The solar minimum of 2009 has been identified as an exceptional event with regard to cosmic ray (CR)modulation, since conditions in the heliosphere have reached unprecedented quiet levels. This unique minimum has been observed by the Earth–orbiting satellite, PAMELA, launched in June, 2006, from which vast sets of accurate proton and electron preliminary observations have been made available. These simultaneous measurements from PAMELA provide the ideal opportunity to conduct an in–depth study of CR modulation, in particular charge–sign dependent modulation. In utilizing this opportunity, a three–dimensional, steady–state modulation model was used to reproduce a selection of consecutive PAMELA proton and electron spectra from 2006 to 2009. Thiswas done by assuming full drifts and simplified diffusion coefficients, where the rigidity dependence and absolute value of themean free paths for protons and electrons were sequentially adjusted below 3 GV and 300 MV, respectively. Care has been taken in calculating yearly–averaged current–sheet tilt angle and magnetic field values that correspond to the PAMELA spectra. Following this study where the numerical model was used to investigate the individual effects resulting from changes in the tilt angle, diffusion coefficients, and global drifts, it was found that all these modulation processes played significant roles in contributing to the total increase in CR intensities from 2006 to 2009, as was observed by PAMELA. Furthermore, the effect that drifts has on oppositely charged particles was also evident from the difference between the peak–shaped time profiles of protons and the flatter time profiles of electrons, as is expected for an A < 0 polarity cycle. Since protons, which drift into the heliosphere along the heliospheric current–sheet, haven’t yet reached maximum intensity levels by 2008, their intensities increased notably more than electrons toward the end of 2009. The time and energy dependence of the electron to proton ratios were also studied in order to further illustrate and quantify the effect of drifts during this remarkable solar minimum period. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The solar minimum of 2009 has been identified as an exceptional event with regard to cosmic ray (CR)modulation, since conditions in the heliosphere have reached unprecedented quiet levels. This unique minimum has been observed by the Earth–orbiting satellite, PAMELA, launched in June, 2006, from which vast sets of accurate proton and electron preliminary observations have been made available. These simultaneous measurements from PAMELA provide the ideal opportunity to conduct an in–depth study of CR modulation, in particular charge–sign dependent modulation. In utilizing this opportunity, a three–dimensional, steady–state modulation model was used to reproduce a selection of consecutive PAMELA proton and electron spectra from 2006 to 2009. Thiswas done by assuming full drifts and simplified diffusion coefficients, where the rigidity dependence and absolute value of themean free paths for protons and electrons were sequentially adjusted below 3 GV and 300 MV, respectively. Care has been taken in calculating yearly–averaged current–sheet tilt angle and magnetic field values that correspond to the PAMELA spectra. Following this study where the numerical model was used to investigate the individual effects resulting from changes in the tilt angle, diffusion coefficients, and global drifts, it was found that all these modulation processes played significant roles in contributing to the total increase in CR intensities from 2006 to 2009, as was observed by PAMELA. Furthermore, the effect that drifts has on oppositely charged particles was also evident from the difference between the peak–shaped time profiles of protons and the flatter time profiles of electrons, as is expected for an A < 0 polarity cycle. Since protons, which drift into the heliosphere along the heliospheric current–sheet, haven’t yet reached maximum intensity levels by 2008, their intensities increased notably more than electrons toward the end of 2009. The time and energy dependence of the electron to proton ratios were also studied in order to further illustrate and quantify the effect of drifts during this remarkable solar minimum period. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Sociology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Every year millions of children worldwide are forced into the labour pool. More than half of these children are involved in some of the worst forms of child labour, which include slavery, work under hazardous conditions and illegal activities such as drug trafficking and prostitution. Children involved in child labour are usually deprived of access to basics such as proper nutrition, adequate shelter, education, basic hygiene and healthcare, and recreation. Due to the increase in poverty across the world, the vulnerability of children in child labour, and their need for income to survive in a poverty-stricken environment, these children simply cannot escape from the exploitative practices and worst forms of labour. Despite the dangers associated with child labour, not all forms of work done by children are hazardous to them. The income earned by children in this way contributes substantially to their own survival and that of their families. Work can also help children acquire certain skills, which can contribute to their development. This dissertation investigates, in the light of the current socio-economic circumstances of South Africa, the possibility to allow children to work for their survival and simultaneously to protect them through regulatory measures from exploitative labour practices and the worst forms of child labour. The dissertation starts with a general overview of child labour, including the historical development of the regulation of child labour, problems encountered in defining child labour, advantages and disadvantages of child labour as well as the various current perspectives and approaches to child labour. Special attention is given to the importance of education and the current problems experienced in the education system (which needs to be adjusted for child labourers) as well as the situation regarding girls in the labour market. An exploration of the international legal framework applicable to child labour is coupled with a description of the current international conventions as well as international initiatives, which mainly seek to eliminate child labour. Emphasis is placed on the most important conventions that have a direct impact on child labour: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Labour Organisation's conventions and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Subsequently, the dissertation canvasses the approach to child labour in South Africa with an overview of the nature and extent of child labour in South Africa and an exploration of the nexus between international law and South African national law. The author expounds in detail on the current South African national legal framework applicable to children and child labour, as well as the variety of South-African programmes that seek to effectively regulate child labour. By way of comparison, the author investigates the approach to child labour in India, exploring the socio-economic and political circumstances as well as the extent of child labour in India, as also the federal law and child labour programmes that regulate child labour in India. India’s approach to child labour is compared with that of South Africa to gauge how the two differ and what South-Africa can adopt from India. The dissertation critically evaluates the South African approach to child labour and offers proposals to address the challenges in limiting, if not eradicating, the worst forms of child labour and its exploitative practices in South Africa. The author reviews and evaluates the measures and programmes implemented in India, with a view to improve the position of children involved in child labour in South Africa. The author closes by critically analysing the hypothesis posed at the outset of this study: that a judicious acceptance of child labour (excluding its worst forms), when considered in the context of its proper and effective regulation through legislation and enforcement, is the best approach to combat the perils associated with child labour in South Africa. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Private Law / unrestricted

As a result of the interactive nature of modern programming languages the perception has developed that proper planning of a solution, reasoned action during the process of problem solving and evaluation of the solution have become less important during computer programming. Learn often rely on the programming language to help them solve a problem, without themselves planning the solution beforehand and then using a computer language to implement the solution. This approach usually leads to using bad programming techniques, resulting in unstructured programmes or rendering the learner unable to solve the problem. The importance of continuous reflection by learners while doing a programming activity has been advocated for quite some time... / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

As a result of the interactive nature of modern programming languages the perception has developed that proper planning of a solution, reasoned action during the process of problem solving and evaluation of the solution have become less important during computer programming. Learn often rely on the programming language to help them solve a problem, without themselves planning the solution beforehand and then using a computer language to implement the solution. This approach usually leads to using bad programming techniques, resulting in unstructured programmes or rendering the learner unable to solve the problem. The importance of continuous reflection by learners while doing a programming activity has been advocated for quite some time... / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Identifying and prioritising effective service delivery drivers' in selected civil construction companies are more than merely satisfying customers' need. By successfully identifying and prioritising effective service delivery drivers within the selected civil construction companies, the companies will be able to achieve competitive advantage above their competitors. This study, by using a questionnaire as a measurement instrument, established that a gap currently exist between what civil construction companies, their employees and their customers regards as effective service delivery drivers within the civil construction industry. By closing this gap, the civil construction companies will be able to generate or maximise profits for their shareholders as there will be common understanding of the level of performance to meet the customer's expectations. The company will also have engaged employees as they would know what is expected from them on a daily basis. The study further highlights the benefits of managing these identified service delivery drivers and elaborate on the factors needed to successfully manage a service level agreement between a civil construction company and their customers. Civil construction companies however will have to revisit these drivers on a continuous basis as client satisfaction is associated with continuous improvement, permanent assessment of service delivery drivers and the service delivery standards. In essence, there are still a lot of challenges and opportunities when it comes to quality service delivery drivers in the civil construction industry. Each company needs to conduct a SWOT analysis to evaluate their competitiveness within the industry. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Through the years different models have been proposed to calculate the total effective thermal conductivity in packed beds. The purpose amongst others of these models is to calculate the temperature distribution and heat flux in high temperature pebble bed reactors. Recently a new model has been developed at the North–West University in South Africa and is called the Multi–Sphere Unit Cell (MSUC) model. The unique contribution of this model is that it manages to also predict the effective thermal conductivity in the near wall region by taking into account the local variation in the porosity. Within the MSUC model the thermal radiation has been separated into two components. The first component is the thermal radiation exchange between spheres in contact with one another, which for the purpose of this study is called the short range radiation. The second, which is defined as the longrange radiation, is the thermal radiation between spheres further than one sphere diameter apart and therefore not in contact with each other. Currently a few shortcomings exist in the modelling of the long–range radiation heat transfer in the MSUC model. It was the purpose of this study to address these shortcomings. Recently, work has been done by Pitso (2011) where Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to characterise the long–range radiation in a packed bed. From this work the Spherical Unit Nodalisation (SUN) model has been developed. This study introduces a method where the SUN model has been modified in order to model the long–range radiation heat transfer in an annular reactor packed with uniform spheres. The proposed solution has been named the Cylindrical Spherical Unit Nodalisation (CSUN, pronounced see–sun) model. For validation of the CSUN model, a computer program was written to simulate the bulk region of the High Temperature Test Unit (HTTU). The simulated results were compared with the measured temperatures and the associated heat flux of the HTTU experiments. The simulated results from the CSUN model correlated well with these experimental values. Other thermal radiation models were also used for comparison. When compared with the other radiation models, the CSUN model was shown to predict results with comparable accuracy. Further research is however required by comparing the new model to experimental values at high temperatures. Once the model has been validated at high temperatures, it can be expanded to near wall regions where the packing is different from that in the bulk region. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Identifying and prioritising effective service delivery drivers' in selected civil construction companies are more than merely satisfying customers' need. By successfully identifying and prioritising effective service delivery drivers within the selected civil construction companies, the companies will be able to achieve competitive advantage above their competitors. This study, by using a questionnaire as a measurement instrument, established that a gap currently exist between what civil construction companies, their employees and their customers regards as effective service delivery drivers within the civil construction industry. By closing this gap, the civil construction companies will be able to generate or maximise profits for their shareholders as there will be common understanding of the level of performance to meet the customer's expectations. The company will also have engaged employees as they would know what is expected from them on a daily basis. The study further highlights the benefits of managing these identified service delivery drivers and elaborate on the factors needed to successfully manage a service level agreement between a civil construction company and their customers. Civil construction companies however will have to revisit these drivers on a continuous basis as client satisfaction is associated with continuous improvement, permanent assessment of service delivery drivers and the service delivery standards. In essence, there are still a lot of challenges and opportunities when it comes to quality service delivery drivers in the civil construction industry. Each company needs to conduct a SWOT analysis to evaluate their competitiveness within the industry. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Through the years different models have been proposed to calculate the total effective thermal conductivity in packed beds. The purpose amongst others of these models is to calculate the temperature distribution and heat flux in high temperature pebble bed reactors. Recently a new model has been developed at the North–West University in South Africa and is called the Multi–Sphere Unit Cell (MSUC) model. The unique contribution of this model is that it manages to also predict the effective thermal conductivity in the near wall region by taking into account the local variation in the porosity. Within the MSUC model the thermal radiation has been separated into two components. The first component is the thermal radiation exchange between spheres in contact with one another, which for the purpose of this study is called the short range radiation. The second, which is defined as the longrange radiation, is the thermal radiation between spheres further than one sphere diameter apart and therefore not in contact with each other. Currently a few shortcomings exist in the modelling of the long–range radiation heat transfer in the MSUC model. It was the purpose of this study to address these shortcomings. Recently, work has been done by Pitso (2011) where Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to characterise the long–range radiation in a packed bed. From this work the Spherical Unit Nodalisation (SUN) model has been developed. This study introduces a method where the SUN model has been modified in order to model the long–range radiation heat transfer in an annular reactor packed with uniform spheres. The proposed solution has been named the Cylindrical Spherical Unit Nodalisation (CSUN, pronounced see–sun) model. For validation of the CSUN model, a computer program was written to simulate the bulk region of the High Temperature Test Unit (HTTU). The simulated results were compared with the measured temperatures and the associated heat flux of the HTTU experiments. The simulated results from the CSUN model correlated well with these experimental values. Other thermal radiation models were also used for comparison. When compared with the other radiation models, the CSUN model was shown to predict results with comparable accuracy. Further research is however required by comparing the new model to experimental values at high temperatures. Once the model has been validated at high temperatures, it can be expanded to near wall regions where the packing is different from that in the bulk region. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

AFRIKAANS: Voor 1994 was die skoolhoof aanspreeklik vir die beheer van die finansies van die skool. Met die instelling van die Suid-Afrikaanse Skolewet no. 84 van 1996 het die aanspreeklikheid vir skoolfinansies drasties verander deur die instelling van selfbestuur by skole. Daar bestaan tans groot onduidelikhede by departementele amptenare sowel as by skoolhoofde en skoolbeheerliggaamlede oor wie aanspreeklik vir die finansies van die skool is. Sommige skole se begrotings het sedert 1994 van `n paar honderd duisend rand tot `n paar miljoen rand toegeneem; meer personeel word aangestel wat deur die skoolbeheerliggaam vergoed word en dit alles plaas bykomende bestuurverantwoordelikhede op die skoolhoof. Dikwels is die skoolhoofde en skoolbeheerliggaamlede nie opgelei om hierdie bykomende finansiële lading te hanteer nie. Daar word van die skoolbestuurspan verwag om kennis van finansiële bestuur te hê om hulle taak effektief uit te voer, nie alleenlik vir hulle eie oorlewing nie maar ook tot die voordeel van die skool en die gemeenskap. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die vertrekpunte waarbinne skoolfinansies bestuur en beheer word, te bepaal, asook om aan die hand van kontrole- en beheermaatreëls te bepaal of begrotings aangewend word om onderrig en leer in openbare skole te bevorder. ENGLISH: Before 1994 the principal of a school was accountable for the control of the school`s finances. Since the introduction of the South African Schools Act no. 84 of 1996 and the implementation of self-management of schools, accountability for schoolfinances has changed dramatically. Some schools’ budgets have increased from a few hundred thousands of rand to millions of rand since 1994; more teachers are being appointed and paid by the school governing body; these developments increase the principal’s managerial responsibilities. Principals and school governing body members are often not qualified to shoulder this extra financial burden. It is expected of school managers to have knowledge of financial management to enable them to execute tasks effectively, not only for their own survival but also in the best interest of the school and the community. The purpose of this study is to identify the principles for the control and management of schools’ finances and also to establish whether budgets are managed in such a way that instruction and learning in public schools are propagated. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted