O conceito de prevenção da poluição, já abordado em estudos sobre efluentes e outros tipos de resíduos, deve se estender também à questão das embalagens utilizadas em indústrias. Isto porque, com o aumento na complexidade dos processos produtivos, as embalagens passaram a ser empregadas também para abrigar componentes durante a fabricação e o transporte, e não mais apenas para conter o produto final; assim, sua utilização pode acarretar a geração de grandes quantidades de resíduos, caso o princípio da prevenção não seja adotado. É neste quadro que o presente trabalho se insere: inicialmente, apresenta considerações relativas às embalagens e à evolução dos conceitos do gerenciamento de resíduos, destacando a presença da prevenção da poluição em norma ISO 14001 e em dispositivos legais do Brasil e de países da Comunidade Econômica Européia.Através de estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa montadora de motores localizada em São Carlos (SP), foram identificados procedimentos adequados à prevenção da poluição por embalagens de uso industrial, como a utilização de embalagens retornáveis; observou-se, no entanto, a geração de resíduos a partir de acessórios que acompanham as embalagens, como filmes e cintas plásticas. Por fim, a partir da escolha de um modelo de motor produzido na empresa, foram analisadas as embalagens cujos componentes estão envolvidos em sua fabricação; com os dados obtidos, foram propostos e determinados índices de desempenho relativos à ocorrência de descartes de acessórios em termos quantitativos e qualitativos, segundo o tipo de material / The increasing complexity of the production processes ended up leading to an increasing need for packages of several shapes and materials. They are nowadays used not only for finished products, but also during fabrication and transportation phases, in order to protect raw materials, components and semi-finished products. Thus, the use of packages may also result in the generation of waste during production processes. The historically-new trend of priorizing pollution-prevention activities must, of course include all the packaging used in the industry. However, studies of the possibilities of pollution prevention have been concentrated on the waste originated directly from the production processes (effluents, metal scrap). At same time, studies on the pollution prevention applied to packaging have been focused on the packaging of consumer goods. There's a need for researches on packaging-related waste generated indirectly by production processes. More specifically, one must evaluate the possibilities and results of the application of pollution prevention concepts to this kind of waste, so that it can be dealt with in a proper way, and the industrial sector be informed about the new waste management paradigm. Starting with basic packaging-related definitions, and a description of the evolution of solid waste management concepts, from disposal to pollution prevention, this work, through a case study, identifies procedures directed towards waste prevention e proposes some performance indicators, related to the amount of waste generated in the fabrication of one unit of product. It also presents and establishes a comparison between brazilian and european environmental laws

Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Sandro Tonso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martilho_MarciaCristina_M.pdf: 3700203 bytes, checksum: a01268eaacc93879931bf5897a403bb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A fração de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE) presente nos resíduos sólidos urbanos vem crescendo em todo o mundo, trazendo novos desafios às administrações municipais para a gestão dos resíduos. Os REEE possuem uma combinação de substâncias e elementos que lhes conferem ao mesmo tempo alto valor agregado e periculosidade, requerendo um tratamento pós-consumo diferenciados. A Lei Nº 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010, que institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, regulamentada pelo Decreto nº 7.404, de 23 de dezembro de 2011, obriga fabricantes, importadores, distribuidores e comerciantes de produtos eletroeletrônicos a estruturar e implementar sistemas de logística reversa. O objetivo desta dissertação foi realizar um diagnóstico da situação atual dos REEE no município de Piracicaba-SP. Para tanto foi utilizada como metodologia a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória através de entrevistas com atores relevantes dentro do contexto de geração e manejo de REEE, dessa forma foram levantadas as principais rotas de fluxo pós- consumo destes resíduos. A geração de REEE em Piracicaba para o período de 2010 a 2030 foi estimada através do Método de Consumo e Uso, resultando em uma geração de 48 mil toneladas para o período, com média per capita de 4,59 kg/hab.ano. Piracicaba possui uma estrutura de coleta de REEE disponibilizada pela Prefeitura Municipal e pelo setor privado. Há locais para a população dispor pilhas e baterias, lâmpadas fluorescentes, aparelhos celulares e produtos eletroeletrônicos duráveis. Porém, as ações disponibilizadas são fragmentadas, e a infraestrutura ainda é bastante limitada, com pontos de coleta concentrados na região central do Município, não sendo totalmente acessível a toda população. O levantamento realizado nos serviços de informação ao consumidor e sites institucionais de fabricantes sobre o descarte de produto pós-consumo constatou que estes não orientam de forma eficiente o consumidor quanto aos procedimentos para descarte dos produtos da empresa e há discrepâncias de informações entre os dois sistemas de informação. Através desta pesquisa é possível vislumbrar um cenário que precisa unir diferentes sistemas de gerenciamento de forma integrada, que pode ser compartilhado entre setor público e privado, dentro dos requisitos legais, para atender as necessidades de cada local e ser inclusivo em extensão e distribuição no espaço / Abstract: The fraction of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) present in municipal solid waste is increasing all over the world, bringing new challenges to municipalities for managing municipal wastes. WEEE's have a combination of substances and elements that confer both high-value and dangerousness, requiring a different treatment post-consumer. The Brazilian Law no 12,305 of August 2nd 2010, regulated by Decree no 7,404 of December 23 2011, establishes the National Policy on Solid Waste and requires that manufacturers, importers, distributors and marketers of electronic products design and implement reverse logistics systems. The objective of this dissertation was to perform a diagnosis of the current situation of WEEE in the municipality of Piracicaba-SP. For this purpose, it was used as methodology a qualitative research, through interviews with relevant actors within the context of generation and management of WEEE, thus have been raised the main routes of flow of post-consumer waste. The generation of WEEE in Piracicaba for the period 2010 to 2030 was estimated by the method of consumption and use, resulting in a generation of 48 000 ton for the period, with average per capita of 4.59 kg per inhabitant per year. Piracicaba has a structure for WEEE collection provided by the Municipality and the private sector, with places where people can dispose of batteries, fluorescent bulbs, cell phones and durable electronic products. However, the actions available are fragmented, and the infrastructure is still rather limited, with collection points concentrated in the central region of the city, not being fully accessible to the entire population. The survey carried out in the information services to the consumer and institutional websites of manufacturers on the disposal of post-consumer products found that they do not efficiently guide the consumer on the procedures for disposal of their products, and there are discrepancies in the information provided by the two information systems. From this research it is possible to describe a scenario that must join different management systems in an integrated system, which can be shared between public and private sectors, within the legal requirements to meet the needs of each location and be inclusive in scope and space distribution / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

O processo de demolição tradicional tem experimentado várias mudanças, a emergência das preocupações ambientais leva hoje a procurar formas mais sustentáveis, como a aplicação de uma demolição que promova a desmontagem e a remoção seletiva dos materiais, através do planejamento antecipado e da aplicação contínua das regras de segurança, executando uma correta gestão do fluxo de resíduos por meio da sua reutilização. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo desenvolver um conjunto de diretrizes que permitem aprimorar o planejamento das atividades de demolição de pequenas edificações térreas, por meio de uma análise normativa nacional e internacional sobre o processo de demolição, promovendo práticas mais sustentáveis a serem adotadas por pequenas empresas demolidoras. Neste sentido a pesquisa empírica foi realizada pela aplicação de três estudos de caso, desenvolvendo um diagnóstico do funcionamento das atividades das empresas que praticam a demolição seletiva em pequenas edificações, com a elaboração de entrevistas, acompanhamento das demolições e da revenda dos materiais. Assim sendo, foi possível verificar a existência de mercados para os materiais e componentes reaproveitados das obras de demolição, os materiais mais procurados são os tijolos maciços, as telhas de cerâmica e a madeira, como por exemplo a Peroba Rosa, foi possível também observar a escassa de segurança e a falta do uso dos equipamentos de proteção. Esta pesquisa contribuiu com o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de ações que maximizem a coordenação da execução das tarefas em obra, de modo a melhorar a segurança e o aproveitamento de materiais, diminuindo o custo da demolição através da revenda dos materiais obtidos, e minimizando a produção de resíduos sólidos. / The traditional demolition process has experienced several changes, and the emergence of environmental concerns leads today, to seek for more sustainable ways, such as applying a demolition that promotes the dismantling and the selective removal of materials, through early planning and the continuous application of safety rules, making it much more diverse materials obtained and performing a proper management of the waste stream through reuse. This work main objective has to develop a set of guidelines that allow to improve the planning of the demolition activities of small buildings, through a national and international normative analysis of the demolition process, promoting more sustainable practices to be adopted by small demolition companies. In this way, the empirical research was carried out by the application of three case studies, developing a diagnosis of the activities that companies practice, by using the selective demolition in small buildings, with the elaboration of interviews, monitoring the demolitions and the resale of the materials. As result, it was possible to verify the existence of markets for reused materials and components of the demolition works. The most wanted materials are solid bricks, ceramic tiles, and wood, such as Peroba Rosa. This research contributed to the development of a set of actions that maximize the coordination of the execution of the tasks at work, in order to improve the safety and the use of materials, reducing the cost of demolition through the resale of the obtained materials, and minimizing the production of solid waste.

While solar energy presents the possibility of a low-carbon energy world, the solar industry has its own environmental impacts. Data on end-of-life management of photovoltaics (PV) remains scarce and as more solar panels reach the end of their lifespan, systems for their appropriate management need to be created. Because PV modules contain small amounts of hazardous materials, panels cannot be landfilled without some processing. Additionally, by not addressing the problem of PV waste and failing to create a system for management, an unintended consequence of shipping PV waste abroad remains possible. As a leader in environmental problem solving and a large installer of solar power, California has a responsibility to plan for PV end-of-life and to create policy for sustainable management practices. Using the existing extended producer responsibility and product stewardship policies and programs in California for mattresses, carpets, and beverage containers, policymakers can establish a program for the sustainable management of PV waste. Learning from these policies’ successes and failures, California legislators can push the solar industry to innovate and think about the impacts of their product at all stages in the life cycle.

Composites have been increasingly used in different applications in the last decade, especially in aerospace due to their high strength and lightweight characteristics. Indeed, the latest models of Airbus (A350) and Boeing (B787) have employed more than 50 wt% of composites, mainly Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). Yet, the increased use of CFRP has raised the environmental concerns about their end-of-life related to waste disposal, consumption of non-renewable resources for manufacturing and the need to recycle CFRP wastes. In this study, a generic model is developed in order to propose an optimal management of aerospace CFRP wastes taking into account economic and environmental objectives. Firstly, a life-cycle systemic approach is used to model the environmental impacts of CFRP recycling processes focusing on Global Warming Potential (GWP) following the guidelines of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The whole supply chain for recycling CFRP pathways is then modelled from aircraft dismantling sites to the reuse of recycled fibres in various applications. A multi-objective optimisation strategy based on mathematical programming, -constraint and lexicographic methods with appropriate decisionmaking techniques (M-TOPSIS, PROMETHEE-GAIA) has been developed to determine CFRP waste supply chain configurations. Various scenarios have been studied in order to take account the potential of existing recycling sites in a mono-period visions as well as the deployment of new sites in a multi-period approach considering the case study of France for illustration purpose. The solutions obtained from optimisation process allow developing optimal strategies for the implementation of CFRP recovery with recycled fibres (of acceptable quality) for the targeted substitution use while minimising cost /maximising profit for an economic criterion and minimising an environmental impact based on GWP.

Application of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) has increased recently as a sustainable alternative in concrete construction. Although application of RCA has substantially grown over the past decades, issues related to its structural performance and long-term behaviour still prevent its widespread application, especially in structural purposes. In this study, a new mixture proportioning method called the “Equivalent Volume (EV)” method is proposed for RCA concrete, which is developed on the assumption that the RCA mix is based on a companion conventional concrete mix having the same volume of “cement paste and aggregates” as the companion mixture. RCA mixes containing different aggregate types and mechanical properties were designed using the EV method. Chemical, mechanical and non-destructive tests were performed and their performance was investigated. Finally, a quality control protocol for evaluating the suitability of RCA sources for structural applications is proposed. Results show that the EV method seems a promising approach to mix-proportion eco-friendly recycled concrete mixes. Moreover, the RCA type and properties seem to influence in the behaviour of RCA concrete and thus should be accounted in the mix- design.

Thesis is focused on the issue of waste production, collection and management in Excalibur Army, s.r.o company, at the facility in Šternberk. I have used registration and operative data acquired directly in cooperation with the service ecologist. I described the process of waste management at the facility, since its creation until its application as a secondary raw material or its transfer to the authorized personnel for its disposal either to deposition in land-fill or its combustion in the incinerator. In my conclusion, I suggest several operational, but also administrative, precautions for overall improvement of waste management in the company.

Magister Artium - MA / A widespread phenomenon on dumpsites in the developing world, subsistence waste picking is also a common practice at the city-owned Coastal Park Landfill (CPL) in Muizenberg. Poor unemployed people from the townships of Capricorn, Vrygrond and Hillview, situated at the foot of the tip ―skarrel for scrap‖ every day. The word skarreling is an Afrikaans term meaning to rummage or scrabble, scuttle or scurry. Thus, if one talks of ―skarreling for scrap‖, it generally refers to poor people trying to eke out a living by looking for recyclables in the waste that can be put to personal use or turned into money. In the two decades since the transition to democracy, South Africa and the City of Cape Town (CCT) have formulated a number of framework and subordinate policies which express their commitment to sustainable development (SD). SD aims to achieve a balance between its three components, economic, environmental and social sustainability. Thus, SD is not only about increased economic efficiency and stability, while at the same time reducing pollution and handling natural resources more thoughtfully; it is also about promoting social equity by reducing poverty and empowering the poor. This study is guided by the assumption that waste pickers in developing countries play an important part in recycling efforts, and that recycling in turn is an integral component of SD, which is the guiding principle of South African policy-making. In an ideal scenario – as implicitly promised by the policies on SD – the management of solid waste should pursue the economic and environmental goals of SD by promoting recycling and should be aligned with the goal of creating sustainable livelihoods. However, the reality in the CCT is a different one. Landfill skarreling in the CCT, and particularly at CPL, is accompanied by conflict and a criminalisation of the skarrelaars. The CCT decided to phase out landfill salvaging in 2008, and subsequently has put a lot of effort into keeping skarrelaars away from its landfills. The implications of this decision – job losses for poor people and a potential increase in crime – have not been thought through. There is thus a dysfunctional triangular relationship around waste recycling in the CCT, leading to tensions between (1) the City‘s commitment to SD; (2) 5 its approach towards recycling (as part of solid waste management) in policy and practice; and (3) the livelihoods of the poor in adjacent townships. In the CCT the goals of SD are undermined by the City‘s recycling strategies, with adverse effects for the livelihoods of the people who live off skarreling. There are several causes for this disjuncture between policy and reality. The first has to do with ignorance on the side of the policymakers. They seem to be badly informed about the extent and nature of skarreling, perhaps assuming that this activity is performed only by a few people who need quick cash for drugs. The second cause can be attributed to the neoliberal macro-policies pursued in South Africa, as well as to the global competition between cities for investment. This neoliberal urbanism leads cities like Cape Town to re-imagine themselves as ―world (-class) cities‖, in which poor waste pickers are perceived as a disturbing factor. In the CCT, this goes hand in hand with an approach reminiscent of the apartheid mindset, which saw the need to control poor, black (and potentially unruly) people. The dissertation therefore focuses on the core themes of sustainable development, (urban) neoliberalism, and informality in combination with a case study of the informal waste pickers at the chosen landfill site. Writing from a political studies angle, this study is framed as a policy critique: it argues that the policies around SWM ignore South African realities, and that the SD policies and their implementation lack coherence. Moreover, the conflict between the skarrelaars and the CCT at the CPL is rooted in inadequate national and local legislation which does not acknowledge the role of informal waste pickers in SWM and aims at excluding rather than including them. If waste pickers were supported in their recycling efforts in both policy and practice, this would be a win-win situation for the state/city (economic benefits and less crime), the skarrelaars (regular employment and incomes) and the environment (less waste buried on landfills). The case study is primarily designed as a qualitative study, but also includes quantitative elements as it attempts a first quantification of the extent and nature of skarreling at the CPL site, one of only three operating dumpsites in Cape Town. The aim on the one hand is to estimate the contribution of the skarrelaars to waste reduction (and therefore to sustainability) in the City, especially since the waste they collect is not buried on the landfill, thereby prolonging the operational life span of the landfill. The other aim is to assess the role of the skarrelaars as an economic factor in the township, in particular the question of how important the incomes generated from skarreling are for their individual livelihoods and for the community as a whole.

This degree project investigated landfills that takes care of municipal solid waste in an area around the Mekong delta, namely An Giang province, Vietnam. The main objective for this study was to provide basic work in order to create a discussion with the local food markets to separate the household’s food waste from the rest. Such a discussion is possible to create through collaboration with local authorities and inform or guide stakeholders on how waste management can be improved, out of existing knowledge from Sweden. Therefore, this study aims to illuminate and give knowledge for improvements in questions regarding efficiency, organisation, participation, recycling and opportunities associated with a more efficient waste management system.Since a significant percentage of the household waste generated in Long Xuyen City, An Giang province are organic, the opportunity to convert organic waste into soil amendments was examined. Leachate from one of the landfills in the area was also analysed in order to get further understanding for its composition, focusing on organic parameters. / Det här examensarbetet undersökte deponier som tar hand om hushållsavfall i ett område runt Mekongdeltat, närmare bestämt An Giang provinsen, Vietnam. Det främsta målet för den här studien var ett ge underlag till att skapa en diskussion med lokala matmarknader för att få dem att separera hushållens matavfall från övrigt avfall. En sådan diskussion är möjlig att skapa genom samarbete mellan lokala myndigheter och att informera eller vägvisa intressenter om hur avfallshanteringen kan förbättras, ut ifrån befintlig kunskap från Sverige. Därför fokuserar den här studien på att förklara och ge kunskap för förbättringar i frågor rörande effektivitet, organisation, deltagande, återvinning och möjligheter associerade med ett mer effektivt avfallshanteringssystem. Eftersom en stor andel av hushållsavfallet som genereras i Long Xuyen, An Giang-provinsen är organiskt, undersöktes möjligheten att konvertera organiskt avfall till jordförbättringsmedel. Lakvatten analyserades från en av deponierna i området för att få en djupare förståelse för dess sammansättning, med fokus på organiska parametrar.

In South Africa, the ferrochromium industry produces approximately 100,000 t bag house filter dust and slurry, while the stainless steel industry produces 24,000 t of dust annually [17,39]. The toxic substances in these wastes potentially pose a threat to the environment and human health, especially Cr (VI) due to its toxic, carcinogenic, highly soluble and strongly oxidizing properties. Therefore, the existence and treatment of wastes from stainless steel and ferrochrome production remain a challenge and an issue of concern. The increase of environmental legislation globally and the trend towards sustainable development are drives for alternatives to landfill. In the present thesis, the characteristics, formation mechanisms, leachability and stabilisation of the Cr (VI)-containing electric furnace dust and filter cake were investigated using various techniques such as XRD, XRF, TG/DTA, XPS, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, Raman spectrometer and UV/Vis spectrometer. The electric furnace dust and filter cake are very fine particles. Stainless steel dust forms by the entrainment of charge materials, evaporation or volatilisation of elements and ejection of slag and metal by spitting or the bursting of gas bubbles. It was found that ferrochrome dust is formed by the ejection of slag and metals droplets from the electrode hole, the entrainment of charge materials, vaporisation as well as the formation and precipitation of compounds from vaporised species in the off-gas duct. Filter cake contains crystal phases (CaF2 and CaSO4 ) and metal rich amorphous phases. It is formed due to super saturation and precipitation. Leaching experiments on the wastes showed that Cr (VI) rapidly leaches out by distilled water. Bricks were produced by mixing wastes (stainless steel plant dust, ferrochrome dust and filter cake) and clay. The optimum sinter parameter was found to be 1100oC and 5 hours for a 50wt% SPD-50wt% AS mixture in the brick. The leachability of Cr(VI) is strongly influenced by the mass%CaO/mass%SiO2 ratio and alkali metal oxides content in the wastes. The emission factors from the stabilised wastes (SPD, FCD1, FCD2 and FC) are similar to those reported for the cement industry. Semi-dynamic leaching tests indicated that the predominant leaching mechanisms of chromium species are initial surface wash-off followed by matrix diffusion. / Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted