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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Étude de stratégies thérapeutiques complémentaires visant à favoriser la résolution des paramètres du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë dans des modèles in vivo

Aubin Vega, Mélissa 04 1900 (has links)
Le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA) est une forme de défaillance respiratoire sévère, cause majeure de mortalité (~30-45%) chez les adultes et enfants dans les unités de soins intensifs. En dépit des progrès dans la prise en charge du patient, il n’existe à ce jour aucun traitement curatif pharmacologique efficace. Le SDRA peut se développer à la suite d’une atteinte pulmonaire directe (ex. pneumonie) ou indirecte (ex. septicémie) dont les principales caractéristiques sont des lésions épithéliales alvéolaires et endothéliales vasculaires, le développement d’un oedème pulmonaire et une réponse inflammatoire exacerbée durant la phase aiguë exsudative. La résolution de ces paramètres est critique afin d’éviter l’établissement irréversible de fibrose, entraînant une défaillance respiratoire. Le caractère hétérogène du SDRA et l’implication d’une multitude de mécanismes lésionnels rendent le développement de nouvelles thérapies plus difficile. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la restauration de l’intégrité épithéliale, en parallèle de la résolution de l’inflammation et la résorption de l’oedème, est critique pour la résolution de la phase exsudative du SDRA. Nous avons donc postulé que des stratégies combinant des effets bénéfiques sur la clairance liquidienne et proréparatrice constitueraient une voie intéressante pour la restauration de l’intégrité fonctionnelle de l’épithélium alvéolaire. L’objectif général de mon projet de doctorat était donc d’évaluer différentes stratégies, ciblant 1) l’inflammation, 2) le canal sodique ENaC impliqué dans la clairance liquidienne et 3) les canaux potassiques ayant un rôle pro-réparateur, avec des modèles complémentaires in vivo de lésions aiguës induites, mimant des paramètres de SDRA. Nous pensons que cette étude aura apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur la physiopathologie du SDRA et les mécanismes de résolution des paramètres caractéristiques de ce syndrome. Mon projet met particulièrement en lumière que de cibler une seule composante telle que l’inflammation ou la clairance liquidienne n’est pas suffisante et que des composés permettant de restaurer l’intégrité fonctionnelle alvéolaire sont nécessaires. / Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of respiratory failure, a leading cause of death (~30-45%) among adults and children in intensive care units. Despite advances in the management and care of ARDS patients, there is currently no effective curative pharmacological treatment. The ARDS can develop following a direct (e.g. pneumonia) or indirect (e.g. sepsis) lung injury, the main features of which are alveolar epithelial and endothelial vascular injury, the development of pulmonary edema, and an exacerbated inflammatory response during the exsudative acute phase. The resolution of these parameters is critical to avoid the irreversible establishment of fibrosis leading to respiratory failure. The heterogeneous nature of ARDS and the involvement of various lesional mechanisms complicate the development of new therapeutic strategies. We hypothesized that the epithelial restoration, in parallel with inflammatory resolution and edema resorption, is critical for the resolution of the acute exsudative phase of ARDS. Therefore, we postulated that strategies combining beneficial effects on fluid clearance and pro repair may be an interesting way to restore the functional integrity of the alveolar epithelium. The general objective of my PhD project was to evaluate different strategies targeting 1) the inflammation, 2) the sodium channel ENaC involved in fluid clearance, and 3) potassium channels playing pro repair role, using complementary in vivo models of acute lung injury mimicking ARDS parameters. We believe that these studies have provided new insight on the pathophysiology of ARDS and the mechanisms of resolution of the characteristic parameters of this syndrome. In particular, my project highlights that focusing on a single component such as inflammation or fluid clearance is not sufficient and that compounds will restore functional alveolar integrity are needed.
362

Análise dinâmica não linear de sinais de voz para detecção de patologias laríngeas. / Dynamic nonlinear analysis of voice signals for the detection of laryngeal pathologies.

COSTA, Washington César de Almeida. 13 August 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-13T16:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WASHINGTON CÉSAR DE ALMEIDA COSTA - TESE PPGEE 2012..pdf: 6463355 bytes, checksum: 40d8703ef8a6dd3ef05acde3025cf628 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WASHINGTON CÉSAR DE ALMEIDA COSTA - TESE PPGEE 2012..pdf: 6463355 bytes, checksum: 40d8703ef8a6dd3ef05acde3025cf628 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Patologias na laringe podem afetar a qualidade vocal, prejudicando a comunicação humana. As técnicas objetivas tradicionais para o diagnóstico dessas patologias fazem uso de exames considerados invasivos, causando certo desconforto ao paciente. Análise acústica, utilizando técnicas de processamento digital de sinais de voz, pode ser utilizada para o desenvolvimento de ferramentas não invasivas de auxílio ao diagnóstico de patologias laríngeas. A precisão do diagnóstico, contudo, depende da escolha das características e parâmetros da fala que melhor representem a desordem vocal provocada por uma determinada patologia. Este trabalho trata da caracterização e da classificação de sinais de vozes saudáveis e vozes afetadas por diferentes patologias laríngeas (edema, paralisia e nódulos nas pregas vocais), por meio da análise dinâmica não linear (e teoria do caos), como também por meio da análise de quantificação de recorrência. No processo de caracterização é investigado, por meio de testes estatísticos, o potencial de cada característica em discriminar os tipos de sinais de voz considerados. Para a classificação é empregada a técnica de análise discriminante com as funções linear ou quadrática, com validação cruzada, sendo considerado um intervalo de confiança de 95% para as médias das taxas de acuraria do classificador. A partir da combinação de características dos conjuntos das medidas de análise não linear (MNL) e das medidas de quantificação de recorrência (MQR), as médias da taxa de acurácia obtidas variaram nos intervalos de confiança: [95,44%; 100%) para a classificação entre vozes saudáveis e patológicas; [94,75%; 100%] entre vozes saudáveis e afetadas por edema, e entre saudáveis e nódulos. Para a classificação entre saudável e paralisia, obteve-se uma acurácia de 100% . Também são avaliados os efeitos do uso de vetores híbridos formados por características MNL, MQR e coeficientes extraídos da análise preditiva linear (LPC). Neste caso. as taxas de acurácia variaram nos intervalos de confiança: [95,02%; 97,62%] na discriminação entre vozes afetadas por paralisia e edema; [98,29%; 99,93%] para paralisia versus nódulos e [97,98%; 99,84%] para edema versus nódulos. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o método utilizado é promissor, podendo ser empregado no desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para apoio ao diagnóstico de patologias laríngeas. / Laryngeal pathologies may affect the voice quality, harniing human communication. The traditional objective techniques for diagnosing these pathologies make use of exams, considered invasive, causing discomfort to the patient. Acoustic analysis, using digital speech signal processing techniques. can be used for the development of non-invasive tools in order to aid laryngeal diseases diagnosis. The accuracy of diagnosis, however. depends on the choice of parameters and the speech characteristics diat better represent the voice disorder caused by a given pathology. This work deals with the characterization and classification of healthy voice signals and voices affecied by different laryngeal diseases (edema, paralysis and vocal fold nodules), by means of nonlinear dynamic analysis (and chãos theory) as well as recurrence quantification analysis. In the characterization process, the potential of each feature is investigated to discriminate the types of voice signals considered, by means of statistical tests. For the classification, the technique of discriminam analysis is employed with linear or quadratic functions, with cross-validation. A 95% confidence levei was considered for the average of accuracy rates of the classifier performance. From the feature combination of the set of nonlinear analysis measures (MNL) and the quantification recurrence measures (MQR). the average of accuracy rates varied in the following confidence intervals: [95.44%; 100%] for healthy and pathologícal classification: [94.75%; 100%] between healdiy and edema voices, and also between healthy and nodules. The accuracy rate was 100% between healthy and paralysis. We also evaluated the effects of using hybrid vectors formed by MNL, MQR and linear predictive coding (LPC) coefficients. In this case, the accuracy rates ranged in the confidence intervals: [95.02%; 97.62%] in the paralysis versus edema voices discrimination; [98.29%; 99.93%] for paralysis versus nodules and [97.98%; 99.84%] for edema versus nodules. Obtained results indicate that the used method is promising and it can even be used to develop a computational tool to support diagnosis of laryngeal diseases.
363

Modelagem de sinais de voz via PPM, aplicada ao reconhecimento de padrões vocais patológicos. / Modeling of voice signals via PPM, applied to the recognition of pathological vocal patterns.

BARBOSA, Hildegard Paulino. 03 August 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-03T19:45:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HIDELGARD PAULINO BARBOSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2013..pdf: 11966764 bytes, checksum: 077a69b5088eea2f7109e71871f4e57d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:45:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HIDELGARD PAULINO BARBOSA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2013..pdf: 11966764 bytes, checksum: 077a69b5088eea2f7109e71871f4e57d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08 / A voz é o meio de comunicação mais utilizado pelo ser humano. Porém, o sistema fonador humano é suscetível a diversos tipos de patologias que podem prejudicar a produção da voz e, consequentemente, a comunicação. Alguns tipos de exames têm sido utilizados para detectar estas patologias. Porém, eles apresentam desvantagens referentes à acurácia e ao conforto do paciente durante a aplicação, que podem desestimular a busca por tratamento. Por essa razão, técnicas computacionais têm sido empregadas com o intuito de detectar de modo confortável e preciso a presença e o tipo de patologia apresentada pelo sistema fonador. No entanto, os resultados obtidos ainda não possibilitam sua aplicação nas clínicas, principalmente pelo fato de ainda ser considerado um número reduzido de patologias. Visando a contornar esse problema, esta pesquisa propõe uma abordagem fundamentada em um método ainda não utilizado neste contexto: a Predição por Casamento Parcial (Prediction by Partial Matching - PPM), concebida originalmente com fins à compressão de dados. O modelo criado e mantido a partir deste método é alimentado com características acústicas, temporais e estatísticas extraídas dos sinais de voz e permite sua classificação no que se refere à identificação da presença e do tipo de patologia a um baixo custo computacional (velocidade e recursos de armazenamento). Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios no tocante à presença de patologias. Quanto à discriminação de patologias, os resultados sugerem um potencial do método, embora a sua aplicação ainda necessite de investigações mais aprofundadas / Voice is the most widely used means of communication of mankind. However, speech organs are susceptible to several sort of pathologies, which may harm voice production and, therefore, communication. Several techniques have been used to detect these pathologies. However, they present drawbacks related to accuracy and comfort of patients during the application, which may discourage search for treatment. Thence, computational techniques have been used in order to detect the presence and type of speech pathology comfortably and accurately. But, results are still not good enough for its application in clinics, due to the fact it is considered a small number of distinct pathologies. Aiming to solve this problem, this research proposes using a method not previously employed in classification of vocal tract diseases: Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM), originally conceived for data compression purposes. The PPM model is fed with acoustical, temporal, and statistical features, ali of them extracted from voice signals. This method allowed a satisfactory classification, concerning presence and type of pathology while requiring a low computational cost (speed and storage resources). It were obtained satisfactory results regarding presence of speech pathologies. With regard to pathologies discrimination, the results suggest that this is a highly promising technique, although its application still needs deeper investigations.

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