The WM sector in Nairobi is a failure. Collection rates are deplorable, regulations go unenforced and the municipal landfill is desecrating the environment and killing neighbouring slum dwellers. This paper focuses on the exclusion and marginalization of the slums adjacent to Nairobi’s landfill, Korogocho and Dandora, and uses a post-structuralist theoretical framework to conceptualize a just response to these exclusions and theorize an inclusive approach to waste policy in Nairobi. Building on the work of Jacques Derrida, I present a ‘deconstructive ethic’ for development that is dedicated to mitigating and overcoming the production of alterity, and reintegrating excluded communities and knowledges into the sites of knowledge and policy creation. This ethic is used to formulate a five-part response to the conditions of exclusion experienced in Korogocho and Dandora, and to engage these populations in finding participatory solutions to the city’s waste problem.

This project explores the gender relations among a group of recyclers belonging to a consortium of nine recycling cooperatives in the ABC region of São Paulo, Brazil. Employing a feminist geographical lens and participatory research methodologies I examine these uniquely gendered spaces. This thesis is divided into four sections. Each section is written in an attempt to improve understandings of the ways in which the spaces of the recycling cooperatives are gendered. In the first section I provide information that frames the thesis and the larger research project. I begin this section by providing a geographical and socio-economic overview of the region where the research took place. This is followed by a discussion of my research methodology, a literature review of the relationship between women, solid waste, and labour in Brazil, and a look at my reflexive positioning as a researcher on this project. Section two explores the relationship between gender, empowerment and equity among cooperative recyclers involved with this study. This section poses the question: in what ways has the recycling cooperative allowed for women to inspire personal and social change and have the power to influence the institutions that affect their lives? I argue that the recycling cooperatives involved with this study are spaces where individuals who have traditionally lacked access to power are granted the opportunities to empower themselves. Section three is about performed social relations, specifically the role of hegemonic masculinity in shaping gendered space within the recycling cooperatives. Drawing from qualitative research data, this section critically explores the deployment of power within the lives of the cooperative recyclers. First, I explore the concept of hegemonic masculinity, and suggest its importance for understanding gendered space. Second, I draw on my personal research experiences and qualitative data to provide a spatial examination of the most salient aspects of hegemonic masculinity in the lives of the female cooperative recyclers. Third, I support the notion that masculine domination is not something only established by men and designed to oppress women, but women themselves can construct and reinforce hegemonic masculinities. Section four concludes the study by highlighting apparent shortcomings of the research and implications for future research. Concerned with apparent contradictions between the arguments in sections two and three, I provide a discussion of the multiplicities of space and explain that such contradictions are inherent to the nature of social space. Following this I offer a critical self-reflection of my methodology were I discuss my complicity in reproducing gender binaries and post-colonial research practices. / Graduate

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.L.(Prof.))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references.

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate a waste management project and its public awareness components, in the Korca region, Albania. We wanted to learn if the communication towards the population about the project had created an effect or not. We conducted interviews in the capital Tirana and in the Korca region situated south east in Albania. The focus on the study was on the population in the Korca region, and on the persons from the project who worked with the information towards the population. The research was a qualitative study consisting of a total of 22 standardized face-to-face interviews and 3 semi-structured interviews. A difference in the environment is now visible according to the inhabitants. We came to the conclusion that the messages conveyed to the target groups have reached an effect, but that an even bigger effect could be reached if the target groups had been more specified and the messages had been more specific.</p>

Abstract Aim: This project deals with ‘employee involvement in the implementation process of waste management. The research focus on Volvo Cars Corporation since the company involves a set of departments in such process. The purpose is to identify the dominant factor(s) affecting employee involvement during waste management execution. These factors are ‘the creators of employee involvement’ and they are organizational culture; communication; training and education; teams; employee empowerment; and rewards. Thus, the research question that has been addressed is ‘how does employee involvement take place in organizations during the implementation of waste management strategies?’ Method: Case study design was applied since it serves as ground for understanding the phenomenon; and it is connected to qualitative research. The authors collected mixed data. Secondary data were gathered from the firm’s sustainability reports, while primary data is obtained from interviews with Volvo’s employees who were related to waste management implementation. Results were offered by applying coding, categorization and content analysis. Results and Conclusions: Volvo demonstrates a green corporate culture with informal and participative channels of communication. Employees work in cross-sectional and self-managed teams and they are not intensely trained in environmental oriented issues. Decentralization in decision-making is the common approach within the company. Moreover, a bonus reward system exists there. Limitations and Suggestions for further research: As the results from representative case studies design cannot be generalized, a comparative case study design regarding a number of automotive companies is recommended. The employee involvement factor has been explored in this study, however, additional research regarding firm’s performance and employee involvement outcomes is decidedly suggested. In addition, the authors recommend to conduct further studies related to other green strategies such as lean production, reduction of toxic emissions, reuse, recycle, etc. Contribution: training and education programs plus rewards packages are found irrelevant in the employee engagement with waste management. Conversely, the conducted study find out additional factors. They are the ‘social component’ and the ‘ecological mentality’ of the business which have to be considered for managers and society as important dimensions in the course of the employee involvement. Key words: HRM, employee involvement, waste management implementation process, creators of employee involvement.

Global waste generation trends are increasing at an alarming rate. Low- and middle-income countries (or the ‘Global South’) bear an increasing proportion of this burden, as the amount of waste produced in these countries is expected to surge drastically in the coming years. Since cities in the Global South rarely have formal municipal recycling systems, recycling activities are typically performed by waste pickers who are precariously employed and sell their wares in unpredictable, unregulated markets. That is to say, this economic activity is an archetype of what is commonly referred to as that taking place in the ‘informal sector.’ Although waste pickers must often confront exclusionary policies and social marginalization, some countries such as Colombia have begun to recognize the social, economic, and environmental contributions of informal recycling activities and have introduced policies that support waste pickers by trying to improve their working conditions. Bogotá has been recognized internationally as an example of ‘best practice’ in terms of creating inclusive policies aimed towards improving the livelihoods of waste pickers. To this end, the Colombian government has introduced, in 2016, National Decree 596, which recognizes and remunerates waste picker organizations as official providers of municipal recycling services. Although this decree legitimizes these ‘third sector’ organizations and has important implications for ‘alternative’ models of service delivery, it has had contradictory effects: although it successfully recognizes the important role that waste pickers play in the waste management system, it also introduces barriers that impede the formalization of waste picker organizations. For example, the decree sets unattainable requirements for the recognition of waste picker organizations and does little to mitigate the vulnerability that waste pickers experience in the face of competition from large, private (often multinational) companies. Based on one month of fieldwork conducted in Bogotá from November 10th to December 10th, 2017, this thesis explores these contradictions and suggests that these barriers originate from the conflicting neoliberal and rights-based orientations of the 1991 Constitution.

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Orientador: Luzenira Alves Brasileiro / Banca: Dib Gebara / Banca: Leonardo de Barros Pinto / Resumo: A eficiência da gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares gera impactos diretamente no bem- estar de toda a população do município, mas em especial nas pessoas que trabalham com a coleta, separação e comercialização dos materiais recicláveis. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as partes integrantes do sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domiciliares do município de Ilha Solteira - SP, desde a geração dos resíduos sólidos nas residências até a sua destinação final em aterros e/ou separação e comercialização pela cooperativa de materiais recicláveis do município. A pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu em realizar um levantamento de dados sobre a destinação dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares no município de Ilha Solteira - SP. A segunda etapa consistiu em entrevistar os munícipes com o objetivo de levantar qual é o tamanho da parcela da população que realiza a separação dos materiais recicláveis, como estes são acondicionados e quais os materiais que são separados. E a terceira etapa foi a caracterização gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares destinados ao aterro sanitário, segundo o método de quarteamento. A pesquisa forneceu resultados sobre a redução da vida útil do aterro sanitário, a quantidade de materiais com valor econômico que está sendo desperdiçado no aterro e a renda que deixa de ser gerada para as pessoas diretamente envolvidas com a comercialização dos materiais recicláveis. Com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, a municipalidade que opera e gerencia os resíduos sólidos terá informações que poderão subsidiar o planejamento e as ações de curto, médio e longo prazo; no sentido de melhorar a eficiência e as condições econômica, ambiental e social do sistema de gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares de Ilha Solteira - SP / Abstract: The efficient management of solid waste directly impacts the welfare of the entire population of the city, but especially those working with the collection, separation, and marketing of recyclable materials. The objective of this dissertation is to study the integral parts of the management system of solid waste in the city of Ilha Solteira-SP, from the generation of solid waste in the home until its final destination in landfills and/or separation and the cooperative for marketing recyclable materials of the city. The research will be divided into three phases. The first step will be to conduct a survey of preliminary data on the allocation of household solid waste in the city of Ilha Solteira-SP. The second stage is to interview the townspeople in order to discover what portion of the population carries out the separation of recyclable materials, wich of these are wrapped and which materials are separated. The third step performed is gravimetric characterization of household solid waste destined for the landfill, using methods of quartering. From the results obtained in this research, the municipality that operates and manages the solid waste will have information that could support the planning and the actions in short, medium and long term, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of economic, environmental, and social management system for solid waste Ilha Solteira - SP. It will be known: the amount of materials with economic value that are being wasted in the landfill, as well as an estimate of the remaining service life of the landfill, and the income that is not generated for the people directly involved with the marketing of recyclable materials / Mestre