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Les mutations de la société au cours du dernier siècle ont de fortes répercussions sur le fonctionnement de la majorité des écosystèmes. Notre société fait face à un paradoxe complexe défini par la nécessité de satisfaire des conditions de vie décentes d’une population mondiale croissante tout en limitant les impacts négatifs sur les écosystèmes. Le concept de service écosystémique a été proposé pour accompagner la résolution de ce paradoxe et de nombreuses attentes reposent sur ce concept. Mon travail de thèse a pour objectifs d’évaluer les apports actuels de la cartographie des services écosystémiques pour caractériser les patrons spatiaux et déterminants de la multifonctionnalité des territoires.Dans le chapitre I nous proposons une analyse des associations entre le service de production agricole et quatre services de régulation au niveau des surfaces agricoles de la région Rhône-Alpes (France). Ce travail nous permet de revenir sur la définition des compromis et synergies entre services écosystémiques aussi bien que sur le concept de bouquet de services écosystèmiques. Par ailleurs, en s’inspirant du concept de niche écologique pour les espèces, nous évaluons l’adéquation spatiale entre la fourniture de services écosystèmiques et les caractéristiques socio-écologiques des milieux (i.e. leur niche socio-écologique). Nos résultats révèlent une grande variabilité dans les associations entre le service de production agricole et les services de régulation. Cette observation souligne le poids des modalités de gestion agricole dans l’orientation des associations entre services écosystèmiques. Par ailleurs, nous soulevons de nombreuses interrogations vis-à-vis de la robustesse des analyses courantes des bouquets de services écosystèmiques.L’influence de la résolution spatiale des données de modélisation sur la cartographie des services écosystèmiques est évaluée dans le chapitre II. Pour cela nous comparons les cartes utilisées dans le premier chapitre avec les informations apportées par un projet de cartographie de services écosystèmiques à haute résolution spatiale sur la région de Grenoble (projet ESNET). Cette analyse alimente une réflexion sur les limites des modèles utilisés pour cartographier les services écosystémiques.Dans le but d’améliorer la modélisation des services écosystémiques fournis par les terres agricoles, nous développons dans le chapitre III, une approche basée sur la télédétection pour cartographier l’utilisation des terres agricoles dans la région de Grenoble. L’utilisation conjointe de données satellitaires MODIS et RapidEye nous permet de déterminer les successions culturales sur 5 années à la résolution de la parcelle agricole. Validée par les données du registre parcellaire graphique, l’utilisation de ces données spatialement explicites améliore significativement notre capacité de cartographie de la production agricole et pourrait être utilisée pour cartographier de nombreux autres services écosystèmiques.Alors que le chapitre III est focalisé sur l’utilisation de la télédétection pour la cartographie de l’utilisation des terres agricoles, le chapitre IV propose une synthèse des autres utilisations des données de télédétection pouvant potentiellement contribuer à la modélisation des services écosystémiques. Ce travail est une mise en correspondance entre les capacités des approches de télédétection et les besoins des modélisateurs de services écosystémiques, sur la base d’une analyse bibliographique d’un large panel d’études de cartographie des services écosystémiques / Societal changes over the last century have strongly affected the majority of ecosystem dynamics. Our society is facing a complex paradox: how to maintain decent livelihoods for the world population while limiting negative effects of human activities on ecosystems? The concept of ecosystem services has been proposed to contribute to the solving of this paradox and it holds strong expectations. My PhD research aims at assessing the contribution of ecosystem services mapping to the definition of patterns and drivers of landscape multifunctionality.Chapter I analyses the spatial associations between the agricultural production service and four regulating services over the agricultural lands of the Rhône-Alpes region (France). This work allows us to insist on the ways trade-off and synergies between ecosystem services are defined as well as on the characterization of bundles of ecosystem services. Furthermore, taking advantage of the "ecological niches” concept usually applied to biodiversity, we assess spatial matching between the supply of ecosystem services and the socio-ecological specificities of associated areas, i.e. their social-ecological niche. Our results highlight a large variability concerning associations between agricultural production and regulating services, which illustrates the strong influence of farming practices (e.g., in terms of intensity) in defining the strength of associations between multiple services. In addition, we raised the issue of the robustness of standard statistical analyses to consistently identify bundles of ecosystem services.Chapter II assesses the influence of spatial resolution of modeled data on ecosystem services mapping. To this end, we compare the maps used in the first chapter with high spatial resolution data provided at Grenoble area scale (in the context of the ESNET project). Based on this comparison, we discuss the limits of models used to map ecosystem services.To improve the mapping of ecosystem services supplied by agricultural areas, we propose, in chapter III, a remote sensing-based approach to map agricultural land uses at high resolution on Grenoble region. Simultaneous use of MODIS and Rapideye satellite data allows us to determine cropping successions for 5 years at farming plot scale. These spatially explicit data significantly improved our abilities to map agricultural productions and may be used to map several other ecosystem services.To complete the third chapter, chapter IV gives a synthesis of remote sensing approaches that could be used to map ecosystem services, focusing on methods that are not linked to land uses identification. Based on a wide panel of ecosystem services mapping studies, we highlight data currently needed to map ecosystem services. Then we bridge these needs and the potential of remote sensing approaches for ecosystem services modelers.

L’application de l’agromine à des zones ultramafiques délaissées constitue un enjeu majeur à la vue des surfaces potentiellement valorisables. Par contre, les sols ultramafiques sont particuliers avec de fortes concentrations en métaux et une quasi absence de matière organique. Malgré tout, la mise en place de l’agromine a déjà donné de bons résultats, couplée avec l’application d’herbicides et une fertilisation minérale. Notre défi a été de développer une agromine durable par la mise en place d’agro-écosystèmes basés sur l’introduction d’une légumineuse en association avec une plante hyperaccumulatrice et la suppression de tout intrant chimique. Nos résultats ont confirmé clairement que l'introduction d'une légumineuse dans l’agromine a amélioré la production de biomasse de Alyssum murale et les rendements de nickel par rapport à sa monoculture fertilisée et non fertilisée. Nos travaux ont également montré que l'insertion d'une légumineuse dans l’agromine permet d’améliorer la structure du sol avec des agrégats plus stables. De plus, de meilleures teneurs en carbone, azote et en matière organique ont été détectées. L’ensemble de ces éléments conduit ainsi à une amélioration globale de la structure du sol, de sa fertilité et de son biofonctionnement. Corrélativement, nos résultats ont mis en évidence les effets positifs de ces nouvelles pratiques, à la fois sur la taille, la diversité et les acitivités liées aux cycles biogéochimiques des communautés bactériennes. D’un point de vue écononique, l’introduction de la légumineuse dans l’agromine implique un gain financier et de temps du fait de la réduction de l'application d’engrais et de produits phytosanitaires. Enfin, tous ces avantages conduisent à une réhabilitation des sols ultramafiques avec une restauration de leurs qualités physique, chimique et biologique, tout en permettant à ces sols particuliers d’offrir plusieurs services écosystémiques / The application of agromining to abandoned ultramafic areas is a major challenge in the presence of potentially recoverable areas. Howerver, ultramafic soils are particular in terms of their fertility with high concentrations of metals and a near absence of organic matter. Nevertheless, this challenge was partly met by the application of chemical fertilizers and herbicides. Our challenge, through this PhD, was to develop a sustainable agro-ecosystem based on the introduction of a legume in association with the hyperaccumulating plant and then the reduction of any chemical input. Our results clearly confirmed that the introduction of a legume into these new cropping systems improved both the biomass production of Alyssum murale and the Ni yields in comparison to the fertilized and non-fertilized monoculture. Our work has also shown that the insertion of a legume into agromining cropping systems improves the structure of the soil due to stable and larger aggregates. In addition, higher levels of carbon and nitrogen and higher concentrations of organic matter were detected. These results led to an overall improvement of the soil structure, its fertility and its biofunctioning. Our results showed positive effects of these new cropping systems, both on the size of the bacterial communities and on the microbial enzymes involved in the soil biogeochemical cycles. In addition, the structure and diversity of bacterial communities were modified with the insertion of the legume, compared to the monoculture. Economically, the introduction of legume into cropping systems dedicated to Ni agromining involves a gain of money and time due to reduced application of mineral fertilizers as well as products of phytosanitary. Finally, all these benefits lead to the rehabilitation of ultramafic soils with the restoration of their physical, chemical and biological qualities while allowing these particular soils to offer many ecosystem services

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate two localities with different intensity of agricultural use in terms of ecosystem services provided by nature habitats. In connection with the evaluation of the sites is in the works documented incidence size seminatural habitats, natural calculated value of the studied area using Biotope Vaulation Method (Seják et al., 2003) Application MapoMat developed by the Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape. The value of ecosystem services is determined through expert analysis by replacement cost. There were differences in the value of ecosystem services important habitats between conventional and organic farming at localities 1 and 4. Natural habitat value conventionally used the site has a 2.53 milKč compared to the organic farming locality where the value was estimated at 194.6 milKč, In this context that the value of ecosystem services locations 1 shows a value of 4438.96 milesCZKyear-1 compared to location 4, calling shows a value of 7905.01 milesCZKyear-1. On this basis, were statistically significant differences in both localities in terms of the frequency of diversity factors examined specimens of ground beetles are examined diversity index P <0001.

My thesis is focused on valuation methods intensively used agricultural landscapes according to the importance of near-natural habitats in terms of their natural values and ecosystem services. This is done at four sites using pitfall traps, where there was a catch beetles (Carabidae). To evaluate the data I used indicators such as the Shannon index serenity. Procedures for calculating the ecological value of the area and the ecosystem services provided I processed according to the proposed method Seják et al., (2010). Rating I performed by BVM (,, habitat valuation methods "). Replacement cost method I used for the calculation of ecosystem services.

This thesis deals with the phenomenon of ecological recovery of ecotone backyard, a specific phenomenon in rural areas of the Czech Republic, focusing on the one hand synchronously, partly diachronic. Theoretically, based on the scientific literature discusses the topic first as a phenomenon in itself, then focuses on the description of the possibilities that may be related to the maintenance or revitalization of the ecotone recover or regain, both in the dimension of eco-environmentalist, and in the dimension of socio-ethnographic.

Idag lever människan, som följd av bland annat en ökad befolkningsmängd och allt mer ohållbara konsumtionsmönster, långt över jordens kapacitet. Detta leder till degradering av jordens ekosystem och den biologiska mångfalden vilket i sin tur påverkar dess förmåga att leverera ekosystemtjänster som människan är direkt beroende av. Begreppet ekosystemtjänster är framtaget för att öka medvetenheten hos människor om varför naturen är viktig ur ett mänskligt perspektiv och för att ge den en större plats vid beslutsfattande. Kommunerna spelar en viktig roll när det kommer till att arbeta med ekosystemtjänster då de står för stora delar av den fysiska planeringen. Syftet med denna studie var att genom en enkät undersöka hur ett urval av Sveriges kommuner arbetar med ekosystemtjänster. Studien visar att svenska kommuner fortfarande befinner sig i en inledningsfas när det gäller att arbeta med ekosystemtjänster, begreppet är etablerat i teorin men det finns stora svårigheter med att implementera det i praktiken. En vilja finns men även en upplevd brist på kunskap samt bristande lagstiftning och stöd ovanifrån vilket sätter käppar i hjulet. Det finns många möjligheter och utmaningar för kommunerna framöver när det kommer till att, med hjälp av ekosystemtjänster, arbeta mot ett hållbarare samhälle. / Today, partly because of an increased population and unsustainable consumption patterns, human kind lives way over the world's capacity. This leads to degradation of the earth's ecosystems and biodiversity, which affects its ability to deliver ecosystem services on which humans are directly dependent. The concept of ecosystem services has been developed to raise awareness about why nature is important from a human perspective and give it a larger place in decision making. At a local level, the municipalities play an important role when it comes to working with ecosystem services as they control much of the spatial planning. The purpose of this study was, through a survey, to investigate how a selection of Swedish municipalities works with ecosystem services. The study shows that Swedish municipalities are still in an initial phase of ecosystem services work, where the concept is established in theory, but there are major difficulties implementing it in practice. There is a general will to work with the concept, but also a lack of knowledge as well as legislation and support from above. There are many opportunities and challenges for the municipalities in the future when it comes to working, with ecosystem services, towards a more sustainable society.

The ecological value and the value of ecosystem services of the former military area in Čtyři Dvory in České Budějovice was evaluated in this thesis. The expert method of BVM (?Biotope Valuation Method?) and the Replacement Cost method (cost of technological alternative to ecosystem function) according to Seják et al. (2003, 2010) were applied. Four ecosystem services were evaluated: climatic service (evapotranspiration), little water cycle, oxygen production, and the support of biodiversity. For comparison, the sale price of the area and the ?recreation? value calculated by the contingent valuation (CV) method were also evaluated. The estimated sale price was 837 million CZK, which was by twelve-times higher than the ecological value estimated by the BVM method. Most of the area (57 %) was formed by the biotop XK4 ? pioneer shrub vegetation of atropogenic noncultivated areas with 13 points per m2. The most valuable biotop was V2.2 ? periodic waters with 44 points per m2, which formed 1.5 % of the examined area. The estimated value of ecosystem services was 1 372 millions CZK per year. The realization of all the planned construction projects on the examined area would lead to the depression of the ecological value according to the BVM method by 19.5 millions CZK and the depression of the value of the formerly mentioned four ecosystem services by 459 millions CZK.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-21T21:27:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFRANCISCOPIMENTAJUNIOR.pdf: 1939347 bytes, checksum: ba72edebc4b2afc4a468623041f340c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Linda Bulhosa (linda.gomes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-25T13:23:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFRANCISCOPIMENTAJUNIOR.pdf: 1939347 bytes, checksum: ba72edebc4b2afc4a468623041f340c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T13:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFRANCISCOPIMENTAJUNIOR.pdf: 1939347 bytes, checksum: ba72edebc4b2afc4a468623041f340c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Esta dissertação trata do uso de técnicas nucleadoras na recuperação de áreas degradadas em áreas urbanas fim de promover serviços ambientais, diante da necessidade da conservação e do uso de técnicas inovadoras na recuperação. A expansão urbana contribui para o aumento gradativo das áreas degradadas, contribuindo para a fragmentação de ecossistemas e perdas em biodiversidade. A não gestão de áreas degradadas contribui para incremento de áreas improdutivas, a formação de processos erosivos, empobrecimento do solo e comprometimento de áreas adjacentes às áreas degradadas. Existem modelos de recuperação dessas áreas, que se baseiam em especial no plantio de mudas, com o foco mais dendrológico e que adota práticas de silvicultura, no entanto vem se discutindo o uso de modelos de restauração que buscam o retorno da estabilidade e integridade biológica, sendo esta técnica denominada de nucleação, baseada em processos ecológicos. Também é importante proporcionar meios de subsistência e serviços ambientais das terras degradadas, identificando possíveis medidas que acentue a recuperação e os serviços ambientais prestados. Com esse enfoque, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o potencial da nucleação no fornecimento de serviços ambientais e na recuperação de áreas degradadas em áreas urbanas. O trabalho é composto por três capítulos que tratam dos serviços ambientais, de métodos iniciais de restauração e de uma proposta de protocolo de avaliação de serviços ambientais na recuperação de áreas degradadas em áreas urbanas, respectivamente. No trabalho verifica-se que a nucleação possui um potencial muito expressivo no fornecimento de serviços ambientais, ainda que através de práticas simples como a transposição de solo e serapilheira, no entanto os planos e programas de recuperação devem estar alinhados com a vocação e a necessidade da área degradada e do contexto do seu entorno principalmente se tratando de áreas urbanas. / This dissertation deals with the use of nucleating techniques in the recovery of degraded areas in urban conservation units in order to promote environmental services, in view of the need for conservation and the use of innovative recovery techniques. Urban expansion contributes to the gradual increase of degraded areas, contributing to the fragmentation of ecosystems and losses in biodiversity. The non-management of degraded areas contributes to the increase of unproductive areas, the formation of erosive processes, the impoverishment of the soil and the compromise of areas adjacent to degraded areas. There are models of recovery of these areas, which are based in particular on planting of seedlings, with a more dendrological focus and adopting silvicultural practices, however the use of restoration models that seek the return of stability and biological integrity, Being this technique called nucleation, based on ecological processes. It is also important to provide livelihoods and environmental services for degraded lands, identifying possible measures that enhance recovery and environmental services provided. With this focus, the present work aims to verify the potential of nucleation in the provision of environmental services and in the recovery of degraded areas in urban conservation units. The work consists of three chapters dealing with environmental services, initial restoration methods and a proposal for a protocol for the evaluation of environmental services in the recovery of degraded areas in urban areas, respectively. In the work, it is verified that nucleation has a very expressive potential in the provision of environmental services, although through simple practices such as soil and litter transposition, however recovery plans and programs must be in line with vocation and need of the degraded area and of the context of its environment, especially in urban conservation units.

Master of Science / Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Stacy L. Hutchinson / Increasing attentiveness to climate change and the dependence of human life on natural resources has spurred awareness about the detrimental impacts of human activity on the environment. Ecosystem services, or the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, have changed more in the past 50 years than in any other comparable period in human history (Carpenter et al., 2009).The dilemma of managing the trade-off between immediate human needs and maintaining the ability of the Earth to provide ecosystem services is considered to be one of the largest challenges of this century (Foley et al., 2005). The ecosystem service concept aims maximize the provision of services across an entire ecosystem to achieve overall ecosystem health through land management, policy, and economic decisions. The intent of this research was to improve such decisions by increasing the understanding about the relationship between urban best management practices and freshwater provision, erosion regulation, and flood regulation ecosystem services. Fifty-six land management scenarios with varying densities of BMP application were simulated using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). The ecosystem services resulting from these land management scenarios were quantified using indices developed by Logsdon and Chaubey (2013). Results demonstrate that the application of bioretention cells improve both freshwater provision and erosion regulation services immediately downstream from the implementation site, and an increase in erosion regulation services was observed at the greater watershed scale. There was no change in the provision of freshwater, erosion regulation, or flood regulation services observed by the application of green roofs or rain barrels at either scale of analysis.