Graduation date: 1995

No description available.

This investigation examined the influence of two levels of dietary sodium (Na+) intake on intramuscular and extracellular potassium (K+) content. Nine unacclimatized college males exercised. (90 minutes of treadmill walking, 5.6km/hr, 6X grade) in an environmental chamber maintained at 40.1( + .05)°C and 23.5( + . 4) %RH, during two 8-day dietary-acclimation regimens. The first regimen employed a high Na+ diet (399mEq/day), the second a low Na+ diet (98mEq/day); both diets contained 80mEq K+/day. Total body K+ stores increased during the high Na+ diet (+138mEq, 4.1%) and the-low Na+ diet (+114mEq, 3.4%). By day 8 (D8) of both treatments, subjects exhibited a significantly lower (p<.O5) mean heart rate and rectal temperature. Oxygen consumption and sweat rate were unaltered but sweat responsiveness (ml/hr/°c) progressively increased during the acclimation trials. Plasma volume increased +16.3% (D4) and +10.7% (D8) under the high Na+ diet and only +3.0% (D4) and +7.0% (D8) under the low Na+ diet. The low sodium diet was associated with a significantly higher (p<.05) mean heart rate (D3-D5), higher rectal temperature (D3-D6), lower sweat responsiveness (D2) and a delayed plasma volume expansion (D4)--resulting in less effective heat removal. The total content of K+, Na+, and C1- in plasma changed isoosmotically with plasma volume. The diets were associated with equivalent urine K+ excretion, and. during exercise in the heat both diets resulted in significantly decreased urine K+ losses. Muscle K+ and sweat K+ concentrations were not altered by dietary intervention or acclimation trials. Total muscle water-was significantly increased, in accord with Na+ and Cl- increases, on D8 of the low Na+ diet only. It was concluded that dietary intake of Na+, in combination with 8 days. of exercise in the heat and heavy sweating, does not significantly diminish the intramuscular K+ or total body K+ content.

The primary objective of this dissertation is to investigate whether Canadian whole farm programs with both income-supporting and income-stabilizing attributes, which are considered as decoupled based on the WTO criterion, are actually decoupled from production. The dissertation began with the review of the existing theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of programs designed to be decoupled payments on acreage response including studies related to the wealth and insurance effects. The review revealed that previous studies lack a detailed theoretical model of how acreage decisions will be affected by stabilizing the farm profit (insurance effect) as well as the higher expected profit (wealth effect). Given the nature of Canadian whole farm programs which attempt to smooth income, to examine the whole farm programs, a model is needed to capture the insurance effect arising from these programs as well as the wealth effect.<p> To address this gap, the theoretical framework developed by Chavas and Holt (1990) was extended, in this dissertation, to incorporate the insurance effect into the farmers' acreage decisions under uncertainty. In particular, by developing theoretical restrictions, which consider the relationship between income stabilization compensated and uncompensated acreage decision functions, the insurance effect emphasized in the literature was explicitly derived within the theoretical model. The acreage allocated to each crop was derived as a function of expected crop profits, elements of the variance-covariance matrix of crop profits, expected total wealth (initial wealth plus market profit), and variance of total wealth. The government payments were incorporated into the model through truncation of the probability distribution of profits. Specifically, the whole-farm programs truncated the total (farm) profit distribution which affected the expected total wealth and variance of total wealth.<p> The theoretical model was then used to develop an empirical model. The econometric model was applied to acreage data in the Canadian Prairies from 1970 to 2006 in order to statistically test if the whole farm programs were really decoupled. The results revealed that coefficients of expected total wealth (wealth effect) and variance of total wealth (insurance effect) were statistically significant in the whole system, which implied the whole-farm programs were production and therefore trade distorting and were not actually decoupled, even if they satisfied the WTO criteria. The statistically significant coefficients for expected total wealth and variance of total wealth variables were then used to simulate the impact of recent whole-farm programsthe Western Grain Stabilization Act (WGSA), the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA) and the Canadian Agricultural Income Stabilization (CAIS)on crop choices.<p> The results suggested that the WGSA, NISA and CAIS programs have increased the acreage allocated to spring wheat and peas (through both wealth and insurance effects, although the insurance effect appears to dominate) while they have decreased the acreage for barley (through the wealth effect), canola and hay (through the insurance effect) in the prairie provinces. In general, the size of the wealth effect was quite small, while the insurance effect was always significant. Specifically, the acreage allocated to wheat increased by 7.79 percent on average across Prairies while canola acreage decreased by 8.86 percent under the CAIS. Thus, the empirical results revealed that for Canadian whole-farm programs the impact of the effects related to risk is important. Particularly, the results showed the inherent difficulty in divorcing the stabilization effect received by Canadian whole-farm programs from farmers' production decisions.

Graduation date: 1994

Graduation date: 1982

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to dissertation permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the acute pressor response to caffeine at rest and during exercise, and to compare responses for different reportings of caffeine consumption and sensitivity. Eight young men with high use (HU) consumption patterns (<600 mg/day) and eight with low use (LU) patterns (<90 mg/day) participated. Caffeine (C) (4.5 mg/kg fat free mass) and placebo (P) were administered, double-blind and counterbalanced. Systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored during baseline, 40 minutes of absorption and graded treadmill walking. Oxygen consumption (V02) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during exercise. No significant differences were found for the responses to C between HU and LU nor between sensitive and not sensitive groups. Following a 12 hour abstinence, caffeine significantly increase SBP and DBP at absorption compared to P (11/9 mm Hg). The increase was additive with exercise for SBP but not DBP. Caffeine significantly increased VO2 compared to P. No significant differences were found for HR nor RPE between C and P trials. The present data indicate chronic caffeine consumption does not build tolerance to the acute pressor response to caffeine ingestion, the resting pressor response is additive with the pressor response to exercise for SBP, and individual perceptions of caffeine sensitivity are not accurate predictors of pressor responses. / School of Physical Education

No description available.

The primary objective of this dissertation is to investigate whether Canadian whole farm programs with both income-supporting and income-stabilizing attributes, which are considered as decoupled based on the WTO criterion, are actually decoupled from production. The dissertation began with the review of the existing theoretical and empirical literature on the impact of programs designed to be decoupled payments on acreage response including studies related to the wealth and insurance effects. The review revealed that previous studies lack a detailed theoretical model of how acreage decisions will be affected by stabilizing the farm profit (insurance effect) as well as the higher expected profit (wealth effect). Given the nature of Canadian whole farm programs which attempt to smooth income, to examine the whole farm programs, a model is needed to capture the insurance effect arising from these programs as well as the wealth effect.<p> To address this gap, the theoretical framework developed by Chavas and Holt (1990) was extended, in this dissertation, to incorporate the insurance effect into the farmers' acreage decisions under uncertainty. In particular, by developing theoretical restrictions, which consider the relationship between income stabilization compensated and uncompensated acreage decision functions, the insurance effect emphasized in the literature was explicitly derived within the theoretical model. The acreage allocated to each crop was derived as a function of expected crop profits, elements of the variance-covariance matrix of crop profits, expected total wealth (initial wealth plus market profit), and variance of total wealth. The government payments were incorporated into the model through truncation of the probability distribution of profits. Specifically, the whole-farm programs truncated the total (farm) profit distribution which affected the expected total wealth and variance of total wealth.<p> The theoretical model was then used to develop an empirical model. The econometric model was applied to acreage data in the Canadian Prairies from 1970 to 2006 in order to statistically test if the whole farm programs were really decoupled. The results revealed that coefficients of expected total wealth (wealth effect) and variance of total wealth (insurance effect) were statistically significant in the whole system, which implied the whole-farm programs were production and therefore trade distorting and were not actually decoupled, even if they satisfied the WTO criteria. The statistically significant coefficients for expected total wealth and variance of total wealth variables were then used to simulate the impact of recent whole-farm programsthe Western Grain Stabilization Act (WGSA), the Net Income Stabilization Account (NISA) and the Canadian Agricultural Income Stabilization (CAIS)on crop choices.<p> The results suggested that the WGSA, NISA and CAIS programs have increased the acreage allocated to spring wheat and peas (through both wealth and insurance effects, although the insurance effect appears to dominate) while they have decreased the acreage for barley (through the wealth effect), canola and hay (through the insurance effect) in the prairie provinces. In general, the size of the wealth effect was quite small, while the insurance effect was always significant. Specifically, the acreage allocated to wheat increased by 7.79 percent on average across Prairies while canola acreage decreased by 8.86 percent under the CAIS. Thus, the empirical results revealed that for Canadian whole-farm programs the impact of the effects related to risk is important. Particularly, the results showed the inherent difficulty in divorcing the stabilization effect received by Canadian whole-farm programs from farmers' production decisions.