The thesis deals with the phenomenon, sometimes called "Russian infrastructure", which is created by Russian small and middle entrepreneurs. They are presented here as economic actors in search for business opportunities who make plans and strategies to achieve them. Their economic activities are conceptualized through the immigrant economy concept, which refers to the phenomena of entrepreneurship and employment of ethnic minorities and migrants within networks created by themselves (Nekorjak 2009). Both the hypothesis and the subject is the existence of an immigrant economy defined as a space of social and economic relations based on language and cultural affinity in which Russian immigrant entrepreneurs operate, and on which they depend in their economic activities. The aim is to identify the main characteristics and functioning mechanisms of this immigrant economy. The key questions revolves around the importance of ethnic networks from which migrants receive capital resources, the role of language and sociocultural affinity in economic relations, and finally the effect of structural factors on entrepreneurial strategies, especially the role of growing importance of migration flows from Russia, tourism, international trade and global real estate market. In conclusion, the thesis proposes...

Tax law related aspects of the underground economy The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the underground economy and the sources of its genesis and particular tax law related aspects of the underground economy including legal instruments which are used to eliminate and counter it. The goal is also the description of specific kinds of the underground economy policies. This thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter brings definition of the underground economy and division of it among black economy, grey economy and home production. The next part of this chapter is dedicated to the causes of the underground economy. Firstly it describes the tax burden with focus on the value-added tax, there is the analysis of the problematics associated with tax evasion and tax avoidance, carousel frauds and tax havens. The second part of this chapter describes illegal work and execution of jobs in the form of unreported employment and a form called "švarcsystém". In the second chapter is the analysis and description of selected institutes of tax law which are used to eliminate the underground economy including illegal work. The institutes are tax inspection, electronic registration of sales, control reporting and work inspection focused on illegal work. The next part of the chapter is dealing with...

Šiame darbe remiantis pinigų paklausos metodu vertinamas paklaidų korekcijos modelis (VECM), kurio pagalba gaunamas šešėlinės ekonomikos masto Lietuvoje įvertis, 1995 – 2010 metų laikotarpiu. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas šešėlinės ekonomikos sampratai, apibrėžimui, ją lemiantiems veiksniams, pateikiama vertinimo metodų apžvalga, taip pat skiriamas dėmesys modelyje naudojamų kintamųjų nestacionarumo ir kointegruotumo problemai. Gauti rezultatai atskleidžia, jog šešėlinės ekonomikos dinamiką galima suskirstyti į tris laikotarpius: 1995 – 1999 metų pirmoji pusė kuriame šešėlinė ekonomika buvo aukščiausiame lygyje (nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu), t.y. vidutiniškai ~40,2 % nuo BVP. Antrasis laikotarpis – akivaizdus šešėlio mažėjimo periodas, užsitęsęs laikotarpyje nuo 1999 metų antrosios pusės iki pasaulinės krizės pradžios 2008-ųjų viduryje. Šiuo laikotarpiu vidutinis šešėlio mastas buvo apie 31,3 % nuo BVP, o laikotarpio pabaigoje buvo net nukritęs iki 26 % nuo BVP. Ir trečiasis periodas laikotarpyje nuo 2008-ųjų metų II-ojo ketvirčio iki 2010 metų pabaigos, kai krizės pasėkoje vėl išaugo šešėlio mastas iki 32-34 % nuo BVP. Įverčius palyginus su kitų tyrimų rezultatais matyti kad šie skiriasi, nors svyravimų kryptys sutampa. Ekonometrinė analizė atliekama naudojant Eviews 6 ir MS Excel programinę įrangą. / In this paper, we estimate the size and the evoliuton of shadow economy in Lithuania over the period 1995 – 2010, using a vector error correction model (VECM). A special attention was given to definition of the shadow economy and the main causes of determining the shadow economy. Also the short review of methods how to estimate shadow economy was presented. A big attention was givent to non-stationarity and cointegration of variables. The results indicate that in Lithuania we can bring three different periods of shadow economy dynamics: at the first one between 1995 – 1999QII the highest level is recorded, the average approximately 40,2 % of GDP. In later period till world crisis begins in midle of 2008, we have all time decreasing level of shadow economy. The average approximately 31,3 % of GDP, and the minimum value 26 % of GDP reaches at the end of mentioned period. During 2008QIV – 2010 period shadow ecomony increases to 32-34 % of GDP. This estimate we compare with other searches, and the result we get is at different levels of GDP, but the direction of the curves is the same. Econometric analysis is performed using Eviews 6 and MS Excel packages.

The diploma thesis deals with impacts of Czech national bank's (ČNB) monetary policy on the real economy during the transformation process in nineties of 20th century. The transformation process started by approval Program of national reform ("Scénář ekonomické reformy"). The main objective of the transformation process was to ensure macroeconomics stability with the emphasis on price stability. The consequences of the monetary policy result from the chronological comparison of the economy and the monetary policy development, which I divided into various periods of the 90s of 20th century. The restrictive character of monetary policy provided macroeconomic stability in the first half of the nineties. In the second half of nineties the real economy was negative influenced by inadequate interventions of NB (growth of minimum reserve requirements and growth of basic interest rate). The result of this was the slowdown of economy and its consequent decline. The economy was slightly stimulated by the end of nineties, which was caused by new mode of monetary policy of the NB and new mode of exchange rate. In the conclusion of the diploma thesis I give a brief description of the transformation process on the Hungarian, Polish and Slovak economies.

Population development of Kazakhstan: geographic, economic and geopolitical aspects Abstract Present research based on analysis of the main trends in demographic development of Kazakhstan at the national and regional level. Demographic changes are quite important factor affecting the problems of territorial, economic and geopolitical development of the country. Relatively small population quite clearly reflects the changes of economic and geopolitical conditions. The result of it is the changes in population size, structure, and geographical pattern. Over the past decade in Kazakhstan observed population growth and change of ethnic structure. Against this background, distribution of the population within the country becomes one of the key problems in Kazakhstan. The main reason is growing disproportions in economic development of regions. Quite significant role here plays the ethnic heterogeneity of the regions, which also determines the nature of population development. Under such conditions, the demographic development acquires strategic importance.

This thesis consists of four chapters, introduction and conclusion. In the introduction to this thesis, the author clarifies the reasons for choice of the subject of the thesis, defines the aims of the thesis and its systematic as well as describes the methodology of the thesis and the default sources. In the first chapter, the author deals with definition of the concept of shared economy and connected critical reflections. The second subchapter of the first chapter deals with description of selected shared economy representatives, with whom the application part of the thesis shall deal with. The second chapter generally defines the relevant institutes of tax law such as tax evasion and tax optimization, whereas the author deals with the difference between them. Further, attention is paid to circumvention of law, obscured legal action, abuse of law and the fight against tax evasion. The centerpiece of this thesis is included in the third chapter, which is focused on application of tax legal regulations to selection of representatives of shared economy. The relevant chapter is divided into four subchapters, each dealing with individual taxes. Each of the subchapters includes brief description of examined tax as well it deals with the application of tax law rules to shared economics cases in the...

Lidský kapitál je ve dnešní době jedním z hlavních determinantů hospodářského vývoje a celkové konkurenceschopnosti ekonomiky. Proto se tato diplomová práce zabývá konkurenceschopností českého lidského kapitálu na trhu práce EU a analyzuje kvalifikační intenzitu nabídky a poptávky na trhu práce ČR a zemí EU-15, které jsou pro naši ekonomiku srovnávací skupinou. Zdůrazňuje především nezbytnost terciárního vzdělání a celoživotního vzdělávání jako klíče k zajištění flexibility lidského kapitálu a naplnění potřeb trhu práce.

Přehled problematiky lidského kapitálu a jeho vliv na hospodářský růst.Odhalení důležité souvislosti mezi systémem finančních toků, v rámci nichž dochází k nabývání lidského kapitálu (konkrétně pak souvislost zejména s problematikou financování terciárního vzdělání), a tím, jak se role lidského kapitálu projevuje i jak ji lze identifikovat či kvantifikovat.

Stínová ekonomika se může považovat za fenomén, který je bezpochyby součástí každé ekonomiky. Není sice možné formulovat všeobecně akceptovatelnou definici stejně tak jako jednoznačně určit její rozsah v dané ekonomice. Hlavním důvodem je existence mnoha metod měření a nízké dostupnosti dat. Bezpochyby ale platí, že je to ta oblast ekonomiky, která reaguje na nedostatky a chyby v ekonomice oficiální, jenž vznikají nevhodnými státními zásahy v rámci hospodářských opatření. Konkrétně se jedná o nadměrnou daňovou zátěž, mnohé regulace podnikání a nízkou kvalitu služeb poskytovaných státem. O této oblasti můžeme tvrdit, že je ekonomikou racionální, i když se vládní instituce a tvůrci hospodářské politiky snaží o její kontrolu a snižování jejího růstu.

Doktorská práce se zaměřuje na podnikatelské klima v zemích procházejících transformací s konkrétním zaměřením na Českou republiku a její srovnání vůči Švýcarsku. Metodou grounded theory porovnává možnosti zakládání nových akademických spin-off v obou zemích a hodnotí klíčové faktory v dané oblasti. Práce se opírá o rozsáhlý soubor literatury stejně jako o vlastní výzkum.