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The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), now entering it's fourth decade, continues to draw attention from the condensed matter community. New experiments in recent years are raising hopes that it will be possible to observe quasi-particles with non-abelian anyonic statistics. These particles could form the building blocks of a quantum computer. The quantum Hall states have topologically protected energy gaps to the low-lying set of excitations. This topological order is not a locally measurable quantity but rather a non-local object, and it is one of the keys to it's stability. From an early stage understanding of the FQHE has been facilitate by constructing trial wave functions. The topological classification of these wave functions have given further insight to the nature of the FQHE. An early, and successful, wave function construction for filling fractions ν=p/(2p+1) was that of composite fermions on planar and spherical geometries. Recently, new developments using conformal field theory have made it possible to also construct the full Haldane-Halperin hierarchy wave functions on planar and spherical geometries. In this thesis we extend this construction to a toroidal geometry, i.e. a flat surface with periodic boundary conditions. One of the defining features of topological states of matter in two dimensions is that the ground state is not unique on surfaces with non trivial topology, such as a torus. The archetypical example is the fractional quantum Hall effect, where a state at filling fraction ν=p/q, has at least a q-fold degeneracy on a torus. This has been shown explicitly for a few cases, such as the Laughlin states and the the Moore-Read states, by explicit construction of candidate electron wave functions with good overlap with numerically found states. In this thesis, we construct explicit torus wave functions for a large class of experimentally important quantum liquids, namely the chiral hierarchy states in the lowest Landau level. These states, which includes the prominently observed positive Jain sequence at filling fractions ν=p/(2p+1), are characterized by having boundary modes with only one chirality. Our construction relies heavily on previous work that expressed the hierarchy wave functions on a plane or a sphere in terms of correlation functions in a conformal field theory. This construction can be taken over to the torus when care is taken to ensure correct behaviour under the modular transformations that leave the geometry of the torus unchanged. Our construction solves the long standing problem of engineering torus wave functions for multi-component many-body states. Since the resulting expressions are rather complicated, we have carefully compared the simplest example, that of ν=2/5, with numerically found wave functions. We have found an extremely good overlap for arbitrary values of the modular parameter τ, that describes the geometry of the torus. Having explicit torus wave functions allows us to use the methods developed by Read and Read \&amp; Rezayi to numerically compute the quantum Hall viscosity. Hall viscosity is conjectured to be a topologically protected macroscopic transport coefficient characterizing the quantum Hall state. It is related to the shift of the same QH-fluid when it is put on a sphere. The good agreement with the theoretical prediction for the 2/5 state strongly suggests that our wave functions encodes all relevant topologically information. We also consider the Hall viscosity in the limit of a very thin torus. There we find that the viscosity changes as we approach the thin torus limit. Because of this we study the Laughlin state in that limit and see how the change in viscosity arises from a change in the Hamiltonian hopping elements. Finally we conclude that there are both qualitative and quantitative difference between the thin and the square torus. Thus, one has to be careful when interpreting results in the thin torus limit. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

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Adenosine is a nucleoside with varied pharmacological effects but its actions in man are sparsely documented. Cardiac and respiratory effects of adenosine in man were examined. Adenosine was found to increase coronary flow in patients without significant coronary atheroma. Adenosine restored sinus rhythm in some patients with supraventricular tachycardia. In those in whom sinus rhythm was not restored the underlying rhythm was atrial flutter. In patients with complete heart block adenosine decreased ventricular rate in a dose-related fashion. In subjects in sinus rhythm adenosine produced a transient dose-related bradycardia which was followed by a more sustained increase in sinus rate. These latter effects were compared but were found not to differ in young and elderly subjects. A dose-related respiratory stimulant effect of adenosine, which had not previously been widely appreciated, was observed. The possible relevance of this observation to the ventilatory response to hypoxia is discussed. Adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation was found not to differ in young and elderly subjects. Dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine transport, potentiated adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation and bradycardia but not the subsequent tachycardia. Aminophylline, a competitive adenosine antagonist at cell-surface receptors, abolished adenosine-induced bradycardia but did not alter the tachycardia or respiratory stimulation. Adenosine-induced bradycardia in man may be explained by an action of adenosine on cell-surface receptors at one site, whereas such an explanation does not accord with the observations on tachycardia and respiratory stimulation. Adenosine administered proximal to the carotid circulation in man stimulated respiration, but infusion distal to those vessels had no such effect. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that adenosine stimulates respiration in man by an action on the carotid body. Possible physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.

Managers’ increased interest in exploiting consumers’ labor in cook-your-own-food restaurants and harvest-your-own-vegetable fields is theoretically rooted in a stream of research called effort justification. For many years, research centered on effort justification has focused on the relationship between the effort one puts into a task and the resultant valuation of the task’s outcome arguing that effort increases the favorable valuation (e.g. Aronson and Mills 1959; Alessandri, Darcheville, and Zentall 2008; Lydall, Gilmour, and Dwyer 2010; and Norton, Mochon, Ariely 2012). However, little research has focused on the inverse phenomenon where the effort does not result in a heightened favorable valuation of the outcome. Extending the previous findings, it is asserted that effort does not always increase the favorable valuation of the outcome and it happens only when the effort is not a threatening factor to one’s resources. Results from three studies, one pretest and two main studies, show that threatening labor, the one that is coupled with expectation disconfirmation, reduces the favorable variation of the outcome, while non-threatening labor increases the favorable valuation.

This work is a contribution to the theory of the quantum tunneling effect. In the literature at least two barriers are studied, for which the third-order contribution to the phase - integral asymptotic approximation of the transmission coefficient do not contribute. These are the parabolic barrier and the inverse Morse barrier. In the present work we will show that with a proper choice of the so called base function there is at least one more barrier in this category namely the Eckart-Epstein potential. The fact that the third - order contribution vanishes is a good indication that we have found an optimal choice of the base function, and the treatment to find an optimal base function may be possible to generalize to other classes of potential barriers.    For particles of a low energy compared to the energy near the top of the barrier we obtain a vary low transmission coefficient, which means that the probability for tunneling to occur is very low. There exist some cases, for example that with a double barrier which is transparent, even for certain relatively low energies but no evidence for this kind of transparency for a single barrier has been found. The present work does not give any such evidence. At the same time there are still speculations on cold fusion like effects, which would demand a higher probability for tunneling through for a single barrier.

Energy Metabolism in Heart, Previous studies have demonstrated that acute or chronic exposureto ozone results in (1) alterations in the glutathione peroxidase system, and (2) the functional activity of sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-contain+nq enzymes in lung tissue and erythrocytes. As a result, both structural damage and changes in metabolic profile occur. The present study examined tie effects of acute exposure to ozone on the metabolic properties of hamster heart(H), liver(L), and gastrocnemius(G) tissues. Measures included in vitro oxidative capacity(Q02) and the optimal activity of the marker enzymes 2-oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase(20GDII), Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase(CPT), hexokinase(HI;), Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase(G6PDH), and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH). Relative to controls, both L and G tissues had significantlydepressed QC02 values(Pc0.01). Heart was unaffected. Significant treatment effects were also found for 20GDH(H,L), CPT(L), HK(H), and G6PDH(H). The data support previous work on lung and erythrocytes suggesting shifts in metabolic profiles in an attempt to counteract the deleterious effects of ozone exposure on cellular lipids or enzymes with sulfhydryl groups. Thepresent data also indicate that brief exposure to ozone will have an effect upon tissues other than the lungs or erythrocytes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-week ketogenic diet on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), high-intensity Wingate sprints, and work output during a 45-minute cycling bout. Twenty subjects were placed into either an intervention group (N=12) or a control group (N=8). Subjects in the dietary intervention group ingested a diet consisting of 61± 4% fat, 8± 3% carbohydrate, and 30± 5% protein while subjects in the control group were instructed to continue following their normal moderate carbohydrate diet. All subjects were instructed to maintain their current training status. On the first day subjects performed a VO2max test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. On the second day subjects performed two 30-second Wingate sprints followed by a 30-minute rest. Following this subjects performed a 45-minute timed ride on a cycle ergometer set on isokinetic mode. Absolute VO2max decreased significantly (P<_ 0.05) in the ketogenic group while relative VO2max was unchanged. Rate of perceived exertion increased significantly at 9 and 11 minutes during the VO2max test. Absolute peak and mean power output during the first Wingate sprint was significantly less after the ketogenic diet compared with week 0. When analyzed relative to body weight, however, only peak power output was significantly decreased. Power output during the second sprint remained unchanged. Fat oxidation increased but work output decreased during the 45-minute cycling bout in the ketogenic group. The results of the present study suggest that a 6-week ketogenic diet results in metabolic adaptations that increase fat oxidation. However, the overall decreased performance during a VO2max test, 30-second Wingate sprints, and a 45-minute endurance test indicate that some aspect of the diet has an adverse effect on exercise performance. / School of Physical Education