The problem of this investigation is to survey the total programs of selected kindergartens. Major emphasis on the program for the development of large muscle skills and activities will be carried out in the analysis.

This study compares the effectiveness of three selected exercises (curl-up, conventional hook sit-up and modified hook sit-up) in building abdominal strength and endurance in upper elementary school girls. Ninety-nine subjects were randomly divided into four groups. The study was designed to determine (1) whether an eight week exercise program can increase abdominal strength and endurance; (2) the most effective exercise; (3) if muscle action intensity affects the results. A cable tensiometer measured abdominal strength and a timed sit-up measured abdominal endurance. An analysis of covariance determined significance. Significant gains in abdominal strength and endurance were shown by the conventional hook sit-up. Further study on the relationship between muscle development and maturation in young children is recommended.

This study of the relationship between dynamic balance and rhythm tests the hypothesis that a positive relationship exists between these two factors. One hundred fifty-two fifth- and sixth-graders were given the Nelson Balance Test and an adaptation of Ashton's Practical Rhythm Test. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was used in the analysis of the data. The reliability of the tests was very low. The relationship between dynamic balance and rhythm was . 08, an unreliable correlation from which no conclusions could be drawn. It was recommended that improved methods of measuring dynamic balance and rhythm be developed for elementary pupils.

No description available.

This thesis investigates design methods and phase models towards a reinterpretation of the design process towards a specific design task. The study reveals the essence of the process as a design process core, onto which may be built design process models to suit design tasks of diverse nature and scale.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-06T19:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VILMA RIBEIRO DE ALMEIDA.pdf: 4414274 bytes, checksum: fb66e9d7049244a8459ee73a11be217e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T19:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VILMA RIBEIRO DE ALMEIDA.pdf: 4414274 bytes, checksum: fb66e9d7049244a8459ee73a11be217e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / This work, inscribed in the line of research on Education, Society and Culture, has, as its object of study, Popular Education with children and as its field of study, the experience of the Movement of Adolescents and Children groups (MAC).For this, part of it starts from the following researching problem: what characterizes the MAC project in the socio-politicaleducational perspective for the development of children in contexts of Popular Education? Thus, the objective is to analyze the concepts, principles and practices of popular education, experienced by children and adults from the socio-political-educational project of MAC; to investigate how these values contribute to the recognition of the child as a subject of the rights in the context of popular education and to grasp the presence/absence of the concepts, principles and practices of MAC in the words of teenagers, egressed from the Movement of Adolescents and Children (MAC) To understand these assumptions, studies and researches are taken as references in the light of the theoretical framework of the Historical and Dialectical Materialism since their main categories of analysis allow us to understand the reality and the praxis in pursuit of social transformation, that is, of a historical becoming. This work was anchored in: Marx (2006); Brandão (2002a; 2006), Freire (2003; 2006; 2014), Arroyo (2012; 2004), Sarmento (2005; 2008); Siqueira (2011); Fernandes (2009); Ariès (1981), Kramer (1999; 2006); Gaitán; Liebel (2012); Espinar (2003); Cussianovich; Marques (2002), among others. In the field research, according to the established criteria, we tried to observe the meeting of two groups of the Movement of Adolescent and Children so that, at the end, eight meetings were documented through filmic records. There were also four interviews, two with the attendants and two with teenagers egressed from MAC. This work is divided into three chapters that comment on general discussions on the relationship among Subject, Education and Society; principles and concepts in the voices of adult subjects (attendants and young graduates) focusing on some themes such as Popular Education, participation, dialogical, ethical and critical training and political education and also the insights from the children's voices on law, citizenship, participation and leadership. Regarding the survey results, it is distinguished that the child's voice is a polyphonic one and that the presence of adults in groups gives a hierarchically superior form. However, we see the political and educational importance of Popular Education with children and this is done mediated by the dialogical action that in its essence stimulates curiosity, allows the construction of knowledge, explicits dreams, demands criticality and requires commitment. It is worth noting the importance of educational activities developed by MAC that, even if incipient, presents itself as an emancipatory space of civic education in the perspective of the child’s autonomy. / O presente trabalho, inscrito na linha de pesquisa Educação, Sociedade e Cultura, tem como objeto de estudo a Educação Popular com crianças e como campo de estudo a experiência dos grupos do Movimento de Adolescentes e Crianças (MAC). Portanto procura elucidar o problema da pesquisa a partir da seguinte questão central: o que caracteriza o projeto do MAC na perspectiva sócio-político-educativa para a formação de crianças em contextos de Educação Popular? Desta forma, objetiva-se analisar as concepções, princípios e práticas da educação popular, vivenciadas por crianças e adultos a partir projeto sócio- político-educativo do MAC; e a investigar como tais valores contribuem para o reconhecimento da criança como sujeito de direitos no contexto da Educação Popular; apreender, nas falas de jovens egressos do Movimento de Adolescentes e Crianças (MAC), a presença/ausência das concepções, princípios e práticas do MAC. Para a compreensão desses pressupostos tomam-se como referências de estudos e pesquisas à luz da matriz teórica do Materialismo Histórico e Dialético uma vez que suas categorias centrais de análise permitem compreender a realidade e a práxis, em busca da transformação social, portanto, do devir histórico. Este trabalho ancorou-se em: Marx (2006); Brandão (2002a; 2006), Freire (2003; 2006; 2014), Arroyo (2012; 2004), Sarmento (2005; 2008); Siqueira (2011); Fernandes (2009); Ariès (1981), Kramer (1999; 2006); Gaitán; Liebel (2012); Espinar (2003); Cussianóvich; Marques (2002), dentre outros. Na pesquisa de campo, de acordo com os critérios preestabelecidos, buscou-se observar as reuniões de dois grupos do Movimento de Adolescentes e Crianças, ao final foram documentados oito encontros, por meio de registros fílmicos. Realizaram-se, também quatro entrevistas, sendo duas com acompanhantes dos grupos e duas com jovens egressos do MAC. Este trabalho esta dividido em três capítulos que tecem discussões de modo geral acerca da relação sujeito, educação e sociedade; princípios e concepções nas vozes dos sujeitos adultos (acompanhantes e jovens egressos) enfocando algumas temáticas como: Educação Popular, participação, dialogicidade, formação ético-crítica e formação política e ainda as compreensões a partir das vozes das crianças sobre: direito, cidadania, participação e protagonismo. Em relação aos resultados da pesquisa destaca-se que a voz da criança é uma voz polifônica e que a presença dos adultos nos grupos se dá de forma hierarquicamente superior. No entanto, percebe-se a importância política e pedagógica da Educação Popular com crianças e esta se faz mediada pela ação dialógica que em sua essência estimula a curiosidade, possibilita a construção de conhecimento, explicita sonhos, exige criticidade e requer compromisso. Ressalta-se ainda, a importância da ação educativa desenvolvida pelo MAC, mesmo que de forma incipiente, se apresenta como um espaço emancipatório de formação cidadã, numa perspectiva de autonomia da criança.

No description available.

Drawing from developmental and behaviourist perspectives, a theoretical base is described for designing intervention and assessment strategies to teach and monitor picto-graphic symbol use for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). These strategies were investigated with students with severe intellectual disability. An intervention strategy was developed that presented symbol use, symbol discrimination and symbol-object relationships as a skill cluster in a functional context. The effects of the intervention were examined through a multiple baseline across settings research design. The study explored the problem of generalisation of symbol use by examining generalisation from use in choice-making to use in labeling, and to symbol comprehension. The results provide a limited validation of naturalistic intervention strategies to teach AAC use to this particular population. They suggest that naturalistic teaching strategies have potential to be used successfully with students from the population of interest to teach both functional use of a communication board displaying picto-graphic symbols and more generalised symbol skills. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>The investigation concerns childrearing among settlers in the northern part of Sweden between 1850-1920. What were the attitudes of the adults towards children and what ideals were there for children's behaviour? By investigating childrearing I also intended to find which general values and norms there were in the settlers' society. When answering these questions it has turned out that the relationship between discourse, ideal norm and practice is of central importance. The source material has been taken mainly from ethnological archives. The specific elements in the settlers' way of bringing up children will be clear from a comparison with other methods from different times and different social systems. I have found it productive to refer to the discussion regarding various theories on the history of civilisation. The problems of historical translation constitute a central methodological issue in the comparison between different ways of bringing up children. I have tried to dissociate myself from the analysis of childrearing in different times which can be found in the thoughts of Philippe Aries and Norbert Elias. Michel Foucault represents a more unprejudiced history of civilisation and his thoughts about an older and a younger form of steering mechanism have turned out to be applicable in the case of historical change in the discourse and practise of childrearing. The childhood of the settlers' children can be divided into two separate periods; the liberal period of the child's first two or three years, and the time when discipline began. During the first period the child was entitled to have all its needs fulfilled. At the age of four or five a more rigorous discipline began. Flogging and fright were used and the purpose was to make the child obedient, humble and willing to work. Adults could openly express tenderness and kiss and fondle the infants. It is more difficult to interpret the language of tenderness where the older children are concerned, since adults did not express their feelings for them in words or gestures. The way the adults related to the children reveals, however, an attitude which deviates from the ideas of the Old Testament. This attitude, which existed on the level of practise, meant loving playfulness and respect. Discipline was used to teach the children proper behaviour in all areas of life, e.g. the social life with all its strict rules of etiquette. The difficulty in discovering the discipline which existed in the settlers' society, is linked to the fact that their idea of proper behaviour did not always correspond with the ideas of the middle class. The settlers taught their children to control their spontaneous feelings of distaste for dirt and uncleanliness. To openly demonstrate warm feelings for other people was also discouraged. By expressing feelings of shame, the children were taught to discipline their sexuality. Training in humbleness was also a training for life. Children who were in service had to learn the manners and the landless people were outside the reciprocity in the' settlers' society.</p>

The aims of physical education in Ghana include developing personal qualities such as competence in students and generating interest in physical education and sports (Ghana Education Service, [GES], 1987). The GES has also reiterated the need to have competent teachers in the implementation of the school physical education syllabus; therefore few primary schools in Ghana have physical education specialists (detached teachers). There is the need to assess the impact these specialist teachers have on students in relation to classroom teachers and the extent to which the aims of physical education are being achieved. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if differences existed between students taught by physical education specialists and those taught by classroom teachers in their perceptions of competence, affect, and persistence in sports. It was hypothesized that students who were taught by physical education specialists would be significantly different from those taught by non-specialist teachers in their perceptions of competence, affect, and persistence. A sample of 483 class six boys and girls from four regions in Ghana completed items measuring perceptions of competence, affect, and persistence in sports. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant main effects for category (p<.001) and gender (p<.05) in each of the four regions examined. Students taught by specialist teachers differed significantly from those taught by classroom teachers in their perceptions of affect and persistence in sports. Findings also showed that students in specialist teacher and non-specialist teacher categories did not differ significantly in their perceptions of competence. Furthermore, results indicated that the significant gender effect was minimal and not meaningful. Overall, the present study provided further evidence of the influence of physical education specialists on amount of enjoyment students derive from sports. Findings also suggest the need for Ghanaian physical education teachers to improve upon their modes of teaching in order to enhance their students' competence perceptions. Attempts should also be made to validate Harter's (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children for use within the Ghanaian culture and to find those specific areas on which students base their competence judgments. / Graduation date: 1998