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The aim of this study is to describe how nudging is viewed and used as a planning tool within Swedish urban planning, and more specifically, within the urban planning of Swedish municipalities. The aim is also to examine what possibilities and challenges that arises when using nudging as a planning tool within the urban planning of Swedish municipalities. The study has been executed by gathering empirical data through five semistructured interviews. Four of the interviewees are currently working with urban planning in Swedish municipalities (i.e. as state officials). The fifth interviewee was previously working with urban planning as a state official and was therefore a relevant interviewee as well. The empirical data from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Braun and Clarke (2006) write that thematic analysis is used to identify patterns in the empirical data. In addition, they believe that thematization is a good method of analysis for understanding different aspects of the data. Thus, thematic analysis was an appropriate analytical method for treating the empirical material and for achieving the aim of the study. The result of the completed analysis were five different themes: The use of nudging, Possibilities with nudging, Problems with nudging, Internal conditions for effective nudging and External conditions for effective nudging. These themesdescribe different aspects of the empirical data from the interviews, which are presented in the thesis's results chapter. The study indicates that there is a consensus that nudging is about behavioral changes - a way to steer people to make sustainable choices. At the same time, there are variations among the interviewees and the municipalities regarding the perception and use of nudging. The study also indicates that the potential possibilities of using nudging in urban planning are many, but that the challenges are at least as many.

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<p> The experience shows that any shortcoming in defining the requirements for computer based systems imperils the deliverables of all the subsequent stages of their development. This importance is undeniable when dealing with manufacturing software-systems due to their significant role in all spheres of human life. These systems have very stringent non-functional requirements such as accuracy and real-time constraints. The development of manufacturing software-systems is very challenging and requires special caution, since any mistake might have broad impact on very expensive work-pieces or might lead to a machining accident with irreparable effects. The success of their development depends largely on the quality of their Software Requirements Specification Document (SRSD).</p> <p> We propose a new requirements template specifically designed for manufacturing systems. The template is structured to reflect their characteristics including multi-constraints and multi-disciplinary problems, multi-stage processes, multi-tasking, dynamic behavior, evolutionary nature, time-varying physical characteristics, and the usage of complex scientific models. A complementary usage of goal-driven, viewpoint oriented, and scenario-based approach is adopted for structuring the template content. To provide a high quality SRSD, the template is designed to enhance unambiguity, consistency, completeness, precision, non-redundancy, and good organization of the requirements document as well as other criteria including breadth of applicability and methodology independence.</p> <p> An automated tool for requirements management according to the proposed template has been designed and implemented. The requirements management tool provides relatively secure and easy-to-use capabilities for the documentation and the retrieval of the requirements. It accelerates capturing the requirements, improves system quality by enhancing the reduction of requirements errors, and helps in establishing a common understanding between the system builders and the stakeholders. In addition to a user friendly environment for changing the information, we developed a powerful dynamic report generator that can be configured by the user and that provides a simple way for retrieving the requirements and formatting them.</p> <p> Both the template and the tool have been validated using the requirements for a Tool Trajectory Planning for High Speed Machining system developed at the Aerospace Manufacturing Technology Centre, Institute for Aerospace Research (Montreal).</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

This thesis describes a software tool used to study the biomechanics of elbow extension. The tool is an integrated computer program for data processing and graphing, and is used in the development of an EMG driven muscle model for dynamic ballistic muscle movement. The software is designed to manipulate data from a series of isometric and dynamic elbow extension experiments. Inputs include recordings from a torque sensor, load cell, and potentiometer as well as EMG from triceps and biceps muscles. Calculations are made to determine the effect of gravity, the Moment of Inertia, as well as the force-EMG, force-length and force-velocity relationships. Additionally, fatigue tests and postactivation potentials are analyzed. Modeling parameters are derived from isometric controls and verified by applying them to data from dynamic experiments. The principal design requirements for this software tool were adaptability, user control, and data processing protocol verification. The majority of data processing parameters can be controlled and adjusted by the user. Care was taken during software coding so that it would be easy to modify each step of the protocol and if necessary, add additional processing. Data is displayed on interactive graphs to provide control feedback to the user. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Cutting tool geometries play important roles in tool performance, such as tool life, surface integrity, and cutting force. The most common commercial tools edge geometries are honed, chamfered and hone-chamfered. This study investigates new ways to develop tool geometry. An uncoated carbide tool is used in the orthogonal cutting of AISI 4140. By observing the tool geometry changes in the machining process with white light interferometry, a new tool wear geometry model has been proposed. A non-destructive tool wear measurement is discussed as well. In addition, this study presents the machining result comparison between the new and conventional geometries as well as the failure analysis from both experimental and FEA perspectives. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This thesis presents a new testbed for Automatic Incident Detection (AID) systems that uses real-time traffic video and data feeds from the Ministry of Transportation, Ontario (MTO) COMPASS Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS). This new testbed, termed the AID Comparison and Analysis Tool (AID CAAT), consists largely of a data warehouse storing a significant amount of traffic video, the corresponding traffic data and an accurate log of incident start/end times. An evaluation was conducted whereby the AID CAAT was used to calibrate, and then analyze the performance of four AID systems: California Algorithm 8, McMaster Algorithm, the Genetic Adaptive Incident Detection (GAID) Algorithm and the Citilog - VisioPAD. The traditional measures of effectiveness (MOE) were initially used for this evaluation: detection rate (DR), false alarm rate (FAR), and mean time to detection (MTTD). However, an in-depth analysis of the test results (facilitated by the AID CAAT) revealed the need for two additional MOEs: False Normal Rate and Nuisance Rate. The justification and sample calculations for these new MOEs are also provided. This evaluation shows the considerable advantages of the AID CAAT, and also suggests the strengths and weaknesses of the AID systems tested. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)