. MAX4 Doppel-Knock-downs waren hingegen erfolgreich und es konnten typische SL-Mangelphänotypen in den entsprechenden amiMAX4-1+2 Linien beobachtet werden. Diese umfassten eine erhöhte Sprossverzweigung, eine Reduktion der Pflanzenhöhe, eine verkürzte Indernodienlänge sowie eine erhöhte Adventivbewurzelung. Durch ihre geringe Konzentration, hohe Instabilität und große Diversität ist die direkte Quantifizierung von SL sehr anspruchsvoll. Außerdem sind Standards und Referenzen für Pappel-SL nicht verfügbar, was direkte Messungen nicht durchführbar machte. Stattdessen wurden indirekte Hinweise auf SL-Mangel in den amiMAX4-1+2 Pflanzen gesammelt. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die erfolgreiche Komplementation der Sprossphänotypen durch Pfropfung. Baumspezifische Aspekte der Knospendormanz, besonders die Winterdormanz, wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Ein Einfluss von SL konnte aber nicht nachgewiesen werden, was darauf hinweist, dass SL den Knospenaustrieb nur in der vegetativen Periode hemmen. Als ein SL-reguliertes Zielgen und daher eine weitere wichtige Komponente der Verzweigungskontrolle wurde ein Pappel BRC1 Ortholog identifiziert. Dieses Gen wies die typischen, in anderen Arten nachgewiesenen Expressionsmuster, sowie eine signifikant reduzierte Expression in den erzeugten amiMAX4-1+2 Linien auf, welche wahrscheinlich reduzierte SL-Level haben. Zusätzlich wurde auf der Basis von Sequenz- und Expressionsanalysen ein Pappel BRC2 Ortholog identifiziert. Beide Gene kontrollieren möglicherweise die Verzweigung in Pappeln und integrieren verschiedene Umwelteinflüsse. Zusammengefasst legen die in diesem Projekt gewonnenen Daten eine Rolle von SL und BRC1 als wichtige Regulatoren des Knospenaustriebs in Pappeln nahe. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass grundlegende Prozesse in der Kontrolle der Pflanzenarchitektur über ein breites Spektrum von Arten, einschließlich Bäumen, hoch konserviert sind. Abgesehen von ihrer Relevanz als Grundlage zur Erforschung der Rolle von SL und BRC1 in Pappeln, sind die in diesem Projekt erzeugten stark verzweigten Linien möglicherweise wirtschaftlich für die Nutzung auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen interessant, auf welchen sie vermutlich über verbesserte Eigenschaften im Stockaustrieb nach der Ernte und im Kronenschluss verfügen.