Mian Mohammad Sharif's Muslim Thought: Its Origin and Achievements was first published in 1951 in Lahore, Pakistan. Discussing the most important facts about the origin and the evolution of Islamic science and philosophy, it points out historical connections between the Islamic and Western civilizations in fields of literature, philosophy, science and law. It makes the case that the Western civilization owes its progress in science and philosophy to the medieval Islamic world. The importance of the book arises from the fact that its author was one of the pioneers of philosophical study in Pakistan, and from the fact that it is a short, lucid and comprehensive introduction to the field. This thesis has produced a standardized text of Muslim Thought: it has edited the book for mistakes, typing errors and factual revisions; it has included a detailed bibliography of the sources that existed before 1951 or the post-1951 sources that provide credence to the historical references in the book; it includes a glossary of those names, places and words that may not be clear to all the readers and that are not self-explanatory within the context of the book. The thesis is accompanied by an Introduction that contributes new facts about Sharif's scholarly works and discusses the significance of this edition by placing it within the history of editorial work done in South Asia.

Evaluation of machine translation is an important step towards improving MT. One way to evaluate the output of MT is to focus on different types of errors occurring in the translation hypotheses, and to think of possible solutions to fix those errors. An error categorization is a rather beneficent tool that makes it easy to analyze the translation errors and can also be utilized to manually generate post-editing rules to be applied automatically to the product of machine translation. In this work, we define a categorization for the errors occurring in Swedish--Persian machine translation by analyzing the errors that occur in three data-sets from two websites: 1177.se, and Linköping municipality. We define three types of monolingual reference free evaluation (MRF), and use two automatic metrics BLEU and TER, to conduct a bilingual evaluation for Swedish-Persian translation. Later on, based on the experience of working with the errors that occur in the corpora, we manually generate automatic post-editing (APE) rules and apply them to the product of machine translation. Three different sets of results are obtained: (1) The results of analyzing MT errors show that the three most common types of errors that occur in the translation hypotheses are mistranslated words, wrong word order, and extra prepositions. These types of errors are placed in semantic and syntactic categories respectively. (2) The results of comparing the correlation between the automatic and manual evaluation show a low correlation between the two evaluations. (3) Lastly, applying the APE rules to the product of machine translation gives an increase in BLEU score on the largest data-set while remaining almost unchanged on the other two data-sets. The results for TER show a better score on one data-set, while the scores on the two other data-sets remain unchanged.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In 1998, D.T. Max wrote his article, “The Carver Chronicles,” about the manuscripts Gordon Lish sold to the Lilly Library at Indiana University. The public was made aware of Lish’s heavy editing of Raymond Carver’s short stories—both in early story form and, later, in book collection form. His heaviest editing was during Carver’s first two major story collections, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (1976), and What We Talk About When We Talk About Love (1981). I discuss three stories, “What’s in Alaska?” and “Fat,” from the first major collection, and “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” from the second major collection. For this last story, we will separate Lish’s editorial vision from Carver’s original authorship by comparing the published book text with Carver’s original story, “Beginners”—two versions, one story. The stories were examined to understand Lish’s editorial motives. To generate a deeper understanding of their textual visions, a critical analysis will evaluate their differences. The stories will first be analyzed in the state they existed before Lish’s changes, and then a second analysis will pinpoint Lish’s major editorial changes and show how they affected Carver’s original vision. The analysis will provide a foundation for discovering a final product understood as a combination of two visions, Carver’s original authorial vision and Lish’s editorial vision. The basis for future Carver studies is to separate these men’s work. Carver’s authorial intent becomes paramount in the investigation for finding the true Carver through critical and textual analysis. Their two distinct and separate visions affect how contemporary Carver studies critically examine his work. To understand Carver textually is to get at his original intent, to illuminate his true vision, separate from Lish’s edits, in order to open up a new perspective and understanding of Carver’s emotional depth and expansiveness. Robert Rebein, Ph.D. (Chair)

The research addresses three research questions in this study: (1) What kinds of information are included in employee newsletters?; (2) What are the sender’s purposes?; (3) Is there a relationship between employee newsletter content and the sender’s purposes? An analysis of relevant literature will help in the development of our knowledge of employee newsletters. The review of literature that follows in Chapter 2 also will identify factors that have led to the popularity of the newsletter as a means of internal communication

Today, a translation job does not only mean transferring content from one language to another by utilizing one's own knowledge of two languages and subject matter expertise. Today, translation often means working with suggestions from various resources, including machine translation. The popularity of machine translation post-editing (MTPE) as a form of translation is growing. That is why this sklil should be acquired by translation students prior to entering the market. In order to work with machine translation efficiently, not only knowledge of the basic principles of how machine translation engines and translation technology work is needed, but also being able to assess the relevance of each linguistic edit with regards to the assigned instructions and purpose of the translated text. The aim of this master's thesis is to analyze linguistic edits carried out during an MTPE job from English to Czech. Identified edits are then classified, resulting in a list of linguistic edit categories in English-to-Czech MTPE. KEY WORDS MTPE, PEMT, post-editing, machine translation, classification, edits

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20439号 / 農博第2224号 / 新制||農||1049(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5060(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 充美, 教授 間藤 徹, 教授 喜多 恵子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20930号 / 理博第4382号 / 新制||理||1630(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 弘, 教授 三木 邦夫, 教授 秋山 芳展 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21688号 / 医博第4494号 / 新制||医||1036(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 生田 宏一, 教授 江藤 浩之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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PART I: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A DIMERIZATIO DOMAIN OF DROSOPHILA CAPRIN Drosophila Melanogaster Caprin (dCaprin) shares conversed HR1 domain with Caprin protein family members, which are RNA binding proteins that play critical roles in many important biological processes, such as synaptic plasticity, stress response, innate immune response and cellular proliferation. One of the Caprin protein family members, Caprin-1, is involved in the pathway of several human diseases, including breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, osteosarcoma, hearing loss, and viral infection. The functions of Caprin protein relies on their molecular interactions. Several direct interactions have been established between Caprin-1 and the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1), and the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) core protein. We have determined the crystal structures of a fragment (residues 187-309) of Drosophila Melanogaster Caprin (dCaprin), which mediates homodimerization through a substantial interface created by a mainly alpha-helical fold. A larger hollow surface is created by homodimerization suggesting a protein binding groove. The FMRP binding should not affect dCaprin homodimerization for an integral alpha-helix in the dimeric dCaprein which formed by the FMRP interacting sequence motif. PART II: CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO TYPE VI-B CRESPR SYSTEMS: PGI5CAS1B AND PGI8CAS13B WHICH EFFECTOR PROTEINS ARE CAPABLE OF PROCESSING PRE-CRRNA INTO MATURE CRRNA CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system protects microorganism from foreign nucleic acids invasion through endonucleases activity guided by RNA, which system has turned to a powerful genome editing tool applied to a multifold species, ranging from bacteria to human. Pgi5Cas13b and Pgi8Cas13b are identified by a computational sequence database mining approach, the CRISPR arrays lack of Cas1 and Cas2 encoding genes but contain a large candidate effector protein around 1,200 amino acids. They can be potentially classified as subtype VI-B CRISPR-Cas systems. We characterized the mature crRNA for Pgi5Cas13b and Pgi8Cas13b via Northern blot and small RNA sequencing. By EMSA (Electrophoretic mobility shift assay) experiments, we identified the binding constant between Pgi5Cas1b/Pgi8Cas13b and their corresponding crRNAs. The CRISPR loci of two of the Cas13b systems were cloned in pACYC vector and expressed in E. coli cells. Small RNAs were extracted and characterized by Northern Blotting and NGS (small RNA-seq) methods. The NGS results revealed the exact sequences of the crRNAs, which show a few new features not previously observed in other systems, including the longest spacer-derived sequences (32 and 31 nt), spacer-derived sequences flanking both ends of the full DR-derived sequence. The results also indicate different rules of pre-crRNA processing by the Pgi5Cas13b and Pgi8Cas13b systems. The characterization of these CRISPR systems extends the application of CRISPR based genome editing tools and promotes the development of single transcript manipulation tools.