Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work investigated the influence of photo-voltaic generators on the voltage control of distribution feeders and the methods that can be used to increase the maximum penetration levels of these feeders. Initially, a brief overview of the reasons why it is necessary to increase the generation penetration levels on distribution feeders was provided. A review of various issues associated with connecting generation to the distribution network; methods and technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels; and ways to improve voltage regulation on MV feeders was given. The grid code for renewable power plants and the voltage apportionment standard were reviewed to determine what limits penetration levels and what can be done to increase them. The operation and control of a typical distribution network, without any connected generation, was initially investigated. A control strategy was implemented that provided suitable voltage regulation on the feeder during both high and low load. The influence of connecting generation to this typical distribution network, without making any modifications to the control of the feeder, was investigated. Base penetration levels, for various generation connection cases, were found. It was shown that the penetration is limited by the rapid voltage change or voltage rise. The base penetration levels were compared to the optimal amount of generation that provides the lowest losses. It was shown that the penetration needs to be increased by between 100% and 200% for the feeder’s losses to be minimised. Voltage regulator and capacitor control was influenced by the generation and they could not function as expected. It was shown that flicker will not be an issue, even with penetration limits well above the current allowable limits. Various methods that can be used to increase the amount of generation that is connected to the typical network were investigated. On-load tap changer setpoint reduction, reactive power control and electronic voltage regulators are some of the methods or technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels. It was shown that each of the technologies can assist, depending on the circumstance, in increasing penetration. The individual modifications can increase penetration up to 100% at the cost of increased tap changes and in some cases losses. Two proposed control strategies were assessed, that combine the investigated technologies. The results showed that it is possible to increase penetration levels by 50-80%, while improving power quality and reducing losses when compared to the base generation connection case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werk ondersoek die invloed van die foto- voltaïes kragopwekkers op die spanning beheer van die verspreiding voerder asook die metodes wat gebruik kan word om die maksimum penetrasie vlakke van hierdie voerders te verhoog. Aanvanklik is 'n kort oorsig van die redes waarom dit nodig is om die opwekking penetrasie vlakke op die verspreiding voerders, te verhoog voorsien . Eerstens word 'n hersiening van verskeie kwessies wat verband hou met die koppeling van generasie na die verspreidingsnetwerk gegee. Tweedens word metodes en tegnologie wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog gegee en laastens word maniere om spanning regulasie op medium spanning voerders te verbeter, gegee. Die rooster kode "grid code => probeer liewer netwerk regulasies" vir hernubare krag aanlegte en die spanning toedeling standaard is hersien om te bepaal wat beperk die penetrasie vlakke en wat gedoen kan word om dit te verhoog. Die werking en beheer van 'n tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder enige verbonde generasie, is aanvanklik ondersoek. 'n Beheer-strategie is toe geïmplementeer wat geskikte spanning regulasie op die voerder tydens beide hoë en lae belasting verskaf. Die invloed van die koppeling van opwekking tot hierdie tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder om enige veranderinge aan die beheer van die voerder, is ondersoek. Basis penetrasie vlakke, vir verskeie generasie verband gevalle, is gevind. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie word beperk deur die vinnige spanning verandering of spanning styging. Die basis penetrasie vlakke word vergelyking met die optimale aantal generasie wat die laagste verliese bied. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie moet met tussen 100% en 200% verhoog word sodat die voerder se verliese beperk kan word. Die spanning reguleerder en kapasitor beheer is beïnvloed deur die opwekking en hulle kon nie reageer soos verwag nie. Daar is getoon dat flikker nie 'n probleem sal wees nie; selfs al is die penetrasie vlakke ver bo die huidige toelaatbare grense. Verskillende metodes wat gebruik kan word om die aantal generasie wat gekoppel is aan die tipiese netwerk te verhoog is ondersoek. Aan-las tap wisselaar vermindering, reaktiewe krag beheer en elektroniese spanning reguleerders is 'n paar van die tegnieke wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog. Daar is bewys dat elkeen van die tegnologieë kan help, afhangende van die omstandighede, vir toenemende penetrasie. Die individuele veranderinge kan penetrasie verhoog tot 100% by die koste van 'n verhoogde tap veranderinge en in sommige gevalle verliese. Twee voorgestelde beheer strategieë is beoordeel, wat die ondersoek tegnologie kombineer. Die resultate het getoon dat dit moontlik is om penetrasie te verhoog met 50% tot 80%, terwyl die verbetering van gehalte en die vermindering van krag verliese in vergelyking met die basis generasie verband hou.

Energia ´e uma questãoo estratégica para a indústria, sociedade, economia e segurança nacional. A eficiência e gestão da energia estão em foco em um cenário mundial. Diversas políticas especialmente criadas para a eficiência energética (EE), procura por fontes renováveis de energia e produção mais limpa, estão se desenvolvendo. A literatura apresenta poucas informações concretas que promovam o comprometimento das organizações com tais políticas. As organizações brasileiras não estão bem apoiadas neste aspecto, o país carece de uma política nacional que promova o uso eficiente de energia. A indústria frigorífica tem poucas informações para comparar o seu desempenho energético no país e, muitas vezes, n˜ao conhecem as ações que podem tomar. Nem, por vezes, estabelecem critérios de avaliação de seu desempenho e metas de melhorias. Comparando dois frigoríficos locais, nota-se um desempenho 218,33% inferior de um em relação à outro para a produção do mesmo produto. Para isso, a gestão da EE parte da avaliação de desempenho por meio de indicadores. Neste contexto, o desenvolvimento de indicadores e identificação de tecnologias para monitoramento das condições de EE, podem habilitar tais indústrias no estabelecimento de linhas de base energética com a finalidade de comparação do seu desempenho ao longo do tempo. O trabalho, também, dedica-se a especificar um conjunto de ferramentas de análise da viabilidade econômica de um sistema de monitoramento da EE baseado nos indicadores propostos com o intuito de promover a adoção de sistemas de gestão de energia pelas indústrias. Por isso, análises de investimentos são necessárias e investimentos em sistemas de monitoramento da EE apresentam plausibilidade de retorno do investimento em frigoríficos de médio porte, quando possibilitar a geração de 5% de economia nos custos de energia elétrica. Contudo, uma boa confiabilidade em análises econômicas pode ser atingida em estudos de caso que considerem as necessidades específicas de cada instituição. E, não obstante, a simples criação de um sistema de monitoria da EE não é capaz de gerar economia, mas sim outros investimentos em benfeitorias dos processos industriais. Finalmente, este trabalho visa auxiliar as indústrias a desenvolverem seus indicadores de desempenho energético e avaliar os investimentos na criação de sistemas de gestão da EE. / Energy is a strategic issue for industry, society, economy and national security. The efficiency and power management are in focus on a world stage. Several policies specially designed for energy efficiency, demand for renewable energy and cleaner production are in development. The literature shows little concrete information to promote commitment of organizations with such policies. Brazilian organizations are not well supported in this aspect, the country lacks a national policy that promotes efficient energy use. The chicken slaughterhouse industry has few information to compare its energy performance with others and often do not know the actions they can take. Nor they establish criteria for evaluating their performance and improvement goals. Comparing two local industries, shows performance 218.33% lower of one to the other for processing the same product. For that, the management of energy efficiency (EE) starts in performance evaluation through indicators. In this context, the development of these indicators and identification of technologies for monitoring EE conditions may enable these industries to establish energy baselines to compare its performance over time. The work also dedicates to specify a set of economic feasibility analysis tools of an EE monitoring system based on the proposed indicators in order to promote the adoption of energy management systems (EMS) by industries. Thus, investment analysis are required and EMS in medium slaughterhouse industries shows plausible investment return when generation of 5% savings in electricity costs are possible. However, good reliability in economic analysis of an EMS can be reached in case studies that consider the specific needs of each institution. And yet, the mere creation of an EE monitoring system is unable to generate savings, but other investments in improvements of industrial processes can. Finally, this paper aims to help industries develop their energy performance indicators and evaluating investments in the creation of EMS.

Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / There is a South African Government initiative to use State-owned Enterprises (SOE's) to roll out a programme for the development and stimulation of local small businesses in South Africa. The state has requested SOE's to set targets on a voluntary basis to increase trade with small businesses, with the purpose of developing small enterprises to eventually enhance skills transfer, training and employment. However, when large customers such as Eskom Nuclear Generation require ISO certification as a prerequisite for a supplier to provide goods and/or services to them, most small businesses are unable to comply. The requirement of IS09000 compliance inhibits the ability of most small businesses to compete with their larger counterparts. Small businesses constitute as much as 90% of most world economies. They have many advantages to offer customers, such as a high level of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness to customer needs. These attributes can introduce healthy competition to the supply chain. Small businesses, by their very nature experience more risks, such as a higher vulnerability to volatile market forces and skills loss. In addition, they are generally less specialised.

Com o crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica em nível mundial, há também um crescimento dos desafios de integrar diferentes formas de geração de energia com os microgrids CC. As fontes de geração distribuída constituídas de fontes renováveis tais como solar, pequenas centrais eólicas, células de combustível, entre outras, normalmente produzem baixas tensões elétricas, cabendo a um conversor propiciar o ganho de tensão que possibilite `a sua conexão com o sistema. Neste trabalho, é apresentado o estudo do conversor flyback intercalado com foco na análise matemática e na implementação do indutor acoplado flyback visando a diminuição de perdas. Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão dos conversores CC−CC que possuem características de aplicação similares à proposta desse trabalho. A partir da revisão, são apresentadas as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de conversores isolados e as suas limitações quanto à potência e aos modos de operação. Uma análise detalhada utilizando o método do transformador PWM é realizada para a determinação do ganho de tensão e do rendimento do conversor flyback intercalado operando no modo de condução descontínua. Os procedimentos de projeto do indutor acoplado e dos componentes do circuito eletrônico são apresentados e detalhados. Os circuitos snubbers regenerativo e dissipativo (RCD) são projetados e implementados para a comparação dos resultados. Um conversor flyback intercalado com potencia nominal de 500Wfoi simulado e implementado, sendo que resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados, comparados e discutidos. Ao final do trabalho, um mainframe CC é proposto e simulado, fazendo a integração e o controle de dois conversores CC−CC operando em paralelo. / The power demand worldwide is increasing and there is also a growing challenges of integrating different ways of power generation with the DC microgrids. The sources of distributed generation formed by renewable sources such as solar, small wind power plants, fuel cells, among others, usually produce low voltages, leaving the converter provide the voltage gain that enables to their connection to the system. This work presents the study of interleaved flyback converter with focus on mathematical analysis and implementation of the flyback coupled inductor in order to minimize losses. Initially, it made a review of DC-DC converters that have similar application characteristics to the proposal of this work. From the review, the advantages and disadvantages of using isolated converters and their limitations on the power and operating modes are presented. A detailed analysis using the PWM transformer method is performed for determining the voltage gain and the interleaved flyback converter efficiency operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Coupled inductor design procedures and electronic circuit components are presented and detailed. The regenerative and dissipative (RCD) snubbers circuits are designed and implemented to compare the results. A interleaved flyback converter with nominal power of 500 W was simulated and implemented, and simulation and experimental results are presented, compared and discussed. At the end of the work, a DC mainframe is proposed and simulated, making the integration and control of two DC-DC converters operating in parallel.

Com o crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica em nível mundial, há também um crescimento dos desafios de integrar diferentes formas de geração de energia com os microgrids CC. As fontes de geração distribuída constituídas de fontes renováveis tais como solar, pequenas centrais eólicas, células de combustível, entre outras, normalmente produzem baixas tensões elétricas, cabendo a um conversor propiciar o ganho de tensão que possibilite `a sua conexão com o sistema. Neste trabalho, é apresentado o estudo do conversor flyback intercalado com foco na análise matemática e na implementação do indutor acoplado flyback visando a diminuição de perdas. Inicialmente, é feita uma revisão dos conversores CC−CC que possuem características de aplicação similares à proposta desse trabalho. A partir da revisão, são apresentadas as vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de conversores isolados e as suas limitações quanto à potência e aos modos de operação. Uma análise detalhada utilizando o método do transformador PWM é realizada para a determinação do ganho de tensão e do rendimento do conversor flyback intercalado operando no modo de condução descontínua. Os procedimentos de projeto do indutor acoplado e dos componentes do circuito eletrônico são apresentados e detalhados. Os circuitos snubbers regenerativo e dissipativo (RCD) são projetados e implementados para a comparação dos resultados. Um conversor flyback intercalado com potencia nominal de 500Wfoi simulado e implementado, sendo que resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados, comparados e discutidos. Ao final do trabalho, um mainframe CC é proposto e simulado, fazendo a integração e o controle de dois conversores CC−CC operando em paralelo. / The power demand worldwide is increasing and there is also a growing challenges of integrating different ways of power generation with the DC microgrids. The sources of distributed generation formed by renewable sources such as solar, small wind power plants, fuel cells, among others, usually produce low voltages, leaving the converter provide the voltage gain that enables to their connection to the system. This work presents the study of interleaved flyback converter with focus on mathematical analysis and implementation of the flyback coupled inductor in order to minimize losses. Initially, it made a review of DC-DC converters that have similar application characteristics to the proposal of this work. From the review, the advantages and disadvantages of using isolated converters and their limitations on the power and operating modes are presented. A detailed analysis using the PWM transformer method is performed for determining the voltage gain and the interleaved flyback converter efficiency operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Coupled inductor design procedures and electronic circuit components are presented and detailed. The regenerative and dissipative (RCD) snubbers circuits are designed and implemented to compare the results. A interleaved flyback converter with nominal power of 500 W was simulated and implemented, and simulation and experimental results are presented, compared and discussed. At the end of the work, a DC mainframe is proposed and simulated, making the integration and control of two DC-DC converters operating in parallel.

Orientador: Secundino Soares Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zambelli_MonicadeSouza_D.pdf: 4122152 bytes, checksum: 3256b0546520645ef065b43111b44374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O planejamento da operação energética do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) é uma tarefa complexa realizada por meio de uma cadeia de modelos de médio, curto e curtíssimo prazo acoplados entre si, cada um com considerações pertinentes à etapa que aborda. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa para o planejamento da operação energética de médio prazo. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em modelo de controle preditivo, abordando os aspectos estocásticos do problema de forma implícita pela utilização de valores esperados das vazões, e fazendo uso de um modelo determinístico de otimização a usinas individualizadas, que possibilita uma representação mais precisa do sistema hidrotérmico. A análise de desempenho é feita através de simulações da operação, considerando os parques hidrelétrico e termelétrico que compõem o SIN, com restrições operativas reais, em configuração dinâmica, com plano de expansão e a possibilidade de intercâmbio e importação de mercados vizinhos. Os resultados são comparados aos fornecidos pela metodologia em vigor no setor elétrico brasileiro, notadamente o modelo NEWAVE, que determina as decisões de geração por subsistema, e o modelo Suishi-O, que as desagrega por usinas individualizadas / Abstract: The long term hydrothermal scheduling of the Brazilian Integrated System (SIN) is a complex task solved by a chain of long, medium and short term coupled models, each one with considerations pertinent to the stage of operation that it deals with. The proposal of this work is to present an alternative for the long term hydrothermal scheduling. A methodology based on model predictive control was developed, implicitly handling stochastic aspects of the problem by the use of inflows expected values, and making use of a deterministic optimization model to obtain the optimal dispatch for individualized plants, what makes possible a more accurate representation of the hydrothermal system. The performance analysis is made through simulations of the operation, taking into consideration all the hydro and thermal plants that compose the SIN, with real operative constraints, in dynamic configuration, with its expansion plan and the possibility of interchange and importation from neighboring markets. The results are compared with those provided by the approach actually in use by the Brazilian electric sector, specifically the NEWAVE model, which defines the generation decisions for the subsystems, and the Suishi-O model, that disaggregates them for the individualized plants / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

MSc (Mathematics) / Department of Mathematcs and Applied Mathematics / Magnetohydrodynamics ows have gained signi cant attention due to their importance in engineering applications. In this study, we numerically analysed the Dufour and Soret e ects on an unsteady MHD mixed convection ow past an in nite vertical plate with viscous dissipation. The governing non-linear partial di erential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of ordinary di erential equations (ODEs) by the suitable similarity transformations. The resulting equations consist of the momentum, energy and mass di usion equations. These resulting equations are solved using the Spectral Local Linearization Method (SLLM). Results obtained by the SLLM are in good agreement with the bvp4c technique. The e ects of di erent physical parameters entering into the problem are displayed graphically. The values of the Skin-friction (f0(0)), Nusselt number (􀀀 0(0)) and Sherwood number (􀀀 0(0)) are shown in tabular form for di erent values of the parameters. From the results, it is noted that the Soret number (Sr) and the Dufour number (Du) have negligible e ects on temperature pro le, whereas the decrease in the Soret number (Sr) leads to a decrease in both velocity and concentration of the uid, and the increase in Dufour number (Du) reduces the velocity and also has negligilbe e ect on the concentration pro le. / NRF

Environmental impact assessment follow-up has been widely addressed by various researchers. However, there is still a gap in the actual implementation of this process. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of implementing the environmental authorizations of Eskom’s Kusile and Medupi Power Stations during the construction phase. The main aim of the study is to determine whether the environmental authorization conditions were effectively implemented by project developers and whether full compliance which could lead towards sustainable development was at the forefront of Kusile and Medupi developments. The survey method was used whereby questionnaires were formulated and completed by fifty (50) participants involved in the implementation of both power stations’ environmental authorizations. The results showed that the importance of protecting the environment and overall compliance with the projects’ environmental authorization conditions are well understood and implemented. However, some of the responses indicated the difficulty in implementing certain environmental authorization conditions such as retaining existing vegetation cover. About Nineteen (19) external audit reports (of which nine were for Kusile and ten for Medupi) between the periods of 2008 to 2014 were reviewed and the audit results shown good percentage of over 90% compliance with the environmental authorization at both power stations. In conclusion, the environmental authorizations were well implemented by both Kusile and Medupi Power Stations. The environmental management through compliance with the environmental authorization is at the forefront of the Eskom’s developments and thus promotes sustainable development. The outcome of this study has a wide application that includes application to any new project that involves building infrastructure. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The electricity crisis presently affecting Africa is forcing govenments in the region to increasingly consider independent power developers as a means to help mitigate the imbalance between the demand and the supply of electricity. However, the success of this initiative will depend entirely upon governments' ability to create an environment that is conducive to developing private electricity generation plants. This paper focuses on Africa's independent power producer (IPP) market, evaluating the context in which it would develop. It also assesses how issues such as the complexity and uncertainty surrounding power purchase agreements, the current level of electricity tariffs, the incompleteness of power sector refonn as well as risk-sharing agreements between IPPs and the utilities are affecting the electricity market in the region. The analysis has broader implications for potential independent power projects as it not only questions the longterm sustainability of these but also provides strategic recommendations as to how to best maneuver in an environment fraught with major challenges. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige elektrisiteitskrisis wat Suidelike-Afrika affekteer veroorsaak dat owerhede in die streek al hoe meer die moontlikheid van onafhanklike elektrisiteit produsente ondersoek om die wanbalans tussen elektrisiteit aanvraag en lewering te beperk. Die sukses van die initiatief is egter totaal afhanklik van die owerhede se vermoe om 'n omgewing te skep wat aantreklik is vir die ontwikkeling van privaat sektor kragsentrales. Hierdie verslag fokus op die Suidelike-Afrika onafhanklike elektrisiteit produsente mark, met 'n fokus op die konteks waarbinne dit moet ontwikkel. Dit ontleed verder die kompleksiteit en onsekerheid van krag aankoop kontrakte, die huidige vlakke van elektrisiteitstariewe, die tekort aan elektrisiteits sektor hervorming asook risiko-delende kontrakte tussen onafhanklike elektrisiteit produsente en nasionale elektrisiteitsverskaffers in Suidelike-Afrika. Die analise het breer implikasies vir potensiele onafhanklike elektrisiteit projekte aangesien die lang-termyn volhoubaarheid van sulke projekte bevraagteken word, maar gee ook strategiese aanbevelings oor hoe om die mark te betree met vele uitdagings.

Esta pesquisa apresenta como tema de estudo as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs). O seu objetivo geral é identificar os principais limites e potencialidades da sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva de PCHs no Brasil, ao contexto das dimensões ambiental, social, econômica e institucional. O referencial teórico contempla conceitos e questões referentes: a cadeia produtiva; a Teoria do Ator-rede; as fontes de energia renováveis, mais especificamente a hidroeletricidade; e aos fatores determinantes da competitividade. Para a identificação dos gargalos e potencialidades, foi realizado um mapeamento da estrutura da cadeia de produção das PCHs, assim como a descrição do panorama atual das PCHs no país. Em seguida, foram estudadas, de forma mais aprofundada, cinco etapas que compõem a cadeia: recurso natural; geração; transmissão; distribuição; e comercialização. Na sequência, foram utilizados cinco critérios (importância, probabilidade, temporalidade, efeito e abrangência) para classificar os fatores identificados em cada etapa. Por fim, através da multiplicação dos índices numéricos atribuídos aos critérios, foi obtido o Índice de Significância (IS. No que tange à metodologia da pesquisa, ela pode ser classificada como aplicada e exploratória. Os dados empregados são secundários e foi utilizada a técnica de análise qualitativa. Como resultado, foram identificados 20 limites e 17 potencialidades relacionadas com a cadeia produtiva das PCHs no Brasil, sendo que destes 37 itens, 8 foram enquadrados como muito significativos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos para o IS. No que se refere ao resultado principal da pesquisa, verifica-se que, apesar de existirem potencialidades significativas para o desenvolvimento das PCHs na matriz energética nacional (o potencial hidrelétrico das bacias hidrográficas, a sua capacidade de atuar como vetor de desenvolvimento regional, a consolidação dos fabricantes de turbinas e geradores, e o livre acesso), alguns gargalos existentes na sua cadeia de produção devem ser trabalhados, tais como a interferência na migração e reprodução da ictiofauna continental, a desigualdade na distribuição de energia elétrica, e os aspectos legais e técnicos relacionados com o meio ambiente e a comercialização de energia. / This research study has as a theme: Small Hydro Power Plants (SHP). Its overall objective is to identify the main limits and potential sustainabilities of the productive chain of power plants in Brazil to the context of environmental, social, economic and institutional dimensions. The theoretical framework includes concepts that concern: the production chain, the Actor-Network Theory, renewable energy sources (specifically hydroelectricity) and the determinants of competitiveness. For the identification of limits and potential, mapping of the production of SHP chain structure was carried out; as well as the description of the current landscape of the SHP in the country. They were then studied in more depth. The five steps that make up the chain being: natural resource, generation, transmission, distribution and commercialization. Next, five criteria were used: importance, likelihood, timeliness, effect and scope; in order to classify the factors identified in each step. Finally, by multiplying the numerical index assigned to the criteria; the significance index (SI) was obtained, which was used to frame the final significance of the aspects by: less significant, significant and very significant. Regarding research methodology; it can be classified as: exploratory and applied. The data used was secondary and was used as qualitative analysis. As a result, we identified 20 potential limits and 17 related to the production chain of power plants in Brazil, and of these 37 items, 8 were classified as very significant, according to the criteria established for the IS. With regard to the main search result, it appears that, although there are significant potential for the development of SHP in the national energy matrix (hydropower potential of river basins, their ability to act as regional development vector, consolidation of turbines and generators manufacturers, and free access), some hurdles in the production chain must be worked out, such as interference in the migration and reproduction of continental fish fauna, inequality in the distribution of electricity, and the legal and technical aspects related to the environment and the commercialization of energy.