A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations Johannesburg, 2014 / This study set out to interrogate the impact of the U.S. - S.A. trade relationship on Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS). A qualitative method of study was chosen and the literature review method was used. South Africa’s foreign policy making was analysed and it was found that in 1994, the country, sought international standing and economic growth. As such, it chose foreign policy that met the stringent criteria of Brenton Woods institutions and liberalised markets, privatised and had a stringent tax regime. The country also carved out a niche as an agent for peace on the African continent and a champion of the global South. South Africa’s post-democratic relationship with the United States was analysed and found to have been negatively impacted by the hangover of Cold War politics and the U.S.’s relationship with the apartheid government. The new government also considered Russia and other American enemies like Cuba, Iran and Lybia allies. The South African government never fully trusted the U.S.’s intentions and was wary of agreeing too often with the country for fear of being called a puppet of the U.S. However, the two countries managed to find common ground and continue to trade with each other successfully. The relationship between BLNS and S.A. in SACU was found to be unequal with BLNS still economically and geographically dependent on S.A. This is in spite numerous changes meant to bring about equality in SACU. The study concluded that there was no real impact on BLNS as a result of the relationship between U.S. and S.A.BLNS suffered a negative impact when the European Union and S.A. signed an agreement but they ensured they were not victims of the U.S. – S.A. trade relationship.

A Master’s degree Dissertation presented in partial Fulfilment for the Award of Master of Management in Public Policy at University of Witwatersrand, Wits School of Governance (WSG), 2016 / As a result of the dependency created during the colonial period and later through preferential trade initiatives, Europe has been and continues to be Kenya’s major trading partner. The current trade relationship between Kenya and Europe was recently formalised after the signing of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), a reciprocal and comprehensive free trade agreement that is legal under Article XXIV of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). The agreement has caused great debate on whether it is truly beneficial to Kenya in light of the asymmetrical levels of development, with many questioning what role the agreement will play towards sustainable growth and development and specifically in the horticultural sub-sector. Sharing the pitfalls of both the Lomé Convention and Cotonou Agreement that failed to deliver the expected development there is reason to believe that few gains will be made by signing the EPAs as they are today. The horticultural sub-sector is a major provider of employment, especially in the rural areas, and is the second largest foreign exchange earner for Kenya. Facing increasing domestic and international demand, coupled with continued and enhanced market access to Europe, participation in the highly profitable sub-sector has the potential of transforming rural agriculture by presenting an opportunity for small-scale farmers to increase their income and reduce poverty. As a non-Least Developed Country (LDC) country, the loss of trade preference for Kenya could severely undermine export competitiveness and damage the horticultural sub-sector which is heavily dependent on exports to the European Union (EU). The main objectives of the Kenyan government for signing the EPAs include sustaining the current market preferences, avoiding macroeconomic instability and the disruption of economic activities in the agricultural sector. The study found that, given Kenya’s substantial dependency on the horticultural sub-sector and the limited trade schemes options available to engage in trade with the EU, the government had no option but to sign the EPAs. The failure to diversify the economy, inadequate public institutions, insufficient human and financial capacity, declining public investments in agriculture and limited intra-African trade and the failure to seek other market destinations are some of the reasons why the government entered into the agreement. The Kenyan government needs to aggressively increase investments in the agricultural sector in order to enable transformation and promote diversification through value addition. Manufacturing should be prioritised as this will enable the economy to become less exposed to commodity price fluctuations. The government should seek to develop and increase intraAfrica trade as well as explore other market options in Asia, North America and South America in efforts to lessen Kenya’s dependency on Europe. Further, Kenya and other African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries should, instead of signing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) such as an EPA, collectively call for an improved EU General Scheme of Preference (GSP) tailored for both LDC and non-LDC countries that would provide real cooperation and development. / XL2018

The diasporic movement of Chinese people to South Africa, through time and space, unfolds the current discourse of cultural identity within the multicultural flows of our society. Diluting the Chinese culture into a hybrid of Chinese and South African identity, results in a disconnection to their homeland and their loss of “Chineseness.” However, the global realities of diaspora in the 21st century render this condition inevitable and so, consequently, this thesis aims to celebrate the Chinese culture as well as the fusion of Chinese culture, through the creation of culturally integrative spaces. Sited at Ferreirasdorp in Johannesburg’s city centre, this project involves the design of a Chinese Cultural Institute in conjunction with retail and informal trade. The broad intention is to provide a catalyst for the revival of the earliest Chinatown within this historical corner of the city. Chinese migratory movement to South Africa occurred at different times, for different reasons and from a number of places in China, and this variation has resulted in the dispersal of these migrants throughout Johannesburg. The earliest Chinatown is one of these dispersed spaces. In addition to this larger scale diaspora, there are subcultural conflicts that exist between these Chinese communities that have further increased their dispersal. However, in this present-day atmosphere of celebrating cultural difference in Johannesburg and in light of the business relationship formed between China and Africa, there is a need to bring these diverse yet segregated Chinese communities together. The principal research question is: Can architecture become a translator that can facilitate communication across cultures and subcultures?” The building therefore consists of flexible spaces that can easily adapt and transform to suit the users’ needs. This includes meeting spaces, whether it be a formal office space or under tree in the courtyard, so that Chinese businessmen can communicate with businessmen from local industries. The project also provides a variety of cultural activities. This includes Chinese cooking classes for anyone interested in learning about the richly diverse cuisines across China. Pan-Asian activities such as Karaoke Bars and Thai Massages are also provided in order to acknowledge the existing variety of Asian cultures in the city, and to accommodate for a larger scope of users. This thesis therefore explores how spaces can facilitate interaction between these cultures as well as distinguish and celebrate the various Chinese subcultures that exist in metropolitan Johannesburg. In accomplishing the goals of this design, the building becomes a place of exchange. Through connections of movement and visibility, it allows new spatial and social opportunities to develop in order to create a variety of identities in our contemporary African city. The building encourages the Chinese communities to claim it as their own while simultaneously providing accessibility to a variety of other users who can experience cultures reverberating off each other, through a mixture of activities, from moment to moment.

Orientador: Marcos Cordeiro Pires / Banca: Luis Antonio Paulino / Banca: Mauri da Silva / Banca: Marcos Fábio Martins de Oliveira / Banca: Hermes Moreira Júnior / Resumo: Os processos de integração regional têm ao mesmo tempo características do liberalismo e do protecionismo. Buscam a liberalização das transações entre os países membros e estabelecem barreiras de entrada aos demais, objetivando a proteção e ampliação das atividades econômicas existentes em seus territórios. A regionalização, dessa forma, deve ser acompanhada de instituições e normas que reduzam a insegurança jurídica para que os investimentos possam ser realizados, devendo-se evitar medidas que possam atravancar o processo de integração. No caso do MERCOSUL, que se propõe a ser um instrumento de reposicionamento dos países no cenário internacional e mecanismo de desenvolvimento por meio da ampliação dos mercados e modernização das economias, nota-se que ainda existem diversas medidas adotadas pelos governos de seus países membros que restringem a livre circulação de bens e serviços entre seus territórios, fazendo com que o projeto de integração seja "bloqueado" em diversos momentos. O propósito desta pesquisa é verificar, durante os governos de Lula no Brasil e Néstor Kirchner na Argentina, dois Presidentes que defenderam a integração sul-americana, como as medidas protecionistas adotadas dentro do bloco têm impedido a plena realização do projeto de integração do MERCOSUL, ao mesmo tempo em que abrem espaço para a concorrência (muitas vezes desleal) de produtos ou serviços vindos de outros países, especialmente da China. / Abstract: The regional integration process has at the same time characteristics of liberalism and protectionism. Its target is to make free transactions between the countries that maintain partnership and establish restrictions to the others, trying the protection and making great the economic activities inside its boundaries. The regionalization, so, should come with institutions and rules that reduce the juridical insecurity to make the investments possible, avoiding acts that can restrict the integration process. The MERCOSUL target is to be an instrument of the country repositioning in international area. It could also be a mechanism to develop the partners widening the market and modernizing the economies, but there are many decisions adopted by the partners that restrict the free market of goods and services inside their territories, making the integration project "blocked" in many moments. The proposal of this research is to verify, during Lula's government in Brazil and Néstor Kirchner's government in Argentina, two Presidents that used to defend the South-America integration, how restrictive decisions have blocked the MERCOSUL integration process and make possible the competition (sometimes unfair) from goods and services coming from other countries, especially China. / Doutor

Orientador: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: José Ricardo Fucidji / Banca: Maryse Farhi / Resumo: Esta dissertação examina a crise grega de endividamento desencadeada a partir da chamada crise do subprime de 2008. A primeira parte do estudo se concentra na herança dos regimes autoritários que governaram a Grécia, entre 1930 e 1970. A seguir, são apresentadas duas visões distintas a respeito das causas do grande endividamento público grego, com grande contraste entre a visão oficial da troika (Comissão Europeia, Banco Central Europeu e FMI), responsável pelo plano de ajuste econômico imposto ao país; e a visão de economistas ligados ao Levy Institute of Economics. A partir disso, o estudo se volta para possíveis medidas que reduziriam o endividamento do país e esmiúça os detalhes do plano de reescalonamento da dívida grega, que envolveu medidas de austeridade e a maior operação de troca de títulos de dívida já feita. Conclui-se que as medidas adotadas foram suficientes para superar o problema do endividamento; no entanto, ao analisarmos detalhadamente a economia do país, notamos que os desequilíbrios e assimetrias de origem estrutural, produtiva, financeira e política, que levaram o país ao grande endividamento, ainda persistem / Abstract: This dissertation examines the Greek debt crisis that followed the subprime crisis of 2008. The first part of this study focuses on the legacy left by the authoritarian regimes that ruled Greece between 1930 and 1970. Then, two different visions explaining the causes of the great public debt are presented, stressing the contrast between the official vision represented by the troika (European Commission, European Central Bank and IMF), responsible for the adjustment plan imposed on the country, and the vision of economists from the Levy Institute of Economics. Following that, the study examines possible alternatives to reduce the debt burden and the details of the debt write-off coordinated by the IMF that consisted in the enforcement of austerity measures and the biggest bond swap in history. The study concludes that the measures taken were enough to overcome the main problem - the excessive indebtedness - although the analysis of the economy shows that the structural, political, productive and financial imbalances and asymmetries that led the country to the debt still remain / Mestre

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-11-03T17:48:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONNE BORGES EVANGELISTA.pdf: 978297 bytes, checksum: d043ccdb3cd7c87574a4104a3c25a8e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T17:48:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONNE BORGES EVANGELISTA.pdf: 978297 bytes, checksum: d043ccdb3cd7c87574a4104a3c25a8e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / The Cerrado is the second largest biome in South America, occupies 22% of the country, with an area of 2,036,448 km2. Human occupation in the Cerrado occurred in three historical moments, resulting in different levels of anthropogenic pressure on the biome, from pre-Columbian period to the early twenty-first century, when the economic exploitation carried out by agribusiness reaches the intense and continuous use of resources natural. Currently about 70% of this area is devastated and / or occupied by pastures and crops. Goiás is the only Brazilian state that has its limits entirely within this biome. Faced with this reality, this study sought to examine the relationship between socioeconomic and environmental factors in the Cerrado, considering the state of Goiás and identify relationships between economic indicators, environmental factors and the Human Development Index (HDI) in the State of Goiás. The analysis of socioeconomic and environmental indicators show that there is in the state of Goiás a disparity between economic growth and environmental preservation, caused by agribusiness. From the point of view of sustainability, such growth occurs at the expense of a contradictory relationship between economic, social and environmental development, since this biome was almost completely devastated, with direct relationship between increasing numbers of agricultural production and deforested area. / O Cerrado é o segundo maior bioma da América do Sul, ocupa 22% do território nacional, com uma área de 2.036.448 km2. A ocupação humana no Cerrado ocorreu em três momentos históricos, implicando em diferentes níveis de pressão antrópica sobre o bioma, desde o período pré-colombiano até o início do século XXI, quando a exploração econômica realizada pelo agronegócio atinge o uso intenso e contínuo dos recursos naturais. Atualmente cerca de 70% dessa área se encontra devastada e/ou ocupada por pastagens e lavouras. Goiás é a única unidade da federação que tem seus limites totalmente dentro desse bioma. Diante de tal realidade, este trabalho buscou analisar a relação entre fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais no Cerrado, considerando o cenário goiano e identificar relações existentes entre indicadores econômicos, fatores ambientais e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no Estado de Goiás. A análise dos índices socioeconômicos e ambientais mostram que há no Estado de Goiás uma disparidade entre crescimento econômico e preservação ambiental, provocado pelo agronegócio. Do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade, tal crescimento ocorre às custas de uma relação contraditória entre desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental, uma vez que este bioma foi quase integralmente devastado, havendo relação direta entre os números crescentes da produção agrícola e área desmatada.

Wong Pak Kai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves [59-61]

by Li Hang-tsang, Steven. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-138). / Abstract also in Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.i / List of Charts --- p.iii / List of Diagrams --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Global Interaction and Economic Development --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sociological Perspectives of Economic Development --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Network Perspective of Global Interaction --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and research Design --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- World System Perspective and Global Interaction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Classification Scheme of World System Perspective --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Global Interaction and the Operation of Capitalism --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Global Interaction and Economic Development --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Economic Business Cycle and Economic Development --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Global Factors and Economic Development --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Local Factors and Economic Development --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Critiques and Limitations of World System Perspective --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Limitation of Theory Testing --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Insufficient Study of Global Interaction --- p.27 / Chapter (1) --- Interaction Among Core Countries --- p.29 / Chapter (2) --- Interaction Between Core Country and Semi-Peripheral Country --- p.30 / Chapter (3) --- Interaction Among Peripheral Countries --- p.31 / Chapter (4) --- Other Unspecified Interaction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Ignored Facets of Global Interaction --- p.32 / Chapter (1) --- Interaction Partner --- p.32 / Chapter (2) --- Interaction Intensity --- p.32 / Chapter (3) --- The Combined Effect of Interaction Partner and Interaction Intensity --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- The Network Perspective and New Conception to Global Interaction --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Causal Explanation of World System Perspective --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Causal Sequencing and Explanation of Network Perspective --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- An Integrated Conceptual Framework --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Hypotheses of Emergent Properties of Global Interaction --- p.44 / Chapter (1) --- The Interaction Position Effect --- p.44 / Chapter (2) --- The Interaction Intensity Effect --- p.45 / Chapter (3) --- The Interaction partner Effect --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data and Methodology --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Longitudinal Data and Sampling of Countries --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Data Diagnosis --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- The Timing of Causality --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Variables and Regression Models --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Classification of Country and the Model of Interaction Position Effect --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Interaction Intensity Effect and Economic Development --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Interaction Partner Effect and Economic Development --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Structure and Dynamics of Global Interaction --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Classification of Countries --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Characteristics of Three Country Types --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- World Total Export and Total Export From Each Country Type --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Gross National Product Per Capita of Different Country Types --- p.65 / Chapter 5.3 --- Patterns of Global Interaction --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Pattern of Interaction Intensity --- p.66 / Chapter (1) --- Intra-Group Interaction --- p.66 / Chapter (2) --- Inter-Group Interaction --- p.67 / Chapter (3) --- The Changing of Interaction Intensity --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Pattern of Interaction partner --- p.71 / Chapter (1) --- Pattern of Interaction Partner in terms of Total Export to All Countries --- p.71 / Chapter (2) --- Pattern of Interaction Partner in terms of Intra-Group Interaction --- p.74 / Chapter (3) --- Pattern of Interaction Partner in terms of Inter-Group Interaction --- p.77 / Chapter (a) --- Interaction Between Core Country and Semi-Peripheral Country --- p.77 / Chapter (b) --- Interaction Between Core Country and Peripheral Country --- p.79 / Chapter (c) --- Interaction Between Semi-Peripheral Country and Peripheral Country --- p.81 / Chapter (d) --- Comparing the Linkages among Three Country Types --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Regression Analysis --- p.87 / Chapter 6.1 --- Interaction Position Effect --- p.87 / Chapter 6.2 --- Interaction Intensity Effect --- p.88 / Chapter 6.3 --- Interaction Partner Effect --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.100 / Chapter 7.1 --- Emergent Properties and Economic Development --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2 --- Network perspective and World System Perspective --- p.104 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitation of This Research --- p.105 / Chapter 7.4 --- Future Possibilities --- p.106 / Appendix A Classification of Countries --- p.109 / Appendix B Centrality Score and Ranking of Countries --- p.117 / Chapter B.1 --- Centrality Score of Countries from 1975 to1990 --- p.117 / Chapter B.2 --- Centrality Score of Countries in their Respective Country Types from 1975 to1990 --- p.125 / Bibliography --- p.133

The key underlying question of this dissertation is how individuals develop informed views about the open international economy and make informed decisions as consumers, workers and voters. Globalization has generated competing interest groups that are highly informed about its effects. Each of these groups can exploit its informational advantage and strategically provide information to less informed individuals in order to shape their policy preferences and economic and political behavior. Focusing on this informational discrepancy among domestic actors, this dissertation investigates the mechanisms and the effects of information dissemination from three different angles. The first chapter examines the role of product-related information provided by the news media, biased in favor of domestic firms, in shaping consumer behavior. In the second chapter, I examine the role of trade-related information provided by interest groups in altering the trade preferences of workers. In the third chapter, I examine the role of trade-related information provided by political elites in shaping their constituents' attitudes toward trade. These essays contribute to the extant international political economy literature by introducing an actor that has been largely neglected, illuminating new causal mechanisms with information at the center, and clarifying the causal effect of certain economic groups in trade policy preference formation.

This dissertation studies the implications of financial intermediaries on international financial markets and bank lending. Chapter 1 explores the relevance of financial intermediaries for the pricing of foreign exchange. Recent theoretical work has highlighted the importance of financial intermediaries in rationalizing exchange rate movements and I empirically assess whether the theoretical predictions hold true in the data. I show that financial intermediary capital, a proxy for their health and/or risk-bearing capacity, provides an economic source of risk that helps explain both the carry trade and the cross-section of currency returns across a variety of strategies. Currencies that more positively co-move with intermediary capital provide high excess returns as intermediaries must be compensated for currency depreciation and losses at times when their capital erodes and their marginal utility is high. I demonstrate the dominance of intermediary-based asset pricing theories over consumption-based asset pricing theories, thus rationalizing theoretical models with a central role for financial intermediaries in asset markets. I then show that intermediary capital provides one economic source of risk embedded within the more dominant carry factor and serves as an orthogonal source of risk to the global risk embedded within the dollar factor. This paper thus serves as motivation for the further development of open economy models with financial intermediaries and a deeper understanding of the underlying economic sources of risks that underlie the factor structure of exchange rates. Chapter 2 studies the impact of US monetary policy shocks on international bank lending at the aggregate level. I ask whether country-banking systems that are more exposed to dollar funding decrease their cross-border lending by more than less exposed countries following contractionary US monetary policy announcements. For a given country borrower, I show that this is indeed the case as a 25 basis point increase in the previous quarter decreases cross-border lending supply growth by 4% more from a country-banking system that is 10% more reliant on dollar funding. This is mainly driven by decreases in cross-border lending to banks and the non-bank private sector, highlighting potential channels for the international transmission of US monetary policy. Chapter 3 assesses the effects of the US money market fund reform of October 2016 on syndicated bank lending and more broadly examines the relevance of dollar funding from US money market funds. I exploit the heterogeneity in foreign banks' reliance on US money market funds to uncover whether the decline in dollar funding attributed to the reform affected their lending. I find that although larger exposure to US money market dollar funding is attributed with larger declines following the reform, this did not pass through to dollar denominated lending, contrary to conventional wisdom. I find that banks substituted for some of the loss in dollar funding by increasing borrowing from US government money market funds, but this was not sufficient to offset the loss in funding. My results thus suggest that global banks have access to substitute sources of dollar funding that smoothed the loss in dollar funding on lending.