En este proyecto se desarrolla un nuevo producto que se lanzará al mercado de aguas Premium. En este abstracto se podrá observar el procedimiento que se desarrolló para poder analizar correctamente si el proyecto es rentable o no. Nuestro proyecto tiene como finalidad introducir al mercado un producto innovador, el cual es Aquamati; un agua ozonizada, la cual tiene diferentes beneficios con respecto a las aguas que comúnmente encontramos en el mercado. Este es un producto eco amigable, debido a que su presentación es en botella de vidrio reutilizable, y beneficioso para la salud, ya que el ozono es un purificador natural. En este trabajo podrán observar todas las etapas en las que desarrollamos ideas, entrevistamos a posibles consumidores, establecimos hipótesis de mercado, hicimos focus group en el que se evaluó el sabor y la imagen del producto y finalmente establecimos estrategias para poder insertar nuestro producto y hacerlo competitivo. Nuestra agua va dirigida a personas de nivel socioeconómico A y B entre 18 a 50 años que viven en Lima, con tendencia de compra de productos que incentiven la vida saludable y un perfil sofisticado. Finalmente, en el trabajo se visualiza toda de planeamiento de actividades como las de Recursos Humanos, Marketing, Responsabilidad Social, la parte del financiamiento y la parte contable de nuestro proyecto en el cual se ve la viabilidad del negocio. / This project entails the development of a new product that will be launched to the bottled water market. In this abstract, We'll show the process developed to correctly analyze if the project was profitable or not. Our project's goal is to introduce to the market a novel product, Aquamati is ozonized water, which has several benefits that regular bottled water in the market do not, It's an eco-friendly product, being possible to reuse its glass bottle, and ozone being a natural purifier, it offers several health benefits. In this document, you will see all the phases in which we developed the core ideas, interviewed potential consumers, established market hypothesis, ran focus groups in which the product's flavor and image were evaluated, and finally designed strategies to insert our product in a way that makes it competitive. Our water is targeted towards consumers from socioeconomic status A and B, and between ages of 18 and 50 years old, that reside in Lima and have a tendency to buy products that incentivize a healthy life and a sophisticated life style. Finally, in the document you'll be able to see the planning of activities such as: human resources, marketing, social responsibility, finances, and accounting, which show the viability of the business. / Trabajo de investigación

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de produire des matériaux expansés à partir de produits d'origine naturelle, en particulier à partir de tanins. Au moment où cette thèse a débuté, des études étaient publiées sur la possibilité d'élaborer ce type de matériaux avec des formulations qui comportaient du formaldéhyde. Cela allait à l'encontre du caractère naturel recherché puisqu'en fait, on utilisait des produits naturels et les faisait réagir avec un produit cancérogène. Il n'était donc pas possible de les présenter comme des matériaux « verts ». Aussi, nous avons voulu au cours de ce travail, élaborer des matériaux expansés uniquement à partir de produits naturels ou en découlant. Les tanins sont des substances naturelles chimiquement actives qui peuvent être utilisées afin de remplacer des produits homologues dérivés du pétrole comme le phénol par exemple qui présente des caractéristiques de réactivité chimique très similaires à celles des tanins condensés. Des formulations comportant des tanins condensés ont d'ailleurs déjà été étudiées pour élaborer des matériaux expansés. En considérant cela, ce travail de thèse s'est déroulé sous la forme de différents projets convergents vers un objectif commun: la production de mousses aux tanins plus naturelles et plus intéressantes pour l'industrie. Cinq projets ont ainsi été menés : 1. analyses de différents tanins, condensés, hydrolysables et synthétiques ; 2. production de mousses aux tanins sans utilisation de formaldéhyde ; 3. production de mousses aux tanins sans solvants ; 4. production de mousses aux tanins rigides ou élastiques ; 5. production de mousses aux tanins, sans acides, mais avec une catalyse alcaline / The aim of this thesis was to produce foamed materials from natural products, especially from tannins. At the time this thesis began, studies were published on the possibility of doing this type of materials with formaldehyde containing formulations. This was contrary to the desired natural character because in fact, were used natural products reacted with carcinogenic product. It was not possible to present them as "green" materials. During this thesis our aim was to develop expanded materials only from natural or bio-derived raw materials. Tannins are chemically active natural substances that can be used to replace homologous oil derivatives such as phenol which has characteristics of chemical reactivity very similar to those of condensed tannins. Formulations containing condensed tannins have already been studied to develop expanded materials. Considering this argument, this thesis takes place in the form of various projects converging towards a common goal: production of foams with more natural impact and interesting for tannins industry. Five projects have been completed: 1. analysis of various tannins, condensed, hydrolysable and synthetic ; 2. tannin foams production without the use of formaldehyde ; 3. tannin foams production without solvents ; 4. tannin foams production with rigid or elastic behavior ; 5. tannin foams production without acids, but with an alkaline catalysis

O processo de moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) é uma tecnologia relativamente recente e permite a fabricação de peças e componentes de diversos materiais, com a possibilidade de fabricar peças em larga escala. O processo MPI é composto por quatro etapas: mistura do pó com o material orgânico (ligante), moldagem por injeção, extração do ligante e sinterização. O ligante é um veículo temporário composto por polímeros e/ou ceras e sua função é possibilitar o escoamento da carga injetável para o molde durante a moldagem por injeção e após a moldagem este deve ser totalmente removido da peça. A maioria dos polímeros utilizados no ligante é oriunda do petróleo, que é uma fonte não renovável que gera sérios impactos ambientais. Neste estudo foi proposto a utilização de ligante à base de borracha natural, que além de ser proveniente de fonte renovável, confere elasticidade à peça moldada, que possibilita a fácil desmoldagem de peças com geometria complexa e pequenas espessuras. Também se analisou a substituição da parafina, que estudada em trabalhos anteriores em ligante para injeção de alumina com a borracha natural, pela cera de carnaúba na moldagem por injeção de pó de ferro metálico. Foram avaliados três ligantes à base de borracha natural e as ceras: (i) parafina, (ii) cera de carnaúba e (iii) parafina + cera de carnaúba e estudou-se o efeito da composição do ligante em cada etapa do processo MPI. Investigou-se as propriedades químicas e térmicas dos ligantes, o teor de pó admissível nas cargas injetáveis, as rotas de remoção do ligante por via térmica e solvente e as propriedades finais como retração linear, porosidade, microestrutura e resistência à flexão. As composições de ligante a base de borracha natural e cera de carnaúba proporcionaram melhores propriedades ao processo MPI. Nestas composições foi possível a moldagem por injeção de cargas injetáveis com maior teor de pó, apresentaram maior estabilidade reológica, em que a viscosidade apresentou baixa variação em relação à temperatura e maior estabilidade com o aumento do teor de pó. Além disso, foram as únicas amostras que não apresentaram defeitos durante a extração por solvente e apresentaram propriedades finais satisfatórias para o processo MPI de ferro. / The Powder Injection Molding process (PIM) is a relatively new technology and allows the manufacturing of parts and components of various materials, with the possibility of fabricating parts in microscale. The PIM process is composed of four steps: mix the powder with the organic material (binder), injection molding, extraction of the binder and sintering. The binder is a temporary vehicle composed of polymers and/or waxes and its function is to allow the flow of the feedstock into the mold during injection molding, and after molding this should be completely removed from the sample. Most of the polymers used in the binder are derived from petroleum, which is a non-renewable source that generates serious environmental impacts. In this study, it was proposed the use of binder based on polymer and wax from renewable sources that reduce the environmental impact. It was analyzed the substitution of paraffin, which was studied in previous studies with natural rubber, by the carnauba wax in the injection molding of the iron carbonyl. Were evaluated three binders based on polymer and wax: (i) paraffin, (ii) carnauba wax and (iii) paraffin wax carnauba wax and we studied the binder composition effect in each step of PIM process. The chemical and thermal binder properties, the critical powder volume concentration, the solvent and thermal debinding and the sintered properties were analyzed. As results, we found that the natural rubber and carnauba wax binder have better PIM process properties. In this binder was possible an injection molding with higher powder content, showing higher rheological stability, which the viscosity was more stable under temperature and powder content variation. Furthermore, the samples with this binder shown no defects after solvent debinding and suitable sintered properties for the iron PIM process.

O processo de moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) é uma tecnologia relativamente recente e permite a fabricação de peças e componentes de diversos materiais, com a possibilidade de fabricar peças em larga escala. O processo MPI é composto por quatro etapas: mistura do pó com o material orgânico (ligante), moldagem por injeção, extração do ligante e sinterização. O ligante é um veículo temporário composto por polímeros e/ou ceras e sua função é possibilitar o escoamento da carga injetável para o molde durante a moldagem por injeção e após a moldagem este deve ser totalmente removido da peça. A maioria dos polímeros utilizados no ligante é oriunda do petróleo, que é uma fonte não renovável que gera sérios impactos ambientais. Neste estudo foi proposto a utilização de ligante à base de borracha natural, que além de ser proveniente de fonte renovável, confere elasticidade à peça moldada, que possibilita a fácil desmoldagem de peças com geometria complexa e pequenas espessuras. Também se analisou a substituição da parafina, que estudada em trabalhos anteriores em ligante para injeção de alumina com a borracha natural, pela cera de carnaúba na moldagem por injeção de pó de ferro metálico. Foram avaliados três ligantes à base de borracha natural e as ceras: (i) parafina, (ii) cera de carnaúba e (iii) parafina + cera de carnaúba e estudou-se o efeito da composição do ligante em cada etapa do processo MPI. Investigou-se as propriedades químicas e térmicas dos ligantes, o teor de pó admissível nas cargas injetáveis, as rotas de remoção do ligante por via térmica e solvente e as propriedades finais como retração linear, porosidade, microestrutura e resistência à flexão. As composições de ligante a base de borracha natural e cera de carnaúba proporcionaram melhores propriedades ao processo MPI. Nestas composições foi possível a moldagem por injeção de cargas injetáveis com maior teor de pó, apresentaram maior estabilidade reológica, em que a viscosidade apresentou baixa variação em relação à temperatura e maior estabilidade com o aumento do teor de pó. Além disso, foram as únicas amostras que não apresentaram defeitos durante a extração por solvente e apresentaram propriedades finais satisfatórias para o processo MPI de ferro. / The Powder Injection Molding process (PIM) is a relatively new technology and allows the manufacturing of parts and components of various materials, with the possibility of fabricating parts in microscale. The PIM process is composed of four steps: mix the powder with the organic material (binder), injection molding, extraction of the binder and sintering. The binder is a temporary vehicle composed of polymers and/or waxes and its function is to allow the flow of the feedstock into the mold during injection molding, and after molding this should be completely removed from the sample. Most of the polymers used in the binder are derived from petroleum, which is a non-renewable source that generates serious environmental impacts. In this study, it was proposed the use of binder based on polymer and wax from renewable sources that reduce the environmental impact. It was analyzed the substitution of paraffin, which was studied in previous studies with natural rubber, by the carnauba wax in the injection molding of the iron carbonyl. Were evaluated three binders based on polymer and wax: (i) paraffin, (ii) carnauba wax and (iii) paraffin wax carnauba wax and we studied the binder composition effect in each step of PIM process. The chemical and thermal binder properties, the critical powder volume concentration, the solvent and thermal debinding and the sintered properties were analyzed. As results, we found that the natural rubber and carnauba wax binder have better PIM process properties. In this binder was possible an injection molding with higher powder content, showing higher rheological stability, which the viscosity was more stable under temperature and powder content variation. Furthermore, the samples with this binder shown no defects after solvent debinding and suitable sintered properties for the iron PIM process.

O processo de moldagem de pós por injeção (MPI) é uma tecnologia relativamente recente e permite a fabricação de peças e componentes de diversos materiais, com a possibilidade de fabricar peças em larga escala. O processo MPI é composto por quatro etapas: mistura do pó com o material orgânico (ligante), moldagem por injeção, extração do ligante e sinterização. O ligante é um veículo temporário composto por polímeros e/ou ceras e sua função é possibilitar o escoamento da carga injetável para o molde durante a moldagem por injeção e após a moldagem este deve ser totalmente removido da peça. A maioria dos polímeros utilizados no ligante é oriunda do petróleo, que é uma fonte não renovável que gera sérios impactos ambientais. Neste estudo foi proposto a utilização de ligante à base de borracha natural, que além de ser proveniente de fonte renovável, confere elasticidade à peça moldada, que possibilita a fácil desmoldagem de peças com geometria complexa e pequenas espessuras. Também se analisou a substituição da parafina, que estudada em trabalhos anteriores em ligante para injeção de alumina com a borracha natural, pela cera de carnaúba na moldagem por injeção de pó de ferro metálico. Foram avaliados três ligantes à base de borracha natural e as ceras: (i) parafina, (ii) cera de carnaúba e (iii) parafina + cera de carnaúba e estudou-se o efeito da composição do ligante em cada etapa do processo MPI. Investigou-se as propriedades químicas e térmicas dos ligantes, o teor de pó admissível nas cargas injetáveis, as rotas de remoção do ligante por via térmica e solvente e as propriedades finais como retração linear, porosidade, microestrutura e resistência à flexão. As composições de ligante a base de borracha natural e cera de carnaúba proporcionaram melhores propriedades ao processo MPI. Nestas composições foi possível a moldagem por injeção de cargas injetáveis com maior teor de pó, apresentaram maior estabilidade reológica, em que a viscosidade apresentou baixa variação em relação à temperatura e maior estabilidade com o aumento do teor de pó. Além disso, foram as únicas amostras que não apresentaram defeitos durante a extração por solvente e apresentaram propriedades finais satisfatórias para o processo MPI de ferro. / The Powder Injection Molding process (PIM) is a relatively new technology and allows the manufacturing of parts and components of various materials, with the possibility of fabricating parts in microscale. The PIM process is composed of four steps: mix the powder with the organic material (binder), injection molding, extraction of the binder and sintering. The binder is a temporary vehicle composed of polymers and/or waxes and its function is to allow the flow of the feedstock into the mold during injection molding, and after molding this should be completely removed from the sample. Most of the polymers used in the binder are derived from petroleum, which is a non-renewable source that generates serious environmental impacts. In this study, it was proposed the use of binder based on polymer and wax from renewable sources that reduce the environmental impact. It was analyzed the substitution of paraffin, which was studied in previous studies with natural rubber, by the carnauba wax in the injection molding of the iron carbonyl. Were evaluated three binders based on polymer and wax: (i) paraffin, (ii) carnauba wax and (iii) paraffin wax carnauba wax and we studied the binder composition effect in each step of PIM process. The chemical and thermal binder properties, the critical powder volume concentration, the solvent and thermal debinding and the sintered properties were analyzed. As results, we found that the natural rubber and carnauba wax binder have better PIM process properties. In this binder was possible an injection molding with higher powder content, showing higher rheological stability, which the viscosity was more stable under temperature and powder content variation. Furthermore, the samples with this binder shown no defects after solvent debinding and suitable sintered properties for the iron PIM process.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the possibility of putting DEiiTALY company under the name DEI Tours Prague on tourism market in Prague and design suitable products for it. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter defines theoretical terms, the second describes the company DEiiTALY and its business. The third chapter focuses on the tourism market in Prague and analyzes the potential competition. The fourth chapter deals with the possibilities of launching company product at the tourism market in Prague. The final, fifth chapter, consists of three products, that could be offered by company DEI TOURs Prague.

El presente trabajo de investigación analizará la sostenibilidad y escalabilidad de nuestra plataforma web. Ecomunity surgió a raíz de la coyuntura que el mundo se encuentra atravesando y la tendencia creciente sobre los negocios sostenibles que está teniendo el Perú. A través de los años, la concientización sobre el cuidado del medio ambiente ha ido ganando popularidad, esto se puede ver en el esfuerzo de una comunidad que busca realizar acciones sociales por más mínimas que sean. Sin embargo, a raíz de la crisis sanitaria estos esfuerzos se han visto limitados, en especial por la imposibilidad de desplazarse para las personas y la dificultad que han tenido muchos emprendimientos sostenibles para integrarse en el mundo digital.     De esta forma, encontramos una oportunidad en la cual se puede unir por medio de una plataforma online a usuarios que buscan mantener su estilo de vida sostenible y a emprendimientos sostenibles, logrando un bien común para la sociedad. Para el desarrollo del proyecto, se llevó a cabo diversos experimentos en los cuales se pudo validar la idea de negocio y captó la atención de ambos públicos objetivos. En el trabajo se podrán evaluar los puntos estratégicos que demuestran la viabilidad del proyecto, nuestro fin es brindar una nueva herramienta que cause un gran impacto en la sociedad de forma sostenible. Al final, brindaremos nuestras apreciaciones sobre el desarrollo del proyecto y nuestras recomendaciones para garantizar la sostenibilidad del negocio a un futuro. / This research work will analyse the sustainability and scalability of our web platform. Ecomunity emerged because of the situation that the world is going through and the growing trend of sustainable business in Peru. Over the years, awareness about environmental care has been gaining popularity, this can be seen in the efforts of a community that seeks to perform social actions however minimal they may be. However, because of the health crisis, these efforts have been limited, especially due to the impossibility for people to travel and the difficulty that many sustainable ventures have had to integrate into the digital world.   In this way, we found an opportunity in which an online platform can unite users who seek to maintain their sustainable lifestyle and sustainable enterprises, achieving a common good for society. For the development of the project, several experiments were carried out to validate the business idea and capture the attention of both target audiences. In the work we will be able to evaluate the strategic points that demonstrate the viability of the project, our goal is to provide a new tool that causes a great impact on society in a sustainable way. At the end, we will offer our appraisals on the development of the project and our recommendations to guarantee the sustainability of the business in the future. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo consta de una plataforma de venta de boxes ecofriendly, en base a la investigación realizada en Lima Metropolitana a usuarios pertenecientes al sector económico A y B +. Se pudo determinar que el porcentaje de personas que prefieren productos sostenibles ha ido incrementando por la concientización del medio ambiente en Perú. A raíz de esto, se identificó que los usuarios ecofriendly no cuentan con la facilidad de encontrar productos ecoamigables en bodegas comunes, puesto que la pandemia limitó a la población a realizar sus compras. Además, al momento de buscar un producto se demoran en encontrarlo de manera online por falta de información o confiabilidad de sus beneficios, por lo que se demoran en buscar y comprar el producto. De esta manera, se presentó la idea de negocio de brindar una plataforma de venta ecofriendly a usuarios que tienen como preferencia de compra este sector. Para el desarrollo del trabajo, se tuvo que realizar distintos experimentos para validar la rentabilidad del proyecto, el cual fue aceptado por el público objetivo. Por otro lado, se busca brindar los mejores eco boxes a los consumidores, en el cual con el escaneo del código QR podrán contar con la información del uso de productos y sus beneficios. Además, por medio de la plataforma obtendrán información sobre lo que pasa en el mundo actual respecto al medio ambiente. Por último, se presentarán las conclusiones del proyecto, al igual que las recomendaciones de mejora para que la idea de negocio pueda seguir siendo sostenible. / The present work consists of an ecofriendly box sales platform, based on the research carried out in Metropolitan Lima to users belonging to the economic sector A and B +. It was determined that the percentage of people who prefer sustainable products has been increasing due to environmental awareness in Peru. As a result, it was identified that ecofriendly users do not have the facility to find eco-friendly products in common warehouses, since the pandemic limited the population to make their purchases. In addition, when looking for a product they take time to find it online due to lack of information or reliability of its benefits, so they delay in looking for and buying the product. In this way, the business idea of ​​providing an eco-friendly sales platform to users who have this sector as their purchasing preference was presented. For the development of the work, different experiments had to be carried out to validate the profitability of the project, which was accepted by the target audience. On the other hand, it seeks to provide the best eco boxes to consumers, in which by scanning the QR code they will be able to have information on the use of products and their benefits. In addition, through the platform they will obtain information about what is happening in today's world regarding the environment. Finally, the conclusions of the project will be presented, as well as the recommendations for improvement so that the business idea can continue to be sustainable. / Trabajo de investigación

Le béton conventionnel (BC) a de nombreux problèmes tels que la corrosion de l’acier d'armature et les faibles résistances des constructions en béton. Par conséquent, la plupart des structures fabriquées avec du BC exigent une maintenance fréquent. Le béton fibré à ultra-hautes performances (BFUP) peut être conçu pour éliminer certaines des faiblesses caractéristiques du BC. Le BFUP est défini à travers le monde comme un béton ayant des propriétés mécaniques, de ductilité et de durabilité supérieures. Le BFUP classique comprend entre 800 kg/m³ et 1000 kg/m³ de ciment, de 25 à 35% massique (%m) de fumée de silice (FS), de 0 à 40%m de poudre de quartz (PQ) et 110-140%m de sable de quartz (SQ) (les pourcentages massiques sont basés sur la masse totale en ciment des mélanges). Le BFUP contient des fibres d'acier pour améliorer sa ductilité et sa résistance aux efforts de traction. Les quantités importantes de ciment utilisées pour produire un BFUP affectent non seulement les coûts de production et la consommation de ressources naturelles comme le calcaire, l'argile, le charbon et l'énergie électrique, mais affectent également négativement les dommages sur l'environnement en raison de la production substantielle de gaz à effet de serre dont le gas carbonique (CO[indice inférieur 2]). Par ailleurs, la distribution granulométrique du ciment présente des vides microscopiques qui peuvent être remplis avec des matières plus fines telles que la FS. Par contre, une grande quantité de FS est nécessaire pour combler ces vides uniquement avec de la FS (25 à 30%m du ciment) ce qui engendre des coûts élevés puisqu’il s’agit d’une ressource limitée. Aussi, la FS diminue de manière significative l’ouvrabilité des BFUP en raison de sa surface spécifique Blaine élevée. L’utilisation du PQ et du SQ est également coûteuse et consomme des ressources naturelles importantes. D’ailleurs, les PQ et SQ sont considérés comme des obstacles pour l’utilisation des BFUP à grande échelle dans le marché du béton, car ils ne parviennent pas à satisfaire les exigences environnementales. D’ailleurs, un rapport d'Environnement Canada stipule que le quartz provoque des dommages environnementaux immédiats et à long terme en raison de son effet biologique. Le BFUP est généralement vendu sur le marché comme un produit préemballé, ce qui limite les modifications de conception par l'utilisateur. Il est normalement transporté sur de longues distances, contrairement aux composantes des BC. Ceci contribue également à la génération de gaz à effet de serre et conduit à un coût plus élevé du produit final. Par conséquent, il existe le besoin de développer d’autres matériaux disponibles localement ayant des fonctions similaires pour remplacer partiellement ou totalement la fumée de silice, le sable de quartz ou la poudre de quartz, et donc de réduire la teneur en ciment dans BFUP, tout en ayant des propriétés comparables ou meilleures. De grandes quantités de déchets verre ne peuvent pas être recyclées en raison de leur fragilité, de leur couleur, ou des coûts élevés de recyclage. La plupart des déchets de verre vont dans les sites d'enfouissement, ce qui est indésirable puisqu’il s’agit d’un matériau non biodégradable et donc moins respectueux de l'environnement. Au cours des dernières années, des études ont été réalisées afin d’utiliser des déchets de verre comme ajout cimentaire alternatif (ACA) ou comme granulats ultrafins dans le béton, en fonction de la distribution granulométrique et de la composition chimique de ceux-ci. Cette thèse présente un nouveau type de béton écologique à base de déchets de verre à ultra-hautes performances (BEVUP) développé à l'Université de Sherbrooke. Les bétons ont été conçus à l’aide de déchets verre de particules de tailles variées et de l’optimisation granulaire de la des matrices granulaires et cimentaires. Les BEVUP peuvent être conçus avec une quantité réduite de ciment (400 à 800 kg/m³), de FS (50 à 220 kg/m³), de PQ (0 à 400 kg/m³), et de SQ (0-1200 kg/m³), tout en intégrant divers produits de déchets de verre: du sable de verre (SV) (0-1200 kg/m³) ayant un diamètre moyen (d[indice inférieur 50]) de 275 µm, une grande quantité de poudre de verre (PV) (200-700 kg/m³) ayant un d50 de 11 µm, une teneur modérée de poudre de verre fine (PVF) (50-200 kg/m³) avec d[indice inférieur] 50 de 3,8 µm. Le BEVUP contient également des fibres d'acier (pour augmenter la résistance à la traction et améliorer la ductilité), du superplastifiants (10-60 kg/m³) ainsi qu’un rapport eau-liant (E/L) aussi bas que celui de BFUP. Le remplacement du ciment et des particules de FS avec des particules de verre non-absorbantes et lisse améliore la rhéologie des BEVUP. De plus, l’utilisation de la PVF en remplacement de la FS réduit la surface spécifique totale nette d’un mélange de FS et de PVF. Puisque la surface spécifique nette des particules diminue, la quantité d’eau nécessaire pour lubrifier les surfaces des particules est moindre, ce qui permet d’obtenir un affaissement supérieur pour un même E/L. Aussi, l'utilisation de déchets de verre dans le béton abaisse la chaleur cumulative d'hydratation, ce qui contribue à minimiser le retrait de fissuration potentiel. En fonction de la composition des BEVUP et de la température de cure, ce type de béton peut atteindre des résistances à la compression allant de 130 à 230 MPa, des résistances à la flexion supérieures à 20 MPa, des résistances à la traction supérieure à 10 MPa et un module d'élasticité supérieur à 40 GPa. Les performances mécaniques de BEVUP sont améliorées grâce à la réactivité du verre amorphe, à l'optimisation granulométrique et la densification des mélanges. Les produits de déchets de verre dans les BEVUP ont un comportement pouzzolanique et réagissent avec la portlandite générée par l'hydratation du ciment. Cependant, ceci n’est pas le cas avec le sable de quartz ni la poudre de quartz dans le BFUP classique, qui réagissent à la température élevée de 400 °C. L'addition des déchets de verre améliore la densification de l'interface entre les particules. Les particules de déchets de verre ont une grande rigidité, ce qui augmente le module d'élasticité du béton. Le BEVUP a également une très bonne durabilité. Sa porosité capillaire est très faible, et le matériau est extrêmement résistant à la pénétration d’ions chlorure (≈ 8 coulombs). Sa résistance à l'abrasion (indice de pertes volumiques) est inférieure à 1,3. Le BEVUP ne subit pratiquement aucune détérioration aux cycles de gel-dégel, même après 1000 cycles. Après une évaluation des BEVUP en laboratoire, une mise à l'échelle a été réalisée avec un malaxeur de béton industriel et une validation en chantier avec de la construction de deux passerelles. Les propriétés mécaniques supérieures des BEVUP a permis de concevoir les passerelles avec des sections réduites d’environ de 60% par rapport aux sections faites de BC. Le BEVUP offre plusieurs avantages économiques et environnementaux. Il réduit le coût de production et l’empreinte carbone des structures construites de béton fibré à ultra-hautes performances (BFUP) classique, en utilisant des matériaux disponibles localement. Il réduit les émissions de CO[indice inférieur 2] associées à la production de clinkers de ciment (50% de remplacement du ciment) et utilise efficacement les ressources naturelles. De plus, la production de BEVUP permet de réduire les quantités de déchets de verre stockés ou mis en décharge qui causent des problèmes environnementaux et pourrait permettre de sauver des millions de dollars qui pourraient être dépensés dans le traitement de ces déchets. Enfin, il offre une solution alternative aux entreprises de construction dans la production de BFUP à moindre coût. / Abstract : Conventional concrete (CC) may cause numerous problems on concrete structures such as corrosion of steel reinforcement and weaknesses of concrete construction. As a result, most of structures made with CC require maintenance. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) can be designed to eliminate some of the characteristic weaknesses of CC. UHPC is defined worldwide as concrete with superior mechanical, ductility, and durability properties. Conventional UHPC includes between 800 and 1000 kg/m³ of cement particles, 25–35%wt of silica fume (SF), 0–40 wt% of quartz powder (QP), and 110–140 wt% quartz sand (QS) (the percentages are based on the total cement content of the mix by weight). UHPC contains steel fibers to improve its ductility and tension capacity. The huge amount of cement used to produce UHPC not only affects production costs and consumes natural resources, limestone, clay, coal, and electric power, but it also negatively impacts the environment through carbon dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) emissions, which can contribute to the greenhouse effect. Additionally, the particle-size distribution (PSD) of cement exhibits a gap at the micro scale that needs to be filled with more finer materials such as SF. Filling this gap solely with SF requires a high amount of SF (25% to 30% by cement weight) which is a limited resource and involves high cost. This significantly also decreases UHPC workability due to high Blaine surface area of SF. QS and QP use is also costly and consumes natural resources. As such, they are considered as impedances for wide use of UHPC in the concrete market and fail to satisfy sustainability requirements. Furthermore, based on an Environment Canada report, quartz causes immediate and long-term environmental harm because its biological effect makes it an environmental hazard. Furthermore, UHPC is generally sold on the market as a prepackaged product, which limits any design changes by the user. Moreover, it is normally transported over long distances, unlike CC components. This increases to the greenhouse-gas effect and leads to higher cost of the final product. Therefore, there is a vital need for other locally available materials with similar functions to partially or fully replace silica fume, quartz sand, or quartz powder, and thereby reduce the cement content in UHPC, while having comparable or better properties. In some countries, and Canada in particular, large quantities of glass cannot be recycled because of the high breaking potential, color mixing, or high recycling costs. Most waste glass goes into landfill sites, which is undesirable since it is not biodegradable and less environmentally friendly. In recent years, attempts have been made to use waste glass as an alternative supplementary cementitious material (ASCM) or ultra-fine aggregate in concrete, depending on its chemical composition and particle-size distribution (PSD). This thesis is based on a new type of ecological ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) developed at the Université de Sherbrooke. The concrete’s design involved using waste glass of varying particle-size distributions obtained from cullets and optimizing the packing density of the entire material matrix. UHPGC can be designed with a reduced amount of cement (400–800 kg/m³), silica fume (SF) (50–220 kg/m³), quartz powder (QP) (0–400 kg/m³), and quartz sand (QS) (0–1200 kg/m³), while incorporating various waste-glass products: glass sand (GS) (0–1200 kg/m³) with an average mean diameter (d[subscript 50]) of 275 μm, a high amount of glass powder (GP) (200–700 kg/m³) with average diameter (d[subscript 50]) of 11 μm, a moderate content of fine glass powder (FGP) (50–200 kg/m³) with d[subscript 50] of 3.8 μm. UHPGC also contains steel fibers (to increase tensile strength and improve ductility) and superplasticizer (10–60 kg/m³) as well as having a water-to-binder ratio (w/b) as low as that of UHPC. Replacing cement and silica-fume particles with non-absorptive and smooth glass particles improves UHPGC rheology. Furthermore, using FGP as a SF replacement reduces the net total surface area of a SF and FGP blend. This decreases the net particle surface area, it reduces the water needed to lubricate particle surfaces and increases the slump flow at the same w/b. Moreover, the use of waste glass material in concrete leads to lower cumulative heat of hydration, which helps minimize potential shrinkage cracking. Depending on UHPGC composition and curing temperature, this type of concrete yields compressive strength ranging from 130 up to 230 MPa, flexural strength above 20 MPa, tensile strength above 10 MPa, and elastic modulus above 40 GPa. The mechanical performance of UHPGC is enhanced by the reactivity of the amorphous waste glass and optimization of the packing density. The waste-glass products in UHPGC have pozzolanic behavior and react with the portlandite generated by cement hydration. This, however, is not the case with quartz sand and quartz powder in conventional UHPC, which react at high temperature of 400 °C. The waste-glass addition enhances clogging of the interface between particles. Waste-glass particles have high rigidity, which increases the concrete’s elastic modulus. UHPGC also has extremely good durability. Its capillary porosity is very low, and the material is extremely resistant to chloride-ion permeability (≈ 8 coulombs). Its abrasion resistance (volume loss index) is less than 1.3. UHPGC experiences virtually no freeze–thaw deterioration, even after 1000 freeze–thaw cycles. After laboratory assessment, the developed concrete was scaled up with a pilot plane and field validation with the construction of two footbridges as a case study. The higher mechanical properties allowed for the footbridges to be designed with about sections reduced by 60% compared to normal concrete. UHPGC offers several economic and environmental advantages. It reduces the production cost of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) by using locally available materials and delivers a smaller carbon footprint than conventional UHPC structures. It reduces the CO[subscript 2] emissions associated with the production of cement clinkers (50% replacement of cement) and efficiently uses natural resources. In addition, high amounts of waste glass cause environmental problems if stockpiled or sent to landfills. Moreover, the use of waste glass in UHPGC could save millions of dollars that would otherwise be spent for treatment and placing waste glass in landfills. Lastly, it provides an alternative solution to the construction companies in producing UHPC at lower cost.

El consumo per cápita de ají fresco en el Perú es de 4.75 Kg al año, según datos de la Asociación de Exportadores (ADEX) en el 2017, esto representa un incremento en comparación a años anteriores, el cual está relacionado con el boom de la gastronomía peruana que incentiva el uso de ajíes en pastas o salsas en los últimos años. Además, esta tendencia de crecimiento también se refuerza gracias a las actividades realizadas por MINAGRI, esta entidad pública promueve la producción y consumo interno del ají por medio de mecanismos que dan a conocer la diversidad, usos, beneficios del ají peruano y lo que representa en nuestra cultura gastronómica. Por otro lado, un estudio realizado por la consultora Arellano acerca de las tendencias de consumo saludable indica que los peruanos destacan la buena alimentación como parte de una vida saludable y que además, el 45% de los limeños se fija en el contenido nutricional de los productos. Otro dato asociado a esta tendencia es que el 54% de los hogares se considera saludable, de acuerdo a la consultora KWP, que además señala que los consumidores saludables son más conscientes y cuidadosos en elegir productos de consumo. Por ello, siguiendo las tendencias del mercado surge Salsa Jajay, una salsa picante compuesta por ají nativo peruano con pulpa de fruta, un producto natural. La propuesta de valor de Jayay es brindar una salsa de ají deliciosa y de picante perfecto para acompañar los platos especiales con el fin de otorgar mayor sabor a las comidas / una salsa elaborada con insumos exóticos como el ají charapita, oriundo de la selva peruana, y el maracuyá. Asimismo, el consumo del mismo contribuye a la buena alimentación, puesto que los insumos utilizados poseen propiedades nutricionales beneficiosas para la salud, sumado al hecho de ser un producto libre de preservantes y conservantes artificiales. En adición a ello, Salsa Jayay se presenta como un producto ecofriendly, debido a que su envase es de vidrio, material reciclable y reutilizable. El público objetivo de Salsa Jayay son personas que gusten de un picante de origen autóctono, preparado de manera natural, que estén dispuestos a probar un nuevo y único sabor y que también suelan realizar compras online. Respecto a los canales de ventas del producto, estos serán: redes sociales (este medio incluye servicio de delivery), ferias de alimentos naturales y tiendas especializadas.