Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_PERICLES CARVALHO DINIZ.pdf: 2196773 bytes, checksum: 378a301e8b6471cd0a8614d6a8f8e3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / The aim of this study is to show the nature of the Petrobrás investment proposed to Maranhão, present prospects and qualify socioeconomic impacts that have formed since 2010, from the project of installing an oil refinery in the city of Bacabeira, located north of the State. The Premium I refinery project has been contained in the strategic planning of the Company since 2009, included in the Business Plan 2009-2012 and replicated in subsequent plans. The investment characteristics signaled for another national economic enclave in the mining industry / oil refining, as has occurred in other locations where such investments have settled and produced in local negative externalities outweigh the benefits, materialized in socio-economic impacts, including environmental. The technical and political discourse of presentation of the project laimed a regional development opportunity with great benefits to the local, as more than twenty-five thousand jobs would be produced. Enclave investments are main feature little integration with the location environment without backward linkages, and their social relations of production are enclosed in the project, because they require reduced manpower, high expertise not normally found in small municipalities of that State. In addition, its production is directed out, with a vocation for export. All this makes immanence of economic enclave a strategic tool of the capitalist system accumulation structure, with strong appeal to the concentration. The contradiction of evelopment based on investments occurs when the production of wealth does not generate income for the local or occurs disproportionately in such a way that stand out negative externalities, which aggravates underdevelopment environment in which the enclave is installed. The Premium refinery project I promised the municipality of Bacabeira never matured in the planning of Petrobrás investor, but has caused various socio-economic impacts in the locality.. / O objetivo desse trabalho é evidenciar a natureza do investimento da Petrobrás proposto para o Maranhão, apresentar perspectivas e qualificar impactos socioeconômicos que se formaram desde 2010, a partir do projeto de instalação de uma refinaria de petróleo no município de Bacabeira, situado ao norte do Estado. O projeto da refinaria Premium I constava no planejamento estratégico da Petrobrás desde o ano de 2009, incluído no Plano de Negócios 2009-2012 e replicado nos planos subsequentes. As características do investimento sinalizavam para mais um enclave econômico nacional do setor de mineração/refino de petróleo, tal como já ocorrera em outras localidades nas quais investimentos dessa natureza se instalaram e produziram nos locais externalidades negativas superiores aos benefícios, materializadas em impactos socioeconômicos, inclusive ambientais. O discurso técnico-político de apresentação do projeto afirmava uma oportunidade de desenvolvimento regional, com grandes vantagens para o local, pois seriam produzidos mais de vinte e cinco mil empregos. Investimentos enclavistas têm como característica principal pouca integração com o ambiente de localização, sem encadeamentos para trás, e suas relações sociais de produção são enclausuradas no empreendimento, porque exigem mão de obra reduzida, de alta especialização, normalmente não encontrada em municípios de pequeno porte maranhenses. Além disso, sua produção tem direção para fora, com vocação para a exportação. Toda essa imanência faz do enclave econômico um instrumento estratégico da estrutura de acumulação do sistema capitalista, com forte apelo para a concentração. A contradição do desenvolvimento via investimentos ocorre quando a produção de riqueza não gera renda para o local ou ocorre de forma desproporcional, de tal forma que se sobressaem externalidades negativas, o que agrava o ambiente de subdesenvolvimento no qual o enclave se instala. O projeto da refinaria Premium I, prometida ao município de Bacabeira, nunca amadureceu no planejamento da investidora Petrobrás, mas causou vários impactos socioeconômicos na localidade.

Les îles indépendantes de la Caraïbe et l’île Maurice dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien se sont lancées dans le développement pour réduire les risques liés à l’économie de plantation. Notre interrogation porte sur l’industrialisation. Quelles grandes politiques ont été mises en œuvre pour l’industrialisation ? Quels types d’industries trouvons-nous ? Dans quelles conditions peuvent-elles s’implanter ? Quels sont les impacts sur le développement socio-spatial ? La réflexion porte sur l’industrialisation : d’abord de substitution aux importations puis extravertie. Dans le cadre de cette dernière politique se sont développées les zones franches industrielles d’exportation. Ce qui explique l’analyse sur le concept de zone franche et les conditions de leur émergence dans un environnement économique protégé (1ère partie). L’étude comparée de l’île Maurice et de la République dominicaine met en exergue les dynamiques spatiales des zones franches, dynamiques largement dépendantes des possibilités d’implantation des unités d’assemblage. L’arrivée des industries délocalisées a un impact sur les organisations sociales, économiques et spatiales. De nouvelles classes sociales ont vu le jour. La zone franche mauricienne est devenue un district industriel tandis que les zones franches dominicaines – des enclaves économiques – ont des dynamismes fondamentalement différents. La multiplication des unités d’assemblage sur le territoire mauricien et des enclaves en République dominicaine aboutit à des modèles de l’expansion spatiale de l’espace industriel dont le moteur est la synergie générée par le système des acteurs (2ème partie). Le démantèlement des accords commerciaux sur le textile et l’habillement – principaux secteurs opérant dans ces zones – amène de nouvelles réponses locales comme la prise en compte du rôle des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises dans le développement territorial. L’impact des zones franches dans les sociétés conduit à l’étude de la culture ouvrière. Qu’en est-il de la culture ouvrière ? Enfin, rendre moins vulnérable un système économique spécialisé passe par la promotion des trois piliers du développement durable et la diversification des activités (3ème partie). / Caribbean Islands and mauritius, in southwest of indian Ocean, dashed into the development in order to reduce risks connected to economy of plantation. Interrogation concerns industrialization. What policies were implemented for industrialization? What types of industries do we find? What are the conditions of establishement? What are the impacts on the socio-spacial development? Reflexion concerns industrialization: first of replacement in the imports then the extroversion. Industrial free zones of export developped within the framework of this last policy. We analyses concept of free zone and the conditionsof their emergence in a economic protected environment (first part.). The compared study to Mauritius to Domican Republic highlights the spatial dynamic of the free zones, widely dependent on possibilities of setting-up. Arrival of the relocated industries has an impact on the social, economic and spatial organizations. New social classes wre born. Mauritian free zone became an industrial district whereas free zones dominican - economic enclave - have different dynamisms. Reproduction of units assembly ends in models of spatial expansion of industrial space which synergy generated by the actor's system (second part.). The dismantling of textile and clothing trade agreement needs new local answers about small and medium-sized entreprises in the territorial development. Impact of free zones in societies leads to study labor culture. What is labor culture? Finally, promote sustainable development and diversification of activities are possibilities to reduce vulnerability of a specialized economic system (third part.).