The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.

The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_rr_dr_rcla.pdf: 9964110 bytes, checksum: f65d067cdcd2e35253f28bf3bd83424b (MD5) / Apresenta-se a problemática do assunto Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), a polêmica em torno dele e suas atribuições como instrumentos político e técnico para ordenamento territorial. A hipótese do trabalho foi definida com base na situaçãoproblema ZEE Tocantins, discutindo-se os procedimentos metodológicos e métodos usados. Assumiu-se que o mapeamento e o zoneamento geotécnico tenham uma importante aplicação no ZEE, sobretudo pela forma com que as unidades são caracterizadas, quer seja diretamente ou indiretamente. Demonstrou-se que o mapeamento geotécnico, embasado em unidades de compartimentação do meio físico classificadas por atributos inerentes ao ZEE, permite melhorar a percepção acerca dos usos potenciais da terra, pretendidos em um projeto de ZEE, principalmente pela possibilidade de elaboração de cartas específicas ou de síntese. Trabalhou-se criteriosamente na descrição dos processos de: (i) montagem e organização de uma base de dados geográficos para facilitar e permitir o desenvolvimento das atividades que se apóiam tecnologicamente em SIG e sistema de processamento digital de imagens de sensores remotos; (ii) aplicação do método Seplan-TO usado no ZEE Norte do Estado do Tocantins para a geração do plano de zoneamento ambiental, com ênfase na compartimentação ambiental (unidade territorial básica - UTB); (iii) aplicação do mapeamento geotécnico com base no Método Vedovello para a geração de um plano de zoneamento geoambiental, com ênfase na compartimentação ambiental (unidade básica de compartimentação - UBC) e inclusão de fatores bióticos; e (iv) comparação e avaliação dos resultados obtidos pela aplicação dos diferentes métodos com o intuito de indicar aquele que deve ser usado para estudos de ZEE no Tocantins. Os focos da avaliação foram a compartimentação do meio físico e a execução do ZEE em termos... / The problematics of the subject Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) is presented, as well as the controversy about it and its role as a political and technical instrument for a territorial ordenation. The hypothesis was defined based on the EEZ Tocantins problem-situation, discussing the methodological procedures and methods used. It was assumed that geotechnical mapping and zoning have an important application in the EEZ, particularly by the way the units are characterized, whether directly or indirectly. It was demonstrated that a geotechnical mapping based on compartmentalization units of the physical medium and classified by attributes inherent to the EEZ permits to improve the perception about the potential uses of land as intended in a EEZ project, particularly due to the possibility of preparing specific or synthetic charts. A judicious work was performed in the description of the processes of: (i) assembly and organization of a geographic data bank in order to facilitate and permit the development of the activities technologically supported by SIG and a digital image-processing system with remote sensors; (ii) application of the Seplan-TO method used at EEZ Northern of the State of Tocantins for generating the environmental zoning plan, emphasizing the environmental compartmentalization (basic territorial unit - BTU); (iii) application of the geotechnical mapping based on Vedovello Method for generating a geoenvironmental zoning plan emphasizing the environmental compartmentalization (basic compartmentalization unit - BCU) and inclusion of biotic factors; and (iv) comparison and assessment of the results obtained by the application of the different methods, with the intent of indicating that one that should be used for EEZ studies at Tocantins. The assessment was focused on the compartmentalization of the physical medium and the execution of the EEZ in terms of repeatability ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 114528.pdf: 7346209 bytes, checksum: 0031f9796616359d141e08f162c2d609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at identifying and analyzing the impact of the state s coastal ecologicaleconomic zoning at a local level planning. Consequently, this study turns to the coastal ecological-economic zoning, which is specified by federal and state laws. The theoretical frameworks of the present study are the guiding concepts of planning, management, public policy, representation, coastal management, coastal areas and zoning. This research investigates the present situation of Coastal Management Plans in Brazilian states. It is important to stress that the data collection involved documentary sources (reports, Development Plans) as well as questionnaires applied to state authorities responsible for the elaboration of Development Plans. Thus, this study not only presents up-to-date information about the situation of the Brazilian Coastal Management, but it also contributes to regional land-use planning regarding local planning action, making its application and compatibility to City Development Plans possible. / Este projeto objetiva identificar e analisar a contribuição do Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro Estadual na esfera local de planejamento. O estudo volta-se, desta forma, ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro, um dos instrumentos que é especificado por Lei Federal e Estadual de gerenciamento costeiro. Para o presente trabalho utilizaram-se como referencial teórico os conceitos norteadores de planejamento, gestão, política pública, participação, gerenciamento costeiro, zona costeira e zoneamento. A pesquisa investiga a situação dos Planos de Gerenciamento Costeiro Estaduais no Brasil. A partir desta investigação, identificaram-se no Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro do Estado de Pernambuco as ações de planejamento, sendo comparadas com as diretrizes e objetivos do Plano Diretor Municipal de Paulista. Destaca-se que as informações necessárias para a elaboração do estudo foram obtidas por meio de fontes documentais (relatórios, planos) e por meio de questionários com os gestores estaduais responsáveis pela elaboração dos Planos. Sendo assim, este estudo permite, além de apresentar dados atualizados da situação do Gerenciamento Costeiro Brasileiro, subsidiar o planejamento territorial regional, no que se refere às ações de planejamento local, possibilitando sua aplicação e compatibilização com os Planos Diretores Municipais frente às experiências empíricas já realizadas.

The loss of utilisable rangeland in semi-arid areas results in huge economic and social costs worldwide. Only adaptive management strategies are able to cope with these systems, which are largely driven by unpredictable and stochastic rainfall. Additionally they are characterized by strong feedback mechanisms between economic and ecological factors. This study aims to contribute to the identification of basic principles for sustainable grazing management. The approach emphasizes learning from existing management systems through the use of ecological-economic modelling. Two apparently successful management systems in Namibia are used as a starting point for a broader analysis: the Gamis Karakul sheep farm and the land use system of the semi-nomadic Ova-Himba. Although the economic systems differ strongly, their management seems to have similarities: the importance of pasture resting and of adapting livestock numbers to available forage. This PhD thesis contributes substantial insights about the relevance and functioning of pasture resting for sustainable grazing management in semi-arid regions. Assessment of the two case studies leads to the hypothesis that resting in the rainy season, particularly during wet years, is fundamental for ensuring pasture productivity under low regeneration potential of the vegetation. The thesis highlights that resting during wet years acts as a risk reducing strategy. Additionally, the study reveals that access to economic risk management strategies, such as rain-index-insurance, may change farmer´s behaviour towards less conservative strategies. The used approach - learning from existing apparently successful grazing strategies by ecological-economic modelling - offers a powerful tool for tackling new questions related to global change. The scope and the limits for generalizing the key factors discovered for sustainable grazing management can be easily detected under changing ecological, climatic and economic conditions.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guadalupe Maria Jungers Abib de Almeida.pdf: 2532093 bytes, checksum: 07ffe0330ff40ca62d9318dbd86fad3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of the City have improved the development and urban expansion policies establishment, but only the issue of the Federal Law No. 12.608, of April 10, 2012, introduced standards directly related to the process of urban expansion and the role of municipalities in the respective legal regulation. The current legal landscape has important consequences in the Brazilian municipalities located in the coastal zone. In the last decades these regions, especially the northern coast of São Paulo State, have subjected to land use conflicts and economic pressures that led to a chaotic urbanization. Indeed, the region still facing geographical, environmental and legal barriers when considering the processes of urban expansion planning, as it comprises areas especially protected by federal and state legislation (the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, State Park Serra do Mar and the Atlantic Forest Law), as well as it undergoes the Coastal Ecological Economic Zoning, established by the Union and by Member State. The present work was conduced by employing an integrated approach which considers the legal standards related to coastal zone, derived from the legislative powers exerted by the different instances and their reflexes in the municipalities competences for the regulation of legal policy towards urban expansion, also linked with data and correlated aspects of the North Coast of São Paulo State. By adopting the referred method, we approached the following aspects: a) From the analysis of the possible conflicts arising from the application of regulatory rules issued by the Union and the Member State, overlapping or opposing the municipal master plan, we proposed some measures to ensure legal federal cooperation and minimize these potential incompatibilities; b) by analyzing the standards and guidelines of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and of the City Statute, in particular the legal rules introduced by Federal Law No. 12.608/2012, we exposed the minimum content required by municipal urban expansion policies, as well as outlined the role of the master plan and traced the outlines of the legislative competence for the municipalities / A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Cidade avançaram na disciplina da política de desenvolvimento e expansão urbana, mas apenas com a edição da recente Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10 de abril de 2012, foram introduzidas normas diretamente associadas ao processo de expansão urbana e ao papel dos Municípios na respectiva regulação jurídica. Este atual panorama jurídico tem reflexos importantes nos Municípios abrangidos pela zona costeira brasileira. Nas últimas décadas estes territórios, especialmente o Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, têm sido submetidos a conflitos de uso e a pressões econômicas que geraram uma urbanização desordenada. A análise da realidade aponta que esta região encontra entraves de natureza geográfica, ambiental e jurídica para a delimitação de áreas de expansão urbana, pois nela se localizam espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos pela legislação federal e estadual (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e Lei da Mata Atlântica) e, ainda, submete-se ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro estabelecido pela União e pelo Estado-Membro. A análise empreendida propõe a abordagem integrada das normas jurídicas de ordenamento territorial incidentes na zona costeira, advindas das competências legislativas exercidas pelos três entes federativos e seus reflexos na competência dos Municípios para a regulação jurídica da política de expansão urbana, sempre relacionando os aspectos e dados da realidade do Litoral Norte paulista. Adotado o método analítico e propositivo, enfrentamos as seguintes questões: a) A partir da análise dos possíveis conflitos normativos decorrentes da aplicação das normas editadas pela União e Estado-Membro, sobrepostas ou contrapostas ao plano diretor municipal, propusemos alguns caminhos que assegurem a cooperação federativa e minimizem estes potenciais desajustes; b) E partindo da análise da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas e diretrizes do Estatuto da Cidade, em especial as regras legais introduzidas pela Lei Federal nº 12.608/2012, expusemos os conteúdos mínimos necessários para a disciplina da política municipal de expansão urbana, delineamos o papel do plano diretor e traçamos os contornos da Competência legislativa dos Municípios