Micro-milling represents a versatile and fast manufacturing process suitable for production of fully 3D micro-components. Such components are demanded for a vast number of industrial applications including safety systems, environmental sensors, personalized medical devices or micro-lenses and mirrors. The ability of micro-milling to process a wide range of materials makes it one of the best candidates to take a leading position in micromanufacturing. However, so far it does not seem to happen. By discussion with various industrialists, low predictability of micro-milling process was identified as the major limiting factor. This is mainly because of strong effects of the tool tolerances and process uncertainties on machining performance. Although, these issues are well known, they are not reflected by the current modelling methods used in micro-milling. Therefore, the research presented in this thesis mainly concentrates on development of a method allowing a prediction of the tool life in manner of tool breakage probability. Another important criterion which must be fulfilled is the method applicability to industrial applications. This means that the method must give sufficiently accurate prediction in reasonable time with minimum effort and interactions with day-to-day manufacturing process. The criteria listed above led to development of a new method based on analytically/numerical modelling techniques combined with an analysis of real tool variations and process uncertainty. Although, the method is presented in a relatively basic form, without considering some of the important factors, it shows high potential for industrial applications. Possibility of further implementation of additional factors is also discussed in this thesis. Additionally, some of the modelling techniques presented in this thesis are assumed to be suitable for application during designing of micro end-mills. Therefore, in the last part of this thesis is presented a systematic methodology for designing of micro end-mills. This method is based on knowledge and experience gained during this research.

Background: Clinical and physiotherapy professional guidelines advocate enquiry into, and documentation of the impact of musculoskeletal pain on a range of psychosocial and functional aspects of life. However, there is no clinical tool to assist this process. The Impact of Symptoms Questionnaire (IoSQ) is patient-completed and was developed to meet the needs of outpatient physiotherapists. It explores the impact of health conditions on patients’ beliefs/concerns and their ability to undertake work/caring responsibilities and activities of daily living; and to enjoy their usual hobbies or activities. It also enquires into the impact on mood and relationships. It comprises a “Yes” or “No” response for each of the five domains with the option of providing written comments. There are also four numerical rating scales. A discharge version determines if patients’ needs and expectations have been addressed. However, the acceptability and usefulness of the IoSQ has not been explored in a department naive to its development. Project purpose Two studies were undertaken, to explore: the role of the IoSQ for enhancing documentation of psychosocial and functional assessment; and the perceptions of staff and patients regarding the acceptability and clinical value of the IoSQ Research questions Enquiry into the primary research question, “Is the introduction of the Impact of Symptoms Questionnaire to a physiotherapy outpatient department acceptable and clinically useful for patients and staff?” was undertaken through secondary questions which explored: patients’ experiences of psychosocial and functional assessment before and after the introduction of the IoSQ; the role of the IoSQ for the provision of documentation; evidence for staff and patients engaging with the IoSQ; and staff and patients’ experiences of using the IoSQ. Project design and methods: A pragmatic mixed model project was undertaken in a department comprising predominantly post-surgical orthopaedic patients. Study 1 explored current practice; study 2 explored the impact of introducing the IoSQ, with minimal training as to its role or use. Methods for both studies comprised sequential audits of patients’ notes, and surveys and focus groups for patients and staff. Results: The audits (study 1, n=60; study 2, n=55) highlighted that documentation by physiotherapists for assessing the impact across all five domains remained low at about 20%, with 40% of the notes in both studies not providing evidence of enquiry into any of the domains. Only one set of notes provided physiotherapist evidence that a domain was still affected at discharge. Study 2 showed that patients consistently completed the IoSQ with 62.6% of the domains being affected at assessment and 19% of the domains being unresolved at discharge, affecting 64.1% of the patients. Survey feedback (study 1, n=19/60; study 2, n=33/55) identified that patients felt it was important to assess the broader impact of a health problem and staff and patients indicated that the IoSQ was relevant to the presenting conditions and was easy to use. This was further explored in the three focus groups (patients, n=3 studies 1 and 2; physiotherapists n=8, study 2) where frustration with validated outcome questionnaires in current use was expressed. However, patients felt they took responsibility for raising issues, even when the IoSQ was provided. Patients and staff felt that if physiotherapists were able to engage with the IoSQ better, it could help to provide structure and prompts to identify patients’ questions or concerns about their condition and the functional impact. The potential for patients to describe the impact in their own words was particularly valued as well as its potential, to improve rapport and more effectively match expectations It was also demonstrated that the IoSQ can enhance documentation of the impact of health problem - from the patient’s perspective. Conclusion: Patients engaged well with the IoSQ and it has potential to be a useful tool to facilitate identification and discussion of the broader psychological, social and functional impact of a health problem. However, staff would need additional training to facilitate discussion with the completed forms and patients, and further research would be required to determine its impact on patient outcomes.

Gibbons (Hylobatidae), taxonomically apes, have been largely ignored in cognitive research. This is surprising given their unique phylogenetic position, being intermediate between the monkeys and great apes, and the available diversity of extant species. They are therefore, ideally placed to study the evolution of cognitive abilities in the hominoid line; they offer the opportunity to determine how the mental capacities of primates have changed through the transition from monkey to ape. This research aimed to begin to fill the void in our knowledge regarding the cognitive abilities of this family through investigations of their object manipulation and tool-use skills, relating the findings to the evolution of the hominoid brain. In a raking-in task, where the gibbons were presented with a tool that could be used to draw in an out-of-reach food item, these apes evidenced potentially insightful comprehension of object relationships when the tool and goal object were presented in direct alignment. They also proficiently used a rake to retrieve a reward while avoiding a trap that presented an impediment to goal attainment; however, in general, they required a period of learning to perform consistently. Once the necessary relationships between the tool and goal object were not physically situated in the task layout, as in true tool-use manipulation, the gibbons performed poorly. In a raking-in task where the necessary orientation for success had to be produced by the subject, no individual evidenced foresightful comprehension of the required action. There was some suggestion of learning the correct behaviour through associative processes. This finding was also supported by evidence from dipping experiments where the gibbons were provided with a transparent box containing a liquid reward and sticks that could be used as tools to access it. No individual developed dipping behaviour. The gibbons therefore, performed well on tasks when the salient relationships between tool and goal were directly perceivable. Once they became responsible for producing that relationship, performance was poor. When the necessary orientation between the tool and goal was not provided by the experimenter, the gibbons evidenced low motivation to manipulate the objects. Given the gibbons’ requirement for direct visual feedback to comprehend the causal interactions between objects, this likely hindered their learning process. Failure therefore on the true tool-use tasks may not represent a particular cognitive limitation in these apes. A consistent finding was that the hoolock gibbons (Bunopithecus) were the most attentive and effective of the four gibbon genera. This is potentially due to the more variable natural environment experienced by these apes, driving selection for greater exploratory tendencies and flexibility of behaviour. The findings from this, and other work on primate cognition, suggest that contrary to propositions put forward by proponents of modular accounts of hominid brain evolution, the cognitive architecture of non-human primates contains neural mechanisms capable of processing technical information that may not be completely encapsulated. Suggestions that no non-human possesses specialised cognitive machinery for understanding objects as tools are also challenged.

In dieser Grundlagenstudie wird evaluiert wie präzise 3D-Gesichtsaufnahmen eines Patientenkollektivs mit einer Lippen-, Kiefer-, Gaumenspalte mit dem 3D-Bildaufnahmesystem Vectra M3 (Canfield) und der Analysesoftware Facial Analysis Tool (FAT), entwickelt in der Abteilung MKG der Universität Leipzig, analysiert werden können. Im ersten Studienabschnitt werden 3D-Gesichtsaufnahmen von 3 Patienten und einem Modellkopf erstellt und für 62 manuell festgelegte Landmarken (LM) 10-mal die x-, y-, z-Koordinaten bestimmt. Die statistisch ermittelten prozentualen Variationskoeffizienten und die FAT-Beurteilungen der Messdaten werden graphisch verglichen und zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung. Die Präzision der LM-Positionierungen ist Landmarken-abhängig Im zweiten Abschnitt werden an 91 Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Spaltdiagnosen jeweils 146 Distanzen aus LM und auch konstruierten Punkten mittels FAT ermittelt. Die prozentualen Variationskoeffizienten der Messdaten der Patientenkollektive werden nach Spaltdiagnose (beid-, rechts-, linksseitiger LKG-Spalte und Minimalvarianten), nach Geschlecht und Alter (≤ , >16 Jahre) graphisch ausgewertet. Die Variationskoeffizienten der Distanzen innerhalb einer Patientengruppe sind vergleichsweise hoch, insbesondere im Nasen- / Mundbereich mit kleinen Distanzen. Eine Differenzierung nach Geschlecht und Alter ist nicht möglich. Im dritten Abschnitt werden Symmetrieindizes für 36 Distanzen von den nach Spaltdiagnose gruppierten 91 Patienten errechnet und graphisch ausgewertet. Die Patienten mit einer einseitigen Anomalie weisen im Nasen- / Mundbereich eine erhöhte Asymmetrie auf. Bei den Patienten mit rechtsseitiger LKG-Spalte sind die Distanzen in der rechten Gesichtshälfte des fehlgebildeten Bereichs im Mittel größer als in der linken, bei linksseitiger LKG-Spalte sich diese Verhältnisse umgekehrt.

Este trabalho avalia o uso de insertos autolubrificantes de pó de aço ferramenta sinterizado para aplicação em ferramentas dos processos de Conformação a Frio. São apresentadas a preparação e a análise de diferentes composições de misturas de pós de aço ferramenta H 13. A Metalurgia do Pó convencional foi utilizada como processo para a obtenção dos insertos do estudo. Foram compactadas e sinterizadas misturas de pó de aço H13 com a adição de percentuais variados do lubrificante sólido Bissulfeto de Molibdênio – MoS2, também em pó, com o objetivo de atribuir propriedades de autolubrificação ao composto. O percentual de lubrificante sólido empregado nas amostras variou de 1% a 5%, com posterior sinterização. Os resultados obtidos no Ensaio de Atrito com anéis de Alumínio AA6351 recozido apresentaram nos insertos autolubrificantes do estudo coeficientes de atrito μ entre 0,10 e 015, menores que os valores μ entre 0,20 e 0,30 obtidos com aço H13 laminado convencional. Também o desgaste abrasivo do ferramental proposto avaliado no Ensaio de Abrasão com Roda de Borracha foi 12% menor quando comparado com o aço ferramenta H13 laminado exposto ao mesmo ensaio. / This study evaluates the use of self-lubricating tool steel powder sintered inserts for use in tools of Cold Forming processes. Preparation and analysis of various compositions of H13 tool steel powder mixtures are presented. The conventional Powder Metallurgy was used as a process for obtaining the study inserts. Were compacted and sintered mixtures of H13 steel powder with the addition of varying percentages of the solid lubricant Molybdenum Disulphide - MoS2, also in powder form, with the purpose of giving self-lubricating properties to the composite. The percentage of solid lubricant used in the samples varied from 1% to 5%, with subsequent sintering. The results of the friction test on AA6351 aluminum rings had friction coefficients μ between 0.10 and 015 with self-lubricating inserts in study, smaller than μ values between 0.20 and 0.30 obtained with the conventional steel H13 laminate. Also, the abrasive wear of the tooling proposed evaluated in the abrasion test with rubber wheel was 12% lower when compared to the H13 tool steel laminate exposed to the same test.

<p>Large improvements in cutting tool design and technology, including the application of advanced surface engineering treatments on the cemented carbide insert, have been achieved in the last decades to enhance tool performance. However, the problem of improving the tool body material is not adequately studied.</p><p>Fatigue is the most common failure mechanism in cutting tool bodies. Rotating tools, tool going in and out of cutting engagement, impose dynamic stresses and require adequate fatigue strength of the tool. Working temperatures of milling cutter bodies in the insert pocket can reach up to 600°C depending on the cutting conditions and material of the workpiece. As a result, steel for this application shall have good hot properties such as high temper resistance and high hot hardness values to avoid plastic deformation in the insert pocket of the cutting tool. Machinability of the steel is also essential, as machining of steel represents a large fraction of the production cost of a milling cutter.</p><p>This thesis focus on the improvement of the cutting tool performance by the use of steel grades for tool bodies with optimized combination of fatigue strength, machinability and properties at elevated temperatures.</p><p>The first step was to indentify the certain limit of the sulphur addition for improved machinability which is allowable without reducing the fatigue strength of the milling cutter body below an acceptable level. The combined effect of inclusions, surface condition and geometrical stress concentrator on the fatigue life of the tool steel in smooth specimens and in tool components were studied in bending fatigue.</p><p>As the fatigue performance of the tools to a large extent depends on the stress relaxation resistance at elevated temperature use, the second step in this research was to investigate the stress relaxation of the commonly used milling cutter body materials and a newly steel developed within the project. Compressive residual stresses were induced by shot peening and their response to mechanical and thermal loading as well as the material substructures and their dislocation characteristics were studied using X-ray diffraction.</p><p>Softening resistance of two hot work tool steels and a newly developed steel was investigated during high temperature hold times and isothermal fatigue and discussed of with respect to their microstructure. Carbide morphology and precipitation as well as dislocation structure were determined using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray line broadening analysis.</p>

Large improvements in cutting tool design and technology, including the application of advanced surface engineering treatments on the cemented carbide insert, have been achieved in the last decades to enhance tool performance. However, the problem of improving the tool body material is not adequately studied. Fatigue is the most common failure mechanism in cutting tool bodies. Rotating tools, tool going in and out of cutting engagement, impose dynamic stresses and require adequate fatigue strength of the tool. Working temperatures of milling cutter bodies in the insert pocket can reach up to 600°C depending on the cutting conditions and material of the workpiece. As a result, steel for this application shall have good hot properties such as high temper resistance and high hot hardness values to avoid plastic deformation in the insert pocket of the cutting tool. Machinability of the steel is also essential, as machining of steel represents a large fraction of the production cost of a milling cutter. This thesis focus on the improvement of the cutting tool performance by the use of steel grades for tool bodies with optimized combination of fatigue strength, machinability and properties at elevated temperatures. The first step was to indentify the certain limit of the sulphur addition for improved machinability which is allowable without reducing the fatigue strength of the milling cutter body below an acceptable level. The combined effect of inclusions, surface condition and geometrical stress concentrator on the fatigue life of the tool steel in smooth specimens and in tool components were studied in bending fatigue. As the fatigue performance of the tools to a large extent depends on the stress relaxation resistance at elevated temperature use, the second step in this research was to investigate the stress relaxation of the commonly used milling cutter body materials and a newly steel developed within the project. Compressive residual stresses were induced by shot peening and their response to mechanical and thermal loading as well as the material substructures and their dislocation characteristics were studied using X-ray diffraction. Softening resistance of two hot work tool steels and a newly developed steel was investigated during high temperature hold times and isothermal fatigue and discussed of with respect to their microstructure. Carbide morphology and precipitation as well as dislocation structure were determined using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray line broadening analysis.

Hard turning of difficult-to-cut materials is an economical method of machining components with high surface quality and mechanical performance. Conventionally in the machining industry, generating a component from raw goods includes a casting or forging process, rough machining, heat treatment to a desired hardness, and then finished-machining through a grinding process. Given the relative disadvantages of grinding, which include high specific energy consumption and low material removal rates, a newer technology has been introduced; hard turning. After the heat treatment of a cast part (generally in a range of 50-65 HRC), hard turning allows for immediate finished-machining. Hard turning reduces the production time, sequence, cost, and energy consumed. In addition, dry machining offsets environmental concerns associated with the use of coolant in grinding operations as well as other common turning operations. Higher specific forces and temperatures in the contact area between the tool and workpiece lead to excessive tool wear. Generated tool wear affects the quality of the machined surface. Therefore, minimizing tool wear and consequently the generated surface quality become the status quo. Adverse effects associated with generated heat at the tool tip can be reduced by using cutting fluid or by continuously providing a fresh cutting edge. The latter method will be applied in this thesis. Rotary tool cutting involves a tool in the form of a disk that rotates about its axis. Different types of rotary tools have been developed, all with similar functional characteristics, however few are commercially available. Rotary tools can be classified as either driven or self-propelled. The former is provided rotational motion by an external source while the latter is rotated by the chip flow over the rake face of the tool. A prototype self-propelled rotary tool (SPRT) for hard turning was developed which provides economical benefits and affordability for the user. It was tested on a turret-type CNC lathe by machining AISI 4140 Steel that was heat treated to 54-56HRC and Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V). Carbide inserts with ISO designation RCMT 09 T3 00 (9.5mm diameter) were used during machining. Both the SPRT rotational speed and the workpiece surface roughness were measured. Also, chips were collected and analyzed for each of the cutting conditions. The same procedure was followed during machining with the same tool which was denied the ability to rotate, therefore simulating a fixed tool with identical cutting conditions. Comparisons were made between tool life, surface roughness, and chip formation for the fixed tool and SPRT. Tool rotational speed was also analyzed for the SPRT. In general, the designed and prototyped SPRT showed very good performance and validated the advantages of self-propelled rotary tools. A typical automotive component that is hard turned from difficult-to-cut materials is a transmission input shaft. These components demand high strength and wear resistance as they couple the vehicle‟s engine power to the transmission and remaining driveline. / UOIT

EfPm-27 is a Protohistoric bison pound and processing site located in Fish Creek Park in Calgary, Alberta. The site exhibited the presence of metal tools and macroscopically deceptive cut marks suggesting the potential for the presence of both metal and stone cut marks. Moulds of selected cut marks from the assemblage were made and examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to verify or negate the use of metal tools for butchery at the site. SEM images of the cut mark moulds reveal micromorphology that is similar to experimental and published stone tool cut mark SEM images. No evidence for the use of metal tools for butchering was identified. Protohistoric sites research could benefit from the use of SEM analysis of cut marks to distinguish between stone and metal tool use. This would provide important secondary evidence for metal trade items in scenarios where such artifacts may be beyond recovery. Conversely, the presence of metal artifacts at a site does not necessarily imply that they were used for butchery and this assertion must be verified by the presence of metal cut marks.

Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att beskriva hur SIBA AB:s storytelling påverkar de anställda. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån att storytelling kan ses som ett ledarskapsverktyg och undersöker därför hur de anställda påverkas av Fabian Bengtssons tillämpade ledarstil under rådande påfrestande situation föranledd av marknadsförändringar inom hemelektronikbranschen. Forskningsfrågor: Hur kan en ledare påverka de anställdas attityder till företaget under påfrestande situationer på marknaden? Hur kan storytelling fungera som ledarskapsverktyg för detta genom att öka de anställdas engagemang och intresse. Genomförande: Fallstudien på SIBA AB baseras på en kvantitativ och kvalitativ studie samt en narrativanalys av den pågående reklamkampanjen ”I Fabians värld”. Det empiriska materialet består av en enkätundersökning ställd till 75 anställda och en skriftlig intervju med Fabian Bengtsson samt en narrativanalys som innefattar fem reklamfilmer. Slutsatser: Det framgår av analyserna av det empiriska materialet att kommunikationsverktyget storytelling genom reklamkampanjen har haft en positiv påverkan på de anställda och skapat en uppfattning om ledarens ledarstil. Det framgår även att ledare genom storytelling kan påverka anställdas attityder och intresse för företaget. Detta för att reklamfilmerna har förmåga att skapa identifikation och vi-känsla som kan forma positiva känslor och en bra uppfattning om företaget vilket kan bidra till ett ökat engagemang hos de anställda. / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe how the storytelling of SIBA AB affects the employees. The paper works on the supposition that storytelling is a leadership tool and hence examines how the employees are affected by the leader Fabian Bengtsson’s leadership during difficult times on the market. Research questions: How can a leader influence the employees’ attitudes towards the company during times of pressure on the market? How can storytelling work as a leadership tool in this case to higher the employees’ involvement for an interest in the company? Research method: The case study on SIBA AB is based on quantitative and qualitative methods plus a narrative analysis of the advertising campaign ”I Fabians värld”. The material was collected through a survey including 75 employees and a written interview with Fabian Bengtsson, plus a narrative analysis of five commercials. Conclusions: The analysis shows that storytelling in the advertising campaign has had a positive influence on the employees and has shaped a picture of the leader and of his leadership. The analysis also shows that leaders have the possibility to affect the employees’ attitudes and interest in the company. The reason for this is that commercials have the power to create identification and sense of belonging that can form positive feelings and a good impression of the company which can lead to an increased commitment among the employees.