Child labour is closely associated with poverty. However, the direction of causality is an empirical question. There is need to control for potential endogeneity in order to be able to adequately estimate the factors that determine child labour. This study proposed a model of an agricultural household to explain the factors that affect the household's decision to involve their children in child labour and the type of influence each factor has on the household. These factors include household resources, child characteristics, community characteristics, school availability, etc. The data was analysed using both Tobit and Logit models. The Tobit model was used to find the relationship between the factors and duration of child work while the Logit model was used for the participation of the child in farm work. The outcome of the analysis showed that among agricultural households in Ethiopia, child labour is a normal good increasing with income. However, the impact on the male child was different from that of the female child, suggesting that gender bias with respect to child labour might exist in Ethiopia. The male child is made to participate more in farm work than the female child, though the females responded more to household land holding (size). This can be attributed to the need for the household decision maker to substitute household chores performed by the female child for farm work. The substitution effect of increase in income on household decision on child farm work is higher than the income effect, irrespective of the gender of the child, although the effect was significant for the male child but not significant for the female child. Also, school availability is a very important factor for both the male and the female child. The impact of household size in this analysis suggests the presence of division of labour, and the significance of the mother's education on the female child's response suggests that the effect of cultural belief system changes with the mother's education. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc (Agric) / Unrestricted

The aim of this study was to see what effect game fences along road E4 have on moose browsing. I wanted to know if moose browsing escalates close to the game fences or not. I also wanted to know if there is considerable difference in browsing between the east and west side of road E4 in my study area. To test these questions, I performed counts of 60 measurements where I measured moose browsing damage. The measurements were executed 50 to 3000 meters from the fences and were located on both the east and west side of E4. Then I analysed my dataset with correlation analysis to see the relationship between distance from the road and moose browsing. I also compared the amount of browsing damage between the west and east side and used t-test to test the differences in moose browsing. My results showed that moose browsing increased with decreasing distance to the road both measured as percentage damaged and counts of damaged pine trees within each sample. My results also showed that there was significantly more browsing damage on the east side of the road than the west side. The game fences seem to concentrate moose near the fences, and this can result in greater browsing pressure. This should be considered when planning infrastructure and forest management.

The formation of human capital is the main issue in this dissertation. More specifically, this dissertation discusses two alternative types of transferring human capital, in contrast to the transfer of human capital from parents to their children's education. These two types of transfer are sibling effect and neighborhood effect on children's education. Chapter 1 discusses the sibling effect on children's education, "Household Models and Formations of Human Capital with Sibling Effect in Iran." The neighborhood effect on children's education will be discussed in Chapter 2, "Intergenerational Transfer of Human Capital from Parents to Children: Does Neighborhood Matter?" Chapter 3 measures and describes the rate of return on human capital in Taiwan, "Rate of Return on Education by Using Sibling Data from Taiwan." My empirical results show the following findings. First, the presence of older sisters increases younger sisters' and brothers' education. After controlling the resource contribution factor, the empirical result suggests that a role model effect exists between daughters -- the education of older sisters benefits younger sisters in Iran. Second, assuming that the unobserved parent's preference on children's education is not correlated to the unobserved parent's preference on neighborhood, our results suggest that choosing a "good" neighborhood is important for children's education in Iran. Third, the results suggest that in 1990 data from Taiwan, upward bias in the rate of return on schooling due to the omission of family background factors is significant. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23228号 / 工博第4872号 / 新制||工||1760(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 山子 茂, 教授 大内 誠, 教授 中村 正治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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The growth of e-commerce, accelerated by the covid-19 pandemic, have fundamentally changed how companies commercialize their products. To remain competitive, many retail companies must transition parts of, or their entire, selling process to the internet. This poses the challenge of creating a website which satisfies as many of the needs of the consumer as possible, whilst still being accessible and easy to use. The usability of a website, which essentially is the perceived quality of a user experience, affects both to what extent customers experience satisfaction and to what extent they perform purchases.The purpose of this study was both to examine the relationship between selling strategies, such as the decoy effect and the compromise effect, and perceived usability of an e-commercewebsite, as well as determining how effective said selling strategies are for increasing purchase amount.By creating a high usability e-commerce website for phone cases and related products and then performing user tests in which 42 individuals were asked to perform purchase scenarios in which they were or were not exposed to selling strategies, the correlation between the perceived usability and the effectiveness of selling strategies were investigated. The 42 user tests showed no correlation between the effectiveness of the selling strategies and the perceived usability of the website. An increase in the perceived usability did however correlate to an increase in average purchase amount, and the selling strategies did increase the average purchase amount when applied. The lack of correlation between perceived usability and the effectiveness of selling strategies were inconsistent with the initial hypothesis. The discussion of this paper addresses potential explanations to the result. Several parts of the study can be altered to eliminate or mitigate identified error sources in the method. The extent to which these error sources affected the results of this study is not conclusively established, but several future improvements can be made to continue this academic inquiry, which is considered both relevant and of increasing importance.

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