Low profile, conformal antennas have considerable advantages for Aerospace and Military platforms where conventional antenna system add weight and drag. Direct Write (DW) technology has been earmarked as a potential method for fabricating low profile antennas directly onto structural components. This thesis determines the key design rules and requirements for DW fabrication of planar antennas. From this, three key areas were investigated: the characterisation of DW ink materials for functionality and durability in harsh environments, localised processing of DW inks and the optimisation of DW conductive ink material properties for antenna fabrication. This study mainly focused on established DW technologies such as micro-nozzle and inkjet printing due to their ability to print on conformal surfaces. From initial characterisation studies it was found that silver based micro-nozzle PTF inks had greater adhesion then silver nano-particle inkjet inks but had lower conductivity (2% bulk conductivity of silver as opposed to 8% bulk conductivity). At higher curing temperatures (>300??C) inkjet inks were able to achieve conductivities of 33% bulk conductivity of silver. However, these temperatures were not suitable for processing on temperature sensitive surfaces such as carbon fibre. Durability tests showed that silver PTF inks were able to withstand standard aerospace environments apart from Skydrol immersion. It was found that DW inks should achieve a minimum conductivity of 30% bulk silver to reduce antenna and transmission line losses. Using a localised electroplating process (known as brush plating) it was shown that a copper layer could be deposited onto silver inkjet inks and thermoplastic PTF inks with a copper layer exhibiting a bulk conductivity of 66% bulk copper and 57% bulk copper respectively. This was an improvement on previous electroless plating techniques which reported bulk copper conductivities of 50% whilst also enabling DW inks to be plated without the need for a chemical bath. One of the limitations of many DW ink materials is they require curing or sintering before they become functional. Conventional heat treatment is performed using an oven which is not suitable when processing DW materials onto large structural component. Previous literature has investigated laser curing as means of overcoming this problem. However, lasers are monochromatic and can therefore be inefficient when curing materials that have absorption bands that differ from the laser wavelength. To investigate this, a laser diode system was compared to a broadband spot curing system. In the curing trials it was found that silver inks could be cured with much lower energy density (by a factor of 10) using the broadband white light source. Spectroscopy also revealed that broadband curing could be more advantageous when curing DW dielectric ink materials as these inks absorb at multiple wavelengths but have low heat conductivity. Themodynamical modelling of the curing process with the broadband heat source was also performed. Using this model it was shown that the parameters required to cure the ink with the broadband heat source only caused heat penetration by a few hundred micro-metres into the top surface of the substrate at very short exposure times (~1s). This suggested that this curing method could be used to process the DW inks on temperature sensitive materials without causing any significant damage. Using a combination of the developments made in this thesis the RF properties of the DW inks were measured after broadband curing and copper plating. It was found that the copper plated DW ink tracks gave an equivalent transmission line loss to a copper etched line. To test this further a number of GPS patch antennas were fabricated out of the DW ink materials. Again the copper plated antenna gave similar properties to the copper etched antenna. To demonstrate the printing capabilities of the micro-nozzle system a mock wireless telecommunications antenna was fabricated on to a GRP UAV wing. In this demonstrator a dielectric and conductive antenna pattern was fabricated on to the leading edge of the wing component using a combination of convection curing and laser curing (using an 808nm diode laser).

Light stabilisation of photochromic dyes is seen as the most challenging part in the development of photochromic dyes. The aim of this research is to compare stabilisation methods and their effect on the lifetime of a photochromic print on textile. The vision is to create a textile UV-sensor that detects current UV light exposure in the surroundings and alarms the wearer by showing colour. The developed inks have been formulated for ink-jet printing as a novel production method with resource saving properties. UV-LED light curable ink formulations were prepared for two dye classes; a non-commercial spirooxazine, a commercial spirooxazine (Oxford Blue) and a commercial naphthopyran (Ruby Red). Two different stabilisation methods were applied; chemically by incorporation of hindered amine light stabilisers and physically by polyurethane coating. Fatigue tests were performed to evaluate and compare the stabilisation methods. The tests included were household washing, multiple activations and intensive sun-lamp exposure. As a result it was found that Oxford Blue and spirooxazine had an initial better resistance to photodegradation than Ruby Red. The coating reduced the ability of colour development in higher extend for Oxford Blue and spirooxazine compared to Ruby Red. Moreover, the photocolouration increased with the number of activations for Oxford Blue and spirooxazine in particular. In general, the physically stabilised samples showed a better or similar fatigue resistance compared to chemically stabilised samples. On the other hand the results are weak in significance. It is concluded that the developed coating method in combination with further optimising has potential.

「甲骨塗辭」乃指在甲骨刻辭筆畫中塗以朱、墨，以往學者將之稱為「塗朱/墨」或「填朱/墨」，這類刻辭在刻寫完成之後，以朱砂或墨填入刻痕。其中，塗朱甲骨色彩鮮明奪目，很早就受到學者注意，其目的有美觀、宗教意涵、重要訊息的不同說法。然而，受限於甲骨著錄多為黑白拓本形式、早期彩色印刷不發達，目前甲骨學界尚無學者對塗辭做出專門且深入的研究。所幸，近年來出版之甲骨著錄附有彩色相片，部分甲骨收藏單位架設數位資料庫，如中研院史語所，所能蒐羅之資料備於完善，為甲骨塗辭研究奠定基礎。 本文以「塗朱甲骨」作為主要討論對象，試圖將辭例或形狀完整的塗朱卜辭進行分類。首先於第二章探討塗朱甲骨的年代以及塗朱甲骨的幾項特徵，包含：牛胛骨骨面塗朱卜辭、犯兆塗朱卜辭、塗朱記事刻辭。第三章及第四章則以塗朱甲骨的形態進行討論，分別以顏色及辭例的完整度作為分類標準。以顏色劃分塗朱甲骨可分為三類：僅見塗朱者、朱墨褐三色同版者、朱墨或朱褐同版者。以辭例完整度可分成八類。 / The incised characters on oracle bones rubbed with cinnabar or ink are called cinnabar inscriptions or ink inscription. The vermillion colored cinnabar used on the coloring of oracle bones is said to have religious messages or aesthetic purposes. Previously limited by the immature color printing and computer technology, oracle bones inscriptions were mostly rubbing editions in black and white, and thus there are few in-depth studies on the coloring of oracle bone inscriptions. But now a corpus of oracle bones is taking form, such as editions with color pictures and digitalization of oracle bones images by Institute of History and Philosophy, Academia Sinica. This paper aims to examine the cinnabar inscriptions on oracle bones, discuss their characteristics in different periods, and categorize them into three categories based on colors, and eight categories based on the intactness of the inscriptions.

Cette thèse s’intéresse principalement à la réalisation de nouvelles encres électrophorétiques pour les applications de type papier électronique couleur. Une méthode simple et peu contraignante basée sur la polymérisation en dispersion a été développée, permettant de réaliser de manière contrôlée et en milieu peu polaire des particules de polymère chargeables positivement ou négativement. Puis, grâce à ce nouvel outil, des particules électrophorétiques hybrides ont été synthétisées à partir de pigments inorganiques et caractérisées sous champ électrique. Enfin une nouvelle solution pour aller vers des dispositifs couleur a été proposée et la fabrication d’un démonstrateur test a été abordée. / The effective sharing of information is a key parameter in our actual society. Electronic paper based on the controlled motion of electrophoretic particles appears thus promising since it combines the advantages of the usual paper (flexibility, reflective display) and the capacity to refresh information on the same support like the more common LCD or OLED technologies. Electrophoretic inks are composed of coloured charged particles which migrate under an electrical field between two electrodes. Depending of the position of the particles on the front plane, the colour on the screen can be tuned. The design of electrophoretic particles based on pigment or dyed polymer and their integration in electronic devices were successfully achieved during the last decade but are still limited to a two colour-electrophoretic system. Up to date the majority of these particles were synthesized in aqueous media and the electrophoretic mobility was achieved by a ionic stabilizer or by a polyelectrolyte surfactant. Moreover the final electrophoretic particles incorporated in the electronic devices have to be dispersed in an organic media (paraffin oil) in order to achieve the desired stability of the display and thus leads to a large variety of problems during the phase exchange process.In this work our goals were to rationalize and improve the ink synthesis as well as to design electrophoretic inks with the full colour panel in order to realize the next generation of electrophoretic displays. We performed the particle synthesis by using an organic dispersion technique in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents leading to chargeable electrophoretic particles with a good size control over a large range (from 75nm to 20µm) and a good stability. In order to obtain the full color panel, the encapsulation of several inorganic pigments was achieved by using the same technique and the electrophoretic behaviour of the resulting inks was characterized in a cell specially designed for electrophoretic measurements in organic media.

Master of Science / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Sherry J. Haar / Inspired by people and objects of the late 1950s/early 1960s, textile patterns were created to use as a tool in the education of children through play. Four themes were developed, with three main prints in each theme. These twelve prints had a coordinating print and solid colors designed, and were utilized in the development of paper doll clothing. Representing the look of Jacqueline Kennedy, the paper dolls feature a pearl necklace, sunglasses, and a brunette hairstyle. Fabric was also printed on using a home-based ink jet printer, and used to construct a garment for an 18-inch, three dimensional doll. The final outcomes were exhibited in a display window, with an interactive element for adults and children at the opening reception.

<p>Polymer nanocomposites are a constantly evolving material category due to the ability to engineer the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties to enhance the efficiency of a variety of systems. While a vast amount of research has focused on the physical phenomena of nanoparticles and their contribution to the improvement of such properties, the ability to implement these materials into existing commercial or newly emerging processing methods has been studied much less extensively. The primary characteristic that determines which processing technique is the most viable is the rheology or viscosity of the material. In this work, we investigate the processing methods and properties of nanocomposites for thermal interface and radiative cooling applications. The first polymer nanocomposite examined here is a two-component PDMS with graphene filler for 3D printing via a direct ink writing approach. The composite acts as a thermal interface material which can enhance cooling between a microprocessor and a heat sink by increasing the thermal conductivity of the gap. Direct ink writing requires a shear thinning ink with specific viscoelastic properties that allow for the material to yield through a nozzle as well as retain its shape without a mold following deposition. No predictive models of viscosity for nanocomposites exist; therefore, several prominent models from literature are fit with experimental data to describe the change in viscosity with the addition of filler for several different PDMS ratios. The result is an understanding of the relationship between the PDMS component ratio and graphene filler concentration with respect to viscosity, with the goal of remaining within the acceptable limits for printing via direct ink writing. The second nanocomposite system whose processability is determined is paint consisting of acrylic filled with reflective nanoparticles for radiative cooling paint applications. The paint is tested with both inkjet and screen-printing procedures with the goal of producing a thermally invisible ink. Radiative cooling paint is successfully printed for the first time with solvent modification. This work evaluates the processability of polymer nanocomposites through rheological tailoring. </p><br>

O papel representa cerca de 25% de todo resíduo sólido presente nos aterros sanitários. O papel jornal pode representar até 50% de todo papel descartado e encontra-se na sua maioria impresso. A tinta de impressão pode ser tóxica aos microrganismos responsáveis pela digestão anaeróbia. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a influência dessa tinta na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal. Este estudo buscou colaborar para uma melhor compreensão da caracterização dos resíduos sólidos, toxicidade, biodegradabilidade, e processos de tratamento dos resíduos sólidos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi avaliada a eficiência de quatro inóculos: lodo de digestor anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) tratando esgoto sanitário da cidade de Piracicaba - SP - (LU); lodo granulado de digestor anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB) proveniente do tratamento do esgoto da Avícola Dacar - Ltda, localizada na cidade de Tietê - SP - (LA); percolado do aterro sanitário da cidade de Jaboticabal - SP, operando há 11 meses - (PI) e percolado do aterro sanitário experimental de São Carlos - SP, em operação há 11 anos (PII). Essa etapa de trabalho permitiu escolher o inóculo proveniente do aterro sanitário de Jaboticabal por apresentar maior eficiência na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal. Esse inóculo foi utilizado para os reatores na segunda etapa do trabalho, no qual o principal objetivo foi avaliar a influência da tinta de impressão na digestão anaeróbia do papel jornal em quatro reatores alimentados com papel jornal não impresso (JNI), papel jornal impresso com tinta preta (JIP), papel jornal impresso com tinta colorida (JIC) e reator de controle (B). A tinta de impressão não se apresentou como inibitória ao processo anaeróbio, pois a degradação observada foi praticamente semelhante nos reatores alimentados com papel jornal impresso e não impresso. / Paper represents about 25% of all solid waste presented in sanitary landfills. Newspaper can represent up to 50% of all the discarded paper and is found mostly printed. The printing ink can be toxic to the microorganisms that have anaerobic digestion. The main objective of the present dissertation was to evaluate the influence of this ink on the anaerobic digestion of newspaper. It also intends to collaborate for a better comprehension of characterization, toxicity, biodegradability and processes of treatment of solid wastes. The research was developed in two stages. First the efficiency of four inoculum was evaluated: they were sludge of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) treating the sanitary sewage of Piracicaba city - SP (LU); granulated sludge of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) originated form the sewage treatment of Avícola Dacar - Ltda, located in Tietê city - SP (LA); leachate from sanitary landfill of Jaboticabal city - SP, with 11 months of operation (PI) and leachate from experimental sanitary landfill in São Carlos city - SP, with 11 years of operation (PII). This stage of work allowed choosing the inoculum from the sanitary landfill of Jaboticabal as it showed greater efficiency in the anaerobic digestion of newspaper. This inoculum was used to inoculate the reactors in the second stage of the work, aiming to evaluate the influence of the printing ink on the anaerobic digestion of the newspaper, in four reactors fed with non-printed newspaper (JNI), printed newspaper with black ink (JIP), printed newspaper with colorful ink (JIC) and reactor of control (B). The printing ink did not show to be inhibitory to the anaerobic process, as the observed digestions were almost similar for the reactors fed with printed and non-printed newspaper.

Identificação de Dispositivos por Radiofrequência, do inglês, Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), é uma tecnologia para identificação, rastreamento e gerenciamento de produtos, animais e até mesmo pessoas sem a necessidade de um campo visual. Com o objetivo de alcançar custos menores e a utilização de processos de fabricação menos agressivo ao meio ambiente, tornou-se importante o desenvolvimento de novos tipos de etiquetas (tags). Em vista disso, a fabricação de antenas impressas compactas usando tinta condutiva, representa uma boa opção. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é o projeto e fabricação de antenas impressas sobre substratos flexíveis utilizando tinta condutiva composta de nanopartículas de prata. O desenvolvimento deste tipo de etiquetas é justificado principalmente pelos seguintes motivos. Primeiro, o processo reduz o uso de agentes químicos comumente empregados na fabricação convencional, levando a uma significativa redução no impacto ambiental. Segundo, a fabricação utilizando substratos como, por exemplo, papel ou polímero, reduz substancialmente o custo final da etiqueta. Estudos teóricos e práticos, juntamente com simulações eletromagnéticas foram realizados. Dois processos de prototipagem da etiqueta foram executados: um utilizando uma impressora jato de tinta que funciona propelindo gotas de tinta sobre o substrato e o outro utilizando serigrafia ou silkscreen printing que é muito prático para imprimir formas geométricas através de uma tela de fios trançados. Esses métodos de impressão permitiram a produção rápida da antena sem a necessidade de máscaras de fotolitografia, como é amplamente utilizado na indústria eletrônica. Quatro protótipos foram produzidos e medidas foram realizadas para verificar a viabilidade da utilização dessas etiquetas impressas em relação à sua operação, a confiabilidade das informações armazenadas e a troca de dados com o leitor RFID via interface aérea. Os resultados práticos foram comparados com os obtidos de etiquetas comerciais, onde foi possível verificar que a antena fabricada com tinta condutiva é capaz de capturar e radiar ondas eletromagnéticas de forma eficiente, resultando em uma troca de dados confiáveis através da interface aérea. / Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), it is a technology using electromagnetic waves for identifying, tracking and management of products, animals and even people without requiring a visual field. Aiming at achieving low costs and using less aggressive manufacturing processes to the environment, it has become important to develop new types of RFID tags. In view of that, manufacturing compact printed antennas using conductive ink represents a good option. The goal of this research is the design of printed antennas on flexible substrates using silver nanoparticles ink. The developing of this type of tags is justified mainly by the following reasons. First, the process reduces the use of chemical agents commonly employed in conventional manufacturing leading to a significant reduction of the environmental impact. Second, the fabrication using substrates such as paper and polymer foils, substantially reduces the final cost of the tags. Theoretical and practical studies along with electromagnetic simulations were conducted. Two process of RFID prototyping were performed: one using an inkjet printer that operates by propelling particles of conductive ink onto the substrate and another using silkscreen printing that is a very practical method to print geometric forms through a twisted wires screen. These technologies allowed fast production of the antenna without requiring photolithographic masks, as it is widely used in the electronics industry. Four prototypes were produced and measurements were taken to verify the feasibility of using RFID tags printed with conductive ink regarding to its operation, reliability of the stored information and the exchange of data with the RFID reader via air interface. Practical results were compared with those obtained of the commercial tags. It was possible to verify that the antenna manufactured with conductive ink was able to capture and radiate efficiently electromagnetic waves, resulting in reliable exchange of data with the reader through the air interface

Dans le cadre de la fabrication de dispositifs pour l’électronique organique à grande échelle, les besoins en matériaux conducteurs stables à l’air libre, de coût réduit et compatibles avec les techniques d’impression sont croissants. Ces matériaux sont destinés à remplacer les couches métalliques déposés par des méthodes telles que la gravure ou l’évaporation sous vide. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif la mise au point d’une encre imprimable stable à l’air libre, composée de polyaniline dispersée en phase aqueuse. L’originalité de cette thèse est de décrire l’intégralité de ce processus, depuis la synthèse chimique de la charge, à partir du monomère jusqu’à l’intégration de l’encre conductrice dans une cellule solaire organique sous forme d’électrode imprimée, en passant par la formulation de l’encre. La première partie des travaux consacrés à la synthèse chimique de la charge a permis d’obtenir un matériau nano structuré, de taille et morphologie contrôlée, dispersable en phase aqueuse et conducteur. Cette dispersion a ensuite été formulée pour lui conférer des propriétés compatibles avec l’impression jet d’encre et lever des verrous critiques comme la granulométrie. La phase d’essai d’impression jet d’encre a permis de valider l’étape de formulation et d’optimiser la morphologie des gouttelettes éjectées. Les couches minces imprimées ont permis d’atteindre des résistances surfaciques inférieures à 1000 Ω/□. Finalement l’encre conductrice a pu être imprimée en tant qu’électrode supérieure dans des cellules solaires organiques. / Considering large-scale development and fabrication of organic electronic devices, needs for low cost conductive printable materials are growing. These materials are designed to replace thin metallic layers deposited via gravure or thermal evaporation. The objective of the work presented in this report is to obtain a conductive and inkjet printable aqueous stable dispersion of polyaniline. Originality of this PhD work is to describe all the steps from the chemical synthesis of polyaniline starting from the monomer, until the integration of the conductive ink in an organic solar cell as a conductive top electrode, through formulation of the ink to meet inkjet printing requirements. During the first part of work dedicated to chemical synthesis of PANI, we managed to produce a nanostructured and conductive material, with controlled size and morphology, which was dispersed in water. This aqueous dispersion was formulated to meet inkjet printing requirements and break technological locks such as particle size in the PANI dispersion. Formulation step was then validated during printing trials, which allowed optimising shape of ejected droplets. Printed PANI thin layers showed sheet resistance below 1000 Ω/□ after 20 printing passes. Finally, conductive ink was printed as a top electrode in fully solution–processed printed organic solar cell.

This dissertation investigates the work of Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716), one of the most idiosyncratic artists of Japan’s early modern period. By employing aspects of literature and theater, as well as a focus on Kōrin’s experimentations with the effects of style, materials, and artistic media, I elucidate how his oeuvre is characterized by a continuous strive to test the faculties of painting. Following a chronological approach, the four chapters of the dissertation trace Kōrin’s life and work from his early steps as a painter to the collaboration with his brother Kenzan (1663–1743) during his final years. The chapters are framed by an introduction, a conclusion, and an appendix. The first chapter focusses on Kōrin’s earliest works: two hanging scrolls depicting the medieval poet Sōgi (1421–1502) and Hotei Playing Kemari, as well as a pair of screens entitled Poetic Meanings of the Twelve Months. These works reveal Kōrin’s intellectual indebtedness to late medieval culture and the imperial court. Kōrin’s initial engagement in the arts occurred alongside his first confrontation with medieval ink modes, which laid the foundations for Kōrin’s lifelong understanding of that material. Numerous contemporary sources testify to Kōrin’s passion for the Noh theater. This little-studied, formative period of Kōrin’s life established his aesthetic sensibilities and is thus critical for understanding his art, a connection examined in the second chapter. Kōrin’s perennial engagement with Noh put him in contact with high-level aristocrats, such as the Nijō family, as well as upper-tier clergy at the temples Daigoji and Nishi Honganji. The theater also provides a possible reading of key works by Kōrin, such as his screen painting Irises. The third and fourth chapters explore Kōrin’s diversified dialogue with the material qualities of ink. The third chapter surveys his appropriation of a particular technique, tarashikomi, first championed by Tawaraya Sōtatsu (d. ca. 1640). I propose that Kōrin turned to tarashikomi as he prepared to leave his native Kyoto for Edo, where he was active for around five years. The chapter argues that Kōrin used tarashikomi, a painting method associated with Kyoto culture, to solicit clients in the shogunal capital of Edo. The last chapter is devoted to Kōrin’s collaboration with Kenzan. From the 1710s onward, the brothers created numerous examples of sabi-e, works in iron oxide on square ceramic vessels that emulate the techniques and visuality of paintings in ink. This unprecedented expansion of the boundaries of one medium to envelop another resulted in approximations of traditional ink paintings in ceramics. In the process, Kōrin expanded the paradigm of ink to include an entirely new material component. The appendix includes the first complete English-language translation of the collection of extant Edo-period letters and other documents by and about Kōrin that are contained in the Konishi Archives, held at the Kyoto National Museum, the Osaka Municipal Museum, and various other collections in Japan.