This study analyzes data acquired in French Polynesia in the Pacific and The Bahamas (Atlantic), both oceans affected by recent, well documented and sequential disturbances. For the purposes of this study, a disturbance is defined as a perturbation of environmental, physical or biological conditions that causes a distinct change in the ecosystem. After several decades of coral bleaching events, biological change, and anthropogenic impacts, rapid assessments of the coral community were accomplished by collecting photo-transects across the reefs to extract size structure of the corals, percent live tissue cover and perform a faunal evaluation. Cluster analyses and spatial autocorrelation tests were done to examine the community structure and dynamics at both locations. All multivariate analyses pointed to a disturbed ecosystem and the lack of spatial correlation indicated the impact of a local disturbance over that of a regional event. In assessing the spatial coral community structure, different responses to large versus small scales of disturbance were found. This emphasizes the importance of tailoring management of coral reefs to specific impacts. These two distinct regions were shown to have correlated spatial response patterns to sequential disturbances, supporting the idea of community pattern signatures for different scales of disturbance and the need for an adjustment in management protocols.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and extent of high-severity disturbance, with potential to alter vegetation community composition and structure in environments sensitive to tipping points between alternative states. Shrub species display a range of characteristics that promote resistance and resilience to disturbance, and which yield differential post-disturbance outcomes. We investigated differences in shrub patch size and stem density in response to variations in fire severity, vegetation community, and post-disturbance reproductive strategies in Sky Island forested ecosystems in the southwestern United States. Patterns in shrub structure reflect the effects of fire severity as well as differences among species with alternate post-fire reproductive strategies. Increased fire severity correlates with larger patch sizes and greater stem densities; these patterns are observed across multiple fire events, indicating that disturbance legacies can persist for decades. High severity fire produces the largest shrub patches, and variance in shrub patch size increases with severity. High severity fire is likely to promote expansion of shrub species on the landscape, with implications for future community structure. Resprouting species have the greatest variability in patch structure, while seeding species show a strong response to disturbance: resprouting species dominateatlowdisturbanceseverities,andobligateseedersdominatehighseverityareas. Differential post-fire reproductive strategies are likely to generate distinct patterns of vegetation distribution following disturbance, with implications for community composition at various scales. Shrub species demonstrate flexible responses to wildfire disturbance severity that are reflected in shrub patch dynamics at small and intermediate scales.

A explosão demográfica dos últimos 50 anos evidenciou a necessidade de produzir alimentos em maiores quantidades, mais rapidamente e em áreas menores. Atividades da pecuária, da agricultura, e da aqüicultura, entre outras, têm se adequado aos novos modelos de demanda, em busca de sustentabilidade e rentabilidade que lhes permita garantir papel sócio-econômico, ético e de cidadania. Em muitos países, com maior ou menor sucesso - e nos últimos 30 anos no Brasil -, a atividade de cultivo de camarões, denominada carcinicultura, tem logrado importante desempenho econômico e social em zonas costeiras. Essa atividade, além de seu importante papel na geração de empregos e renda em diferentes níveis de trabalho, tem ocupado lugar de proeminência no saldo da balança comercial e contribuído significativamente com a crescente demanda do mercado internacional e conseqüente geração de divisas para o Brasil - com alto destaque para estados nordestinos mais carentes, como o Rio Grande do Norte. Outra importante faceta da camaranocultura é praticamente inviabilizar a pesca predatória que poderia levar as espécies nativas à extinção. Em contraponto, muitas fazendas de cultivo, contrariando a legislação estão localizadas em manguezais e poderão provocar desequilíbrios ecológicos e comprometer esses ricos ecossistemas. Ademais, como todas as atividades humanas, a carcinicultura produz resíduos em quantidades consideráveis e com qualidade que pode causar problemas de saneamento do meio e, por conseqüência, comprometer seriamente a sustentabilidade do ambiente e da atividade. Este trabalho acadêmico teve como proposta reunir informações, selecioná-las, tecer comentários e, ainda fornecer argumentos como subsídios para a produção de manual de carcinicultura que atenda os produtores, responda às suas questões e indique caminhos para a manutenção do seu negócio, o que somente será viabilizado com a proteção ambiental e saneamento do meio. / Last fifty years demographic boom made clear the needs for producing higher amounts of food, faster and on smaller areas. Cattle, agriculture and aquaculture, among others, have been adapted to new demand models, in search of sustainability and profitability, allowing them to have social, economic and ethic matters. On many countries, sucessfully or not so - and during the last 30 years on Brazil -, the shrimp culture, known as shrimp farm, has gained social and economic importance on coastal areas. This activity, beyond its capability of generating jobs and profit on different levels, has taken a very valuable position on the balance of trade surplus and it has significantly contributed with the international market growing demand, generating, consequently, profits for Brazil - mainly on the poorer northeastern states, such as Rio Grande do Norte. Another important issue of shrimp culture is that it makes the predatory shrimp fishing impracticable, what could lead native species into extinction. On opposition to that, many shrimp farms are located, against the current legislation, on fens and might produce ecological disequilibrium, compromising these rich ecosystems. Furthermore, as every human activity, shrimp farms produce considerably high amounts of rejects, with such a quality that can cause sanitation problems, and, consequently, severely compromise the environment and the activity sustainability. This paper\'s proposal is to gather information, select them, issue commentaries and, yet, provide arguments as subsidies for a shrimp farm manual that might help producers, answer to their questions, and indicates ways for maintaining their business, what can only be reached under a environmental and sanitation protection.

The main objective of this study was to examine the abundance and diversity of ants in suburban sites following vegetation removal or modification for development. This research examines the capacity of suburban sites to support ant diversity, which is dependent on the site characteristics and their surrounding environment. The study focused on 29 suburban garden and 3 suburban reserve sites on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. This region, through continuing land development, undergoes ongoing habitat disturbance and modification. Ground-dwelling ants were collected by pitfall trapping in study sites over three summers between 1997 and 1999. In total, 28,512 ants from 60 species in 31 genera were collected. Garden sites that maintain vegetation structural diversity were found to be most similar to reserve sites in terms of ant community composition. These sites were highest in ant richness and diversity and contained particularly high proportions of specialized ant species. Sites in close proximity to remnants of native vegetation contained higher species diversity and a greater proportion of specialized ant species. The introduced tramp ant, Pheidole megacephala was found in 28 of the 32 sites and was found to significantly reduce ant species richness and diversity and displace the dominant ant Iridomyrmex sp. 1 in suburban environments. This ant poses a serious threat to the recovery of a diverse ant fauna to suburban environments. Ant community composition was shown to vary significantly among suburban sites. The ant functional groups commonly found in disturbed sites were abundant in open sites with little canopy cover in this study. Sites that provided vegetation structural diversity and areas of closed canopy supported similar functional groups to natural vegetation remnants. These results indicate that ant communities in suburban environments respond to disturbance in a similar manner to ant communities in tropical forests and rainforests. The dominance by functional groups and presence of specialized species may therefore be used as an indicator of disturbance and the restoration of suitable habitat in suburban sites. The presence of specialized species of ants in suburban garden sites and their clear preference for particular site characteristics indicate that these species utilize resources available in the suburban matrix. These results indicate that residential suburban sites are of value in the enhancement of ant diversity in fragmented landscapes and that they may provide supportive habitat to, and act as corridors between, vegetation fragments. In order to preserve biodiversity within suburban environments, landowners should be advised to retain as much existing vegetation within a site as possible. Clearing should be limited to that necessary to allow construction of dwellings and for safety. In addition, landowners should be encouraged to establish or maintain structurally diverse vegetation layers within sites in order to provide diverse microenvironments for fauna habitat.

A explosão demográfica dos últimos 50 anos evidenciou a necessidade de produzir alimentos em maiores quantidades, mais rapidamente e em áreas menores. Atividades da pecuária, da agricultura, e da aqüicultura, entre outras, têm se adequado aos novos modelos de demanda, em busca de sustentabilidade e rentabilidade que lhes permita garantir papel sócio-econômico, ético e de cidadania. Em muitos países, com maior ou menor sucesso - e nos últimos 30 anos no Brasil -, a atividade de cultivo de camarões, denominada carcinicultura, tem logrado importante desempenho econômico e social em zonas costeiras. Essa atividade, além de seu importante papel na geração de empregos e renda em diferentes níveis de trabalho, tem ocupado lugar de proeminência no saldo da balança comercial e contribuído significativamente com a crescente demanda do mercado internacional e conseqüente geração de divisas para o Brasil - com alto destaque para estados nordestinos mais carentes, como o Rio Grande do Norte. Outra importante faceta da camaranocultura é praticamente inviabilizar a pesca predatória que poderia levar as espécies nativas à extinção. Em contraponto, muitas fazendas de cultivo, contrariando a legislação estão localizadas em manguezais e poderão provocar desequilíbrios ecológicos e comprometer esses ricos ecossistemas. Ademais, como todas as atividades humanas, a carcinicultura produz resíduos em quantidades consideráveis e com qualidade que pode causar problemas de saneamento do meio e, por conseqüência, comprometer seriamente a sustentabilidade do ambiente e da atividade. Este trabalho acadêmico teve como proposta reunir informações, selecioná-las, tecer comentários e, ainda fornecer argumentos como subsídios para a produção de manual de carcinicultura que atenda os produtores, responda às suas questões e indique caminhos para a manutenção do seu negócio, o que somente será viabilizado com a proteção ambiental e saneamento do meio. / Last fifty years demographic boom made clear the needs for producing higher amounts of food, faster and on smaller areas. Cattle, agriculture and aquaculture, among others, have been adapted to new demand models, in search of sustainability and profitability, allowing them to have social, economic and ethic matters. On many countries, sucessfully or not so - and during the last 30 years on Brazil -, the shrimp culture, known as shrimp farm, has gained social and economic importance on coastal areas. This activity, beyond its capability of generating jobs and profit on different levels, has taken a very valuable position on the balance of trade surplus and it has significantly contributed with the international market growing demand, generating, consequently, profits for Brazil - mainly on the poorer northeastern states, such as Rio Grande do Norte. Another important issue of shrimp culture is that it makes the predatory shrimp fishing impracticable, what could lead native species into extinction. On opposition to that, many shrimp farms are located, against the current legislation, on fens and might produce ecological disequilibrium, compromising these rich ecosystems. Furthermore, as every human activity, shrimp farms produce considerably high amounts of rejects, with such a quality that can cause sanitation problems, and, consequently, severely compromise the environment and the activity sustainability. This paper\'s proposal is to gather information, select them, issue commentaries and, yet, provide arguments as subsidies for a shrimp farm manual that might help producers, answer to their questions, and indicates ways for maintaining their business, what can only be reached under a environmental and sanitation protection.

Cyclic and extreme ecological disturbances have the capacity to alter resources and thereby animal populations. Interactions between disturbance and resource availability can influence predator-prey interactions. Predator-prey responses to ecological disturbance may be more pronounced in herbivores and their predators as herbivores track food resources that are often augmented by ecological disturbance. My objective with this dissertation was to examine how various forms of ecological disturbance influence predator-prey interactions through the lens of a case study – white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) in southwestern Florida public and conservation lands. I quantified species-specific behavior of deer to an extreme disturbance event (i.e., Hurricane Irma), examined behavior of females with different fate outcomes to varied ecological disturbances and predation, investigated how ecological disturbance mediates the influence of human disturbance on predator-prey interactions, and quantified deer spatial ecology in response to fire, hydrology, panther and human activity. I found that deer behaviorally mediated the negative fitness impacts of Hurricane Irma. Further, I found that female deer with different fate outcomes selected areas of different ecological disturbance and the ecological disturbance type conferred different fitness costs (through differences in predation risk). Finally, I found that South Florida deer utilize diurnal times when humans are the most active to temporally reduce predation risk as panthers were more nocturnal in response to humans. My work here suggests that ecological disturbance regimes have the capacity to influence predator-prey interactions through nuanced mechanisms. Outcomes of these nuanced species-specific and predator-prey responses should be examined further. More practically, if disturbance influences aspects of animal fitness, a deeper understanding of species-specific and predator-prey responses to disturbance will improve management and conservation efforts as some regimes can be manipulated (e.g., prescribed fire). More broadly, consideration of ecological disturbance when examining predator-prey interactions may yield novel insight that deviates from predictions based on inference suggested in systems without disturbance. Highlighting nuanced predator-prey interactions mediated by ecological disturbances will improve predictions regarding species and community responses to global changes such as climate change and ecological restoration. / Doctor of Philosophy / Events that cause temporary changes to ecosystem structure and function (ecological disturbances) have the capacity to influence resources (i.e., food and shelter) for wild animals. Changes in resources as a function of ecological disturbance has the capacity to influence prey and predator species interactions. Predator-prey responses to ecological disturbance may be more pronounced in plant-eating animals (herbivores) and their predators as herbivores utilize food resources that are often altered by ecological disturbance. My objective with this dissertation was to examine how various forms of ecological disturbance influence interactions between predators and prey by using the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) in southwestern Florida wildlands as a case study. I quantified species-specific behavior of deer to an extreme climate event (i.e., Hurricane Irma). Next, I quantified and compared behavioral differences in responses to ecological disturbance (flooding and fire) and panther predation risk between female deer that survived and those killed by panthers during the offspring rearing season. I also investigated how ecological disturbance and human use of wildlands influenced predator-prey interactions. Finally, I characterized deer behavior in response to fire, hydrology, and panther and human activity. I found that deer changed their behavior during Hurricane Irma, presumably to offset the negative impacts of the storm as all our monitored deer survived the event. Further, I found that different ecological conditions generated by fire and flooding, respectively, influenced female behavior during the offspring rearing season in response to predation risk, and those behavioral differences may explain differences in mortality outcomes. Finally, I found that South Florida deer utilize daylight hours when humans are the most active to minimize encounters with predators as panthers were shown to be more active at night in areas with greater human use. My findings suggest that ecological disturbances have the capacity to influence predator-prey interactions in novel ways not suggested elsewhere. Outcomes of novel predator and prey interactions in response to ecological disturbance should be investigated further. More practically, if disturbance influences aspects of animal livelihood, a deeper understanding of species-specific and predator-prey responses to disturbance will improve management and conservation efforts as some disturbances can be manipulated (e.g., prescribed fire). More broadly, consideration of ecological disturbance when examining predator-prey interactions may yield novel insight that deviates from predictions based on inference suggested in systems without disturbance. Highlighting novel predator-prey interactions that is changed as a result of ecological disturbances will improve predictions regarding species and community responses to global changes through climate change and ecological restoration.