In recent years, rules and regulations regarding fuel consumption of vehicles and the amount of emissions produced by them are becoming stricter. This has led the automotive industry to develop more advanced solutions to propel vehicles to meet the legal requirements. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle is one of the solutions that is becoming more popular in the automotive industry. It consists of an electrical driveline combined with a conventional powertrain, propelled by either a diesel or petrol engine. Two power sources create the possibility to choose when and how to use the power sources to propel the vehicle. The strategy that decides how this is done is referred to as an energy management strategy. Today most energy management strategies only try to reduce fuel consumption using models that describe the steady state behaviour of the engine. In other words, no reduction of emissions is achieved and all transient behaviour is considered negligible.  In this thesis, an energy management strategy incorporating engine dynamics to reduce fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions have been designed. First, the models that describe how fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions behave during transient engine operation are developed. Then, an energy management strategy is developed consisting of a model predictive controller that combines the equivalent consumption minimization strategy and convex optimization. Results indicate that by considering engine dynamics in the energy management strategy, both fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced. Furthermore, it is also shown that the major reduction in fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions is achieved for short prediction horizons.

The requirements on fuel consumption and emissions for passenger cars are getting stricter every year. This has forced the vehicle industry to look for ways to improve the performance of the driveline. With the increasing focus on electrification, a common method is to combine an electrical driveline with a conventional driveline that uses a petrol or diesel engine, thus creating a hybrid electric vehicle. To fully be able to utilise the potential of the driveline in such a vehicle, an efficient energy management strategy is needed. This thesis describes the development of an efficient route-based energy management strategy. Three different optimisation strategies are combined, deterministic dynamic programming, equivalent consumption minimisation strategy and convex optimisation, together with segmentation of the input data. The developed strategy shows a decrease in computational time with up to more than one hundred times compared to a benchmark algorithm. When implemented in Volvo's simulation tool, VSim, substantial fuel savings of up to ten percent is shown compared to a charge-depleting charge-sustain strategy.

Neste trabalho desenvolvemos metodologias para o estudo de materiais magnéticos usando Ressonância Magnética Nuclear em campo magnético externo nulo (RMNz), via a análise e manipulação das transições entre os estados de energia nucleares. Na primeira etapa, revisamos e complementamos os modelos teóricos, encontrados na literatura, que são utilizados para prever a formação dos múltiplos ecos. Concluímos deste estudo, que o aparecimento destes múltiplos ecos está associado com as transições entre os níveis de energia nuclear que são chamadas de transições de múltiplo quantum (MQ). Adicionalmente, concluímos que os instantes nos quais surgem os ecos de múltiplo quantum e os tipos de coerências que contribuem para cada eco estão diretamente relacionados com as distribuições dos acoplamentos Zeeman e/ou quadrupolar ao longo da amostra. Na segunda etapa deste projeto estudamos a seleção de coerências mediante a aplicação de ciclagem das fases dos pulsos de radiofrequências. Além de permitir o estudo individual de cada eco, a seleção de coerências permitiu a realização de medidas com tempos ao eco muito mais curtos e, consequentemente, a medida de sinais com maiores relações sinal/ruído. O que permitiu o estudo seletivo de cada eco, em detrimento dos outros, e assim pudemos inferir que coerências contribuem para formação do eco selecionado. Os compostos usados para o estudo experimental foram o GdAl2 e GdCo2. Os sinais de RMN dos núcleos 155,157Gd, 27Al e 59Co apresentaram ecos de múltiplo quantum. Posteriormente realizamos a seleção de coerências para estes núcleos. / This study we developed methodologies for the study of magnetic materials using nuclear magnetic resonance without the application of external magnetic field (RMNz), by manipulating transitions between the nuclear energy states. In the first step, we revised and complemented the theoretical models found in the literature, which were proposed to predict the formation of multiple echoes. We concluded from this study that the appearance of multiple echoes is associated with transitions between the levels of nuclear transitions that are called multiple-quantum (MQ). Moreover, we understood that the instants in which the multiple quantum echoes appear and the types of coherences that contribute to each echo are directly associated with the Zeeman and electric quadrupolar coupling heterogeneities along the sample. In the second step of this project, we studied the selection of coherences by phase cycling the radiofrequency pulses. This allowed the individual study of each echo, enabling us to infer which coherences contribute to the formation of the selected echo. Besides the individual study of each echo, the coherence selection allowed measuring them with the smallest echo time and, consequently, observing signals with much higher signal-to-noise ratios. The compounds used for the experimental study were the GdAl2 and GdCo2. The NMR signals of nuclei 155,157Gd, 27Al and 59Co showed multiple quantum echoes. Later we performed the selection of coherences for these nuclei.

<p>This thesis-project aims to research the possibilities of new wireless technologies in general control-situations. We have studied different existing control protocols, and developed a new protocol focusing on textbased menus. Our protocol is scaleable, easy to implement, and platform- and media independent. Since our protocol supports Plug and Play with dynamically allocated id’s, it does not require a unique id in the hardware. </p><p>To test the protocol we have developed a prototype system, consisting of a mobile phone connected to a server, which in turn is connected to two slave units, controlling peripheral equipment on 220 Volt. </p><p>The phone is an <i>Ericsson T28,</i> equipped with a Bluetooth unit. The server is runningthe real-time OS <i>eCos </i>on an A<i>RM 7TDMI Evaluation Kit</i>, and the slave units consist of two developer boards equipped with <i>PIC-processors</i>. Communication between the phone and the server is done over Bluetooth. However we did not find a working Bluetooth protocol stack ported to eCos, so a serial cable was used instead. Communication between the server and the slaves is done over a RS-485 serial network which simulates the traffic over a radio-network. </p><p>The results show that our protocol is working, and that our system would be easy to implement, cheap to produce and very scalable.</p>

This thesis-project aims to research the possibilities of new wireless technologies in general control-situations. We have studied different existing control protocols, and developed a new protocol focusing on textbased menus. Our protocol is scaleable, easy to implement, and platform- and media independent. Since our protocol supports Plug and Play with dynamically allocated id’s, it does not require a unique id in the hardware. To test the protocol we have developed a prototype system, consisting of a mobile phone connected to a server, which in turn is connected to two slave units, controlling peripheral equipment on 220 Volt. The phone is an Ericsson T28, equipped with a Bluetooth unit. The server is runningthe real-time OS eCos on an ARM 7TDMI Evaluation Kit, and the slave units consist of two developer boards equipped with PIC-processors. Communication between the phone and the server is done over Bluetooth. However we did not find a working Bluetooth protocol stack ported to eCos, so a serial cable was used instead. Communication between the server and the slaves is done over a RS-485 serial network which simulates the traffic over a radio-network. The results show that our protocol is working, and that our system would be easy to implement, cheap to produce and very scalable.