No description available.

In Lymphozyten wird nach Antigenaktivierung die Expression des Nfatc1-Gens durch Aktivierung des P1-Promoters stark induziert. Dagegen ist die, durch den Promoter P2 vermittelte Expression ebenso wie die der anderen NFAT Faktoren c2 und c3 konstitutiv. Die Akkumulation der dabei gebildeten Isoform NFATc1/αA ist sowohl für Effektorfunktionen wie die Zytokinproduktion sowie die Proliferation und das Überleben der aktivierten Zellen wichtig (Chuvpilo et al., 2002). Um die Expression des Nfatc1-Gens auf Einzelzellebene messen zu können, wurden BAC (bacterial artificial chromosom) transgene Mauslinien generiert, die einen 210kb großen Bereich des Nfatc1-Gens der Maus enthalten. In diesen Lokus wurde ein eGFP-Reportergen innerhalb des allen Isoformen gemeinsamen, dritten Exons integriert. In dieser Arbeit wird durch semiquantitative RT-PCR-Experimente von Gesamt-Milzzellen und TLymphozyten gezeigt, dass in den B6/NFATc1-eGFP-BAC-Reportermäusen die Expression der eGFP-cDNA analog zum endogenen Nfatc1-Lokus der Kontrolle der beiden Promotoren P1 und P2 unterliegt. In Western Blot Experimenten wird in diesen Zellen mittels eines NFATc1α-spezifischen Antikörpers eine induzierbare und CsA-sensitive α-GFP-Isoform - vergleichbar mit der endogenen NFATc1α-Isoform - nachgewiesen. Gleichzeitig zeigen NFATc1-Antikörper das konstitutiv exprimierte GFPβ-Protein. Die Korrelation der Expression von NFATc1 und GFP auf mRNA- und Proteinebene machen in B6/NFATc1-eGFP-BAC-Reportermäusen das GFP-Protein somit zu einem sensitiven und spezifischen Marker der NFATc1-Aktivität. In FACS-Analysen gibt der Anstieg der GFP-Fluoreszenzintensität bei Stimulation von Gesamt- Milzzellen bzw. T-Lymphozyten um bis auf das Dreifache die Induktion von NFATc1 wider. Unter dem Einfluss von CsA verbleibt die GFPFluoreszenzintensität auf dem Niveau unstimulierter Zellen. Die GFPFluoreszenz korreliert darüber hinaus bei Primärstimulation mit der Expression des IL-2-Gens, dessen Promotor mit 5 NFAT-Bindestellen den Prototyp eines NFATc1-Targets darstellt (Serfling et al., 1989). Die Analyse der Koexpression von NFATc1 und GFP mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie zeigt in allen stimulierten, GFP-positiven CD4+-Lymphozyten die nukleäre Lokalisation von 75 NFATc1, vor allem von NFATc1α. Die Analyse des GFP-Phänotyps in alloreaktiven T-Zellen zeigt bei Abstoßungsreaktionen in vitro („Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions“) eine selektive Zunahme der Fluoreszenz dieser Zellen um bis auf das Vierfache, was die Rolle von NFATc1 für die Effektorfunktion aktivierter T-Lymphozyten verdeutlicht. GFP und das endogene NFATc1 werden bei Stimulation konventioneller T-Zellen (Tcons, CD4+CD25-FoxP3-) stark exprimiert, während natürliche regulatorische T-Zellen (nTregs, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) konstant geringe NFATc1- und GFP-Konzentrationen zeigen. In induzierten regulatorischen T-Lymphozyten (iTregs) supprimiert TGF- β konzentrationsabhängig die GFP-Fluoreszenz bis auf das Niveau unstimulierter Lymphozyten. Während in nTregs die Suppression des Nfatc1- Gens im wesentlichen durch FoxP3 erfolgt (Torgerson et al., 2009), scheint dies in iTregs vor allem über den TGF-β Signalweg vermittelt zu werden. Die Analyse der GFP-Expression in den verschiedenen Stadien der TZellentwicklung zeigt weiterhin deutliche Unterschiede in der Aktivität des Nfatc1-Gens. Dies wird durch die starke Aktivität des BAC-Genlokus in CD4- CD8- DN Thymozyten, welche eine sechsfach höhere GFP-Expression aufweisen als CD4+CD8+ DP Zellen, deutlich. / Activation of lymphocytes causes a high level of Nfatc1 due to P1-promoter induction, whereas the P2-promoter leads to an constitutive expression of NFATc2/c3. NFATc1/αA is essential for effector-function, proliferation and survival of activated cells (Chuvpilo et al., 2002). Here we show that the eGFP-cDNA integrated in a NFATc1-eGFP-BAC-construct is under control of both promoters (P1, P2) and correlates with the NFATc1-Expression on mRNA and protein-levels. In FACS-analysis there is an increase in eGFP-fluorescence intensity, which is highly CsA-sensitive. In natural and induced Tregs we observed a low level of eGFP-expression correlating with concentration of TGF-β. CD4-CD8- DN cells show the highest eGFP-Expression in thymocytes.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Ying Fang / Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) causes vesicular disease in pigs. Vesicular lesions on the snout and coronary band of hoof mostly resemble lesions caused by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), which may lead to the foreign animal disease investigation. In 2015, Brazil experienced major outbreaks of SVV; then in July, sporadic cases of SVV were reported in United States and became a concern in swine industry. A reverse-genetic system serves as a major tool to study pathogenesis of the virus. In our study, a full-length cDNA infectious clone, pKS15-01-Clone, was constructed from an emerging Seneca Valley Virus (SVV; strain KS15-01). To explore the potential use as a viral backbone for expressing marker genes, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged reporter virus (vKS15-01-EGFP) was generated using reverse genetics. Compared to the parental virus, the pKS15-01-Clone derived virus (vKS15-01-Clone) replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo, and induced similar levels of neutralizing antibody and cytokine responses in infected animals. In contrast, the vKS15-01-EGFP virus showed impaired growth ability and induced lower level of immune response in infected animals. Lesions on the dorsal snout and coronary bands were observed in all pigs infected by parental virus KS15-01, but not in pigs infected with vKS15-01-Clone or vKS15-01-EGFP viruses. These results demonstrated that the infectious clone and EGFP reporter virus will be important tools in further elucidating the SVV pathogenesis and development of control measures.

Pronuclear stage murine embryos received electrical stimulation in 5, 10, or 20 µs pulse lengths, and 0, 100, 200, 250, 300 or 400 voltages. Minimal embryo development occurred with 400 V. Irreversible electroporation occurred in embryos electroporated for 5 µs pulse length at 100 and 400 V, 10 µs pulse length at 400 V, and 20 µs pulse length at 100, 250, 300 and 400 V. Electroporated embryos that underwent reversible electroporation received 100 V for 5 µs, 400 V for 10 µs, and 250 for 20 µs and had similar development (P > 0.05) between the best and worst developed groups. Enhanced green fluorescent protein on a cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-EGFP) was condensed with MgCl₂ and injected into the cytoplasm of murine zygotes at three concentrations (100, 425 and 625 µg/ml). Zygotes injected with the highest concentration had the highest percentages of fluorescing embryos (44%), fluorescing morula and blastocysts (16.7%), and the lowest percentage of mosaicism after 4 d in culture. Five PCR analyses of tail DNA gave conflicting results between 33.3% positive in two or more analyses to 2.8% positive in all five analyses. Southern Analysis detected 2.8% transgenesis. Cytoplasmic injection of linear CMV-EGFP (625 µg/ml in water) was 3.7% transgenic. Pronuclear injections produced 7.9% transgenesis. This research identified a range of reversible electroporation that could easily be verified <i>in vitro</i> with a selectable dye or marker protein and applied in transgenic as well as preclinical treatment models of research. Furthermore this research identifies the benefits and disadvantages of using Mg²⁺ in DNA condensation and injection buffers. / Master of Science

The use of fluorescent proteins as fluorescent markers has exploded over the last decades. In particular due to the development of advanced microscopy for live cell measurements, dynamic molecular studies down to single molecule levels and for superresolution microscopy. Many variants of fluorescent proteins exist with varying properties, such as emission color, photostability and brightness. These properties enable advanced applications, like timeresolved imaging or imaging below the diffraction limit. However, the photophysics of fluorescent proteins are complex and in many aspects quite unexplored. The triplet state in particular, is a central photophysical state because it is an entrance gate to an ensamble of deleterious photochemical processes that compromise the photostability of fluorescent proteins.The Pixel team at Institute de Biologie Structurale in France, is mainly focused on developing fluorescent proteins for advanced fluorescence imaging. One of the goals is to understand the influence of photochemistry on the properties of fluorescent proteins.In this project, a method to indirectly observe the triplet state in the prototypical EGFP fluorescent protein was developed. The introduction of new hardware and software, coupled to biophysical experiments, required an interdisciplinary strategy to tackle the obstacles during the route. Experiments under different environmental conditions to test the influence on the population of the triplet state of viscosity, pH, UV and infrared light, triplet state quenchers and temperature were performed.The results show that temperature and laser power greatly influence the triplet state kinetics in EGFP. Notably, it was found that the triplet state lifetime strongly increases at cryotemperature in comparison to roomtemperature. Overall, the newly developed setup and our preliminary results on EGFP open the door to novel studies on the photophysical properties of fluorescent proteins. / Nyttjandet av fluorescerande proteiner som markörer har exploderat de senaste årtionden. Speciellt till följd av utvecklingen av avancerad mikroskopi för levande cellmätningar, dynamiska molekylära studier ned till enstaka molekylnivåer och för superupplösnings mikroskopi. Många varianter av fluorescerande proteiner förekommer med varierande egenskaper så som färg, fotostabilitet och ljusstyrka. Dessa proteiner möjliggör avancerade applikationer, som tidsupplöst bildgivning eller bildgivning med upplösning under diffraktionsgränsen. Fotofysiken bakom fluorescerande proteiner är komplex och i många aspekter ganska outforskad. Triplettillståndet är ett centralt fotofysiskt tillstånd eftersom det är en ingångsport till en rad skadliga fotokemiska processer som äventyrar fotostabiliteten hos fluorescerance proteiner.Pixelteamet på Institute de Biologie Structurale i Frankrike, fokuserar huvudsakligen på utveckling av fluorescerande proteiner för avancerad fluorescerande bildgivning. Ett av målen är att förstå hur fotokemi påverkar egenskaperna hos fluorescerande proteiner.I det här projektet har en metod för att indirekt observera triplettillståndet i det prototypiska fluorescerande proteinet EGFP utvecklats. Introduktionen av ny hårdvara och mjukvara, i kombination med biofysikaliska experiment, krävde en interdisiplinär strategi för att tackla utmaningarna under vägens gång. Experiment under olika miljömässiga förhållanden gjordes för att testa hur populationen av triplettillståndet påverkas till följd av viskositet, pH, UV och infrarött ljus, triplettillståndshämmare och temperatur.Resultaten visar att temperatur och lasereffekt har en stor påverkan på triplettillståndet och dess kinetik hos EGFP. Noterbart är att triplettillståndets livstid ökar kraftigt i kryotemperatur i jämförelse med rumstemperatur. Sammanfattningsvis så utvecklades en ny experimentel uppställning och de tidiga resultaten från EGFP har öppnat dörren för nya studier rörande de fotofysiska egenskaperna hos fluorescerande proteiner.

Calcium (Ca2+), a crucial effector for many biological systems, has been associated with diseases such as cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, cancer, and osteoporosis. It is important to develop calcium sensors to measure intracellular Ca2+ dynamics at various biological and pathological states. Our lab has engineered such probes by designing a Ca2+ binding site into fluorescent proteins such as Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) and mCherry. In this thesis, we aim to improve optical properties and metal binding properties of green EGFP-based sensor CatchER and mCherry based red sensors by site-directed mutagenesis and protein engineering, various spectroscopic methods and cell imaging. The green EGFP-based sensor CatchER, with a Ca2+ binding pocket charge of -5, displays the greatest affinity for Ca2+ and has the greatest fluorescence intensity change with Ca2+ when compared to its variants with a less negative binding pocket charge. In addition, we have also designed several SR/ER targeting CatchER variants using Ryanodine receptor and Calnexin transmembrane domains. These constructs were shown to display a strong presence in the SR/ER lumen and further designed for a new luminal orientation. Further, we have shown that the optical properties of two red calcium sensors can be significantly improved by modifying the local environment of the chromophore.

Bei bhPIV3 handelt es sich um ein bovines Parainfluenzavirus Typ 3 (bPIV3), dessen Ober-flächenproteingene gegen jene des humanen Parainfluenzavirus Typ 3 (hPIV3) ausgetauscht wurden. Dieses ursprünglich als experimenteller Impfstoff gegen hPIV3 entwickelte Virus wurde darüber hinaus als Impfvektor zur Expression anderer viraler Antigene verwendet. Im Rahmen der hier vorgestellten Arbeit wurden die ersten bhPIV3-basierten Vektoren für nicht-virale Antigene hergestellt und in einem ersten Versuch evaluiert. Dazu wurden ein reverses Genetiksystem zur Herstellung rekombinanter bhPIV3 in einem neuen Labor aufgebaut und fünf neue rekombinante Viren erhalten, welche zusätzlich Antigene des Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) exprimieren. Balb/c-Mäuse wurden intranasal mit den bhPIV3-Vektoren infiziert, so dass sowohl deren Replikation als auch der induzierte protektive Effekt gegenüber M. tb.-Neuinfektionen getestet werden konnte. In einem ersten Versuch zeigte sich, dass eine Immunisierung mit den rekombinanten Viren allein keine Schutzwirkung entfaltet. Als Boost-Impfung nach Gabe des Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) zeigten einige Vektoren jedoch einen signifikanten protektiven Effekt. In einem Folgeversuch konnten diese Beobachtungen jedoch bislang nicht bestätigt werden, so dass weitere Versuche durchzuführen sind, bevor eine endgültige Aussage bezüglich des hervorgerufenen Schutzeffektes getroffen werden kann. In einem weiteren Tierversuch wurde gezeigt, dass die Baumwollratte ein Tiermodell darstellt, in dem bhPIV3 erheblich schlechter repliziert als hPIV3. Trotz der eingeschränkten Replikation induzierte bhPIV3 neutralisierende Antikörpertiter gegen hPIV3, die mit durch hPIV3 induzierten Titern vergleichbar waren. Mit Hilfe eines neu generierten rekombinanten Virus, welches das grün fluoreszierende Protein EGFP exprimiert, konnte ein Weg aufgewiesen werden, die Bestimmung neutralisierender Antikörpertiter deutlich zu vereinfachen. / The initial objective of this project was to establish a reverse genetic system for generation of recombinant bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (bhPIV3), a bovine PIV3 (bPIV3) in which the bhPIV3 glycoprotein genes are replaced by their counterparts of human PIV3 (hPIV3). In addition, methods needed to characterise virus infectivity, genetic integrity and relevant in vitro phenotypes were established. The reverse genetics system was used to add individual mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) open reading frames (ORFs) as supernumerary gene units to the bhPIV3 genome and to rescue bhPIV3 vectors that expressed M. tb. antigens. In addition, a similar vector expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed. Following the in vitro characterization of the derived viral vectors, the M. tb. vectors were evaluated for their efficacy to protect against M. tb. aerosole challenge in the Balb/c mouse model for tuberculosis. Although, in a single experiment, vaccination with bhPIV3 vectors alone did not confer any protection against M. tb. challenge, a boost with selected bhPIV3 vectors after Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) priming was successful in conferring protective efficacy against M. tb. challenge. A repeat of this challenge study could not confirm the initial observation, and further experiments are needed to determine whether the observed protection can be reliably reproduced. Evaluation of the bhPIV3 vectors in the cotton rat model showed that this small animal model is suitable to evaluate the attenuation phenotype of bhPIV3 compared to human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3). Although replication of bhPIV3 was highly restricted compared to hPIV3, hPIV3 neutralizing antibody titers induced by bhPIV3 infection were similar to those induced by hPIV3 infection. Studies with bhPIV3 expressing EGFP led to a new fluorescence based assay to determine hPIV3 neutralizing antibody titers. This assay could save time and resources in hPIV3 serology.

No description available.

A baixa eficiência e a dificuldade de reprodução de resultados da técnica de transferência gênica mediada por espermatozoides (TGME) têm como possível explicação à ativação de endonucleases espermáticas. Assim, a inibição desta enzima poderia evitar a fragmentação de DNA (exógeno e genômico), possibilitando assim, o uso de maiores concentrações de DNA exógeno, aumentando a eficiência e garantindo a reprodutibilidade da técnica. O ácido aurintricarboxílico (ATA) é um inibidor geral de endonucleases (HALLICK et al., 1977), inclusive das endonucleases espermáticas (MAIONE et al., 1997; MAGNANO et al., 1998). Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a inibição das endonucleases espermáticas, pelo ácido aurintricarboxílico (ATA). Para isso, três experimentos foram realizados: 1) avaliar a inibição das endonucleases espermáticas pela adição do ácido aurintricarboxílico, após incubação com DNA exógeno; 2) verificar a eficiência do ATA na inibição de fragmentação de DNA genômico e 3) detectar o aumento nos índices de internalização após o uso de ATA. Para o primeiro experimento, um ensaio de digestão plasmidial com os plasmídeos PCX-EGFP e pmGENIE3 e três concentrações de ATA (10&micro;M, 25&micro;M e 50&micro;M) foram testados. As digestões dos vetores plasmidiais ocorreram pela incubação dos plasmídeos PCX-EGFP e pmGENIE3, com e sem a presença de ATA, com extratos espermáticos. As incubações ocorreram durante 1 hora à 37ºC e os produtos foram analisados por eletroforese (2 horas, 100mV) em gel de agarose 0,7%. Os resultados foram avaliados em escala de cruzes, no qual 1 foi considerado digestão total dos plasmídeos e 3, a não digestão. Os resultados foram analisados em nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças nas digestões dos dois vetores plasmidiais, sendo o pmGENIE3 mais susceptível à degradação pelo extrato espermático, demonstrando ausência de bandas em algumas replicatas (mediana=1). O PCX-EGFP apresentou inibição parcial da degradação já com 10&micro;M de ATA. Já o pmGENIE só apresentou inibição da degradação com 25 ou 50&micro;M de ATA. Assim a concentração utilizada nos experimentos consecutivos foi a de 50&micro;M. Para o experimento 2, espermatozoides de camundongos da linhagem Bl-6/DBA (F1) foram incubados com duas concentrações (500 ou 1000ng) do plasmídeo PCX-EGFP, com ou sem pré-incubação com ATA. As incubações ocorreram durante 5 horas, em ar com 5% de CO2 à 37ºC. Assim, os espermatozoides foram submetidos ao teste de susceptibilidade à denaturação ácida e ao ensaio de cometa alcalino para verificar possível fragilidade da cromatina. Os dados demonstraram que o uso do ATA em espermatozoides murinos leva à fragilidade do genoma, independente de serem incubados com DNA exógeno e a concentração do mesmo. Além disso, foi possível verificar que pode existir um limiar de concentração ótima para que as endonucleases causem fragmentação do DNA cromossomal, o qual foi de 500ng. O uso de concentrações maiores, como 1000ng, pode ter agido como fator protetor ao DNA genômico, podendo este DNA exógeno ter sido o alvo primário das endonucleases, já que quando as amostras foram incubadas com essa concentração de plasmídeo, não houve altos índices de fragmentação no DNA endógeno. No experimento 3, espermatozoides de camundongos foram incubados com 500 ou 1000ng de PCX-EGFP/106 células, sendo ou não pré-incubados com ATA. O DNA genômico das células espermáticas foi extraído pelo método de fenol clorofórmio, diluído para concentração de 1ng/&micro;l e submetidos à quantificação de DNA plasmidial pela técnica de quantificação absoluta em tempo real (qPCR). Os resultados demonstraram que o ATA não melhorou a eficiência de incorporação, já que tanto na concentração de 500 quanto na de 1000ng de DNA exógeno, a porcentagem foi menor (0,001% para os dois grupos) em relação aos grupos nos quais este não foi utilizado. Os grupos em que o ATA não foi utilizado não apresentaram diferença entre si demonstrando que a quantidade de 500ng de DNA exógeno foi suficiente na internalização deste ao espermatozoide, sendo a porcentagem de incorporação maior do que 1000ng (0,20% contra 0,10%). Contudo, o uso do inibidor de endonucleases, ao invés de aumentar os índices de incorporação apresentou resultados opostos, indicando que seu uso não trouxe melhorias para a técnica de TGME. / The low efficiency and low repeatability of sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) could be due to the activation of sperm endonucleases. The inhibition of this enzyme would avoid genomic DNA fragmentation enabling the use of higher concentrations of exogenous DNA, increasing the efficiency and ensuring the reproducibility of this technique. Aurintricarboxilic acid (ATA) is a general inhibitor of endonucleases (HALLICK et al., 1977), including sperm endonucleases (MAIONE et al., 1997; MAGNANO et al., 1998). This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of sperm endonucleases using the aurintricarboxilic acid (ATA). For that, three experiments were set: 1) evaluate the inhibition of sperm endonucleases by adding aurintricarboxilic acid after incubation with exogenous DNA, 2) study the inhibition efficiency of ATA in genomic DNA fragmentation and 3) detect exogenous DNA internalization after the use of ATA. For the first experiment, a plasmid digestion assay with pmGENIE3 and PCX-EGFP and three concentrations of ATA (10&micro;M, 25&micro;M and 50&micro;M) were tested. The digestion of plasmid vector occurred by incubation of PCX-EGFP and pmGENIE3 with and without the presence of ATA with sperm extracts. Incubations took place for 1 hour at 37°C and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis (2 hours, 100mV) in 0,7% agarose gel. The results were evaluated on a cross scale whereas 1 was considered a total plasmid digestion and 3 no digestion. The results were analyzed with a significance level of 5%. The results show differences in the digestion of the two plasmid vectors, being pmGENIE3 more susceptible to degradation by sperm extract, demonstrating absence of bands in some replicates (median = 1). The PCX-EGFP showed a parcial inhibition of the degradation using 10&micro;M ATA. PmGENIE3 presented inhibiting of degradation only using 25 or 50&micro;M of ATA. Thus, the concentration used in the consecutives experiments was 50&micro;M. For experiment 2, sperm from Bl-6/DBA (F1) mice strain were incubated with two concentrations (500 or 1000ng) of the PCX-EGFP plasmid, with and without pre-incubation with ATA. Incubation took place for 5 hours, with 5% CO2 in air, at 37°C. Sperm samples were subjected to acid denaturation susceptibility test and alkaline comet assay to check for possible chromatin fragility. The data showed that the use of ATA in murine sperm leads to a fragility of their genome, independently of the incubation with exogenous DNA and its concentration. Result showed that there might be a threshold concentration for chromosomal DNA fragmentation caused by endonucleases, which was 500ng of plasmid. The use of higher concentrations, as 1000ng, may be a protective factor for genomic DNA integrity, since exogenous DNA seems to be the primary target of endonucleases, showed by, lower DNA fragmentation levels. In experiment 3, sperm were incubated with 500 or 1000ng PCX-EGFP/106 cells, pre-incubated or not with ATA. Genomic DNA was extracted by phenol chloroform method, diluted to concentrations of 1ng/&micro;l and subjected to quantification of plasmid DNA insertions by absolute quantification in real-time PCR (qPCR). The results showed that ATA did not improve the efficiency of DNA internalization, whereas both concentration of 500 and 1000ng presented a lower percentage of exogenous DNA integration (0.001% in both groups) compared with the groups in which ATA was not used. The groups without ATA did not differ indicating that the amount of 500ng of DNA was able to integrate exogenous DNA to sperm, and have higher percentage of incorporation compared to 1000ng (0,20% versus 0,10%). Thereby, the use of an endonuclease inhibitor instead of increasing integration indexes showed opposite results, indicating that its use did not bring improvements to the SMGT technique.

Die Etablierung der Transkription von kompletten Genen auf planaren Oberflächen soll eine Verbindung zwischen der Mikroarraytechnologie und der Transkriptomforschung herstellen. Darüber hinaus kann mit diesem Verfahren ein Brückenschlag zwischen der Synthese der Gene und ihrer kodierenden Proteine auf einer Oberfläche erfolgen. Alle transkribierten RNAs wurden mittels RT-PCR in cDNA umgeschrieben und in einer genspezifischen PCR amplifiziert. Die PCR-Produkte wurden hierfür entweder per Hand oder maschinell auf die Oberfläche transferiert. Über eine Oberflächen-PCR war es möglich, die Gensequenz des Reportergens EGFP direkt auf der Oberfläche zu synthetisieren und anschließend zu transkribieren. Somit war eine Transkription mit weniger als 1 ng an Matrize möglich. Der Vorteil einer Oberflächen-Transkription gegenüber der in Lösung liegt in der mehrfachen Verwendung der immobilisierten Matrize, wie sie in dieser Arbeit dreimal erfolgreich absolviert wurde. Die Oberflächen-Translation des EGFP-Gens konnte ebenfalls zweimal an einer immobilisierten Matrize gezeigt werden, wobei Zweifel über eine echte Festphasen-Translation nicht ausgeräumt werden konnten. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass die Transkription und Translation von immobilisierten Gensequenzen auf planaren Oberflächen möglich ist, wofür die linearen Matrizen direkt auf der Oberfläche synthetisiert werden können. / In vitro mRNA synthesis and in vitro translation are of great interest for biochemical and molecular biological basic research, and also for biotechnology and other applications. Solid phase coupled synthesis is very useful for the development of high throughput procedures to elucidate and manipulate gene products. An artificial gene was constructed combining the T7 promoter and terminator with the EGFP-gene from the plasmid pEGFP. The functionality of the construct was shown by in vitro translation. The gene-construct was immobilised on a planar glass surface. The transcription was performed on the immobilised gene and mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. These results demonstrate that the complete gene is transcribed from the covalently coupled PCR product. Thus, it is possible to transfer a standard transcription technique onto an On-chip reaction. The direct PCR amplification of transcriptionable sequences of EGFP bound on surfaces was successfully used for solid phase transcription. Successful transcriptions were also performed at least to 1 ng of used template. The RNA synthesis was also successful in the second and third reaction on the same slide as observed by signals after RT-PCR. It seems to be possible to transfer the translation of reportergenes in a solid phase coupled synthesis, too. For further integration of cellular procedures on a chip, the cell-free RNA synthesis on immobilised templates is an crucial technical hurdle to conquer. Major advantages of using immobilised templates for transcription are, low risk of contamination occuring in solution, and no necessity of further purification steps for downstream applications of the RNA product.