Thesis. 1975. B.S. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / B.S.cn

Thesis. 1975. B.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Bibliography: leaf 36. / by Douglas W. White. / B.S.

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar diferentes tecnologias na extração de óleo da semente de gergelim e de compostos fenólicos e proteínas da torta de gergelim. Este estudo está dividido em quatro partes. O objetivo da primeira parte do trabalho foi extrair compostos fenólicos de diferentes tortas de nozes e sementes nas mesmas condições e comparar o teor de tais compostos e a atividade antioxidante dos extratos. Nessa fase, foram utilizadas nos experimentos tortas das sementes de girassol, linhaça e gergelim, e das nozes amêndoa, pecã, macadâmia e avelã. O extrato da torta de noz pecã apresentou o maior teor de todos os compostos fenólicos analisados, seguido pelo extrato da torta de semente de girassol e de avelã. Essas amostras também apresentaram as maiores atividades antioxidantes. As etapas seguintes do trabalho focaram-se no gergelim. A segunda parte do trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização da extração, pela metodologia convencional, de fenólicos totais e lignanas da torta de gergelim. Inicialmente, um modelo polinomial de segunda ordem foi utilizado para predição dos resultados, mediante a variação da temperatura, concentração de etanol e razão, sólido/solvente. As variáveis de resposta foram as concentrações de fenólicos totais, de sesamina e de sesaminol triglicosídeo e a atividade antioxidante dos extratos obtidos. Entre os compostos analisados, o sesaminol triglicosídeo está presente em maior quantidade na torta de gergelim. A razão sólido/solvente e a concentração de etanol foram os fatores que mais afetaram a extração, enquanto a temperatura demonstrou uma influência reduzida. Na terceira etapa, o escopo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de metodologias alternativas na extração desses mesmos compostos e, também, de proteínas. As tecnologias usadas foram as de campo elétrico pulsado (CEP) e de descargas elétricas de alta tensão (DEAT). A análise da aplicação de CEP e de DEAT foi realizada usando essas tecnologias como pré-tratamentos ao processo de extração com solvente. Os resultados demonstraram que as técnicas foram eficazes e aumentaram os rendimentos do processo para fenólicos totais, lignanas e proteínas da torta. O uso de diferentes porcentagens de etanol também se mostrou significativo nessa etapa, entretanto, esse efeito foi reduzido quando utilizadas as tecnologias elétricas. Da mesma forma, o efeito da temperatura na etapa difusiva foi menor quando os pré-tratamento foram utilizados. Os comportamentos observados sugerem que a aplicação de CEP e DEAT aumenta a eficiência da extração de compostos de interesse. Por fim, na quarta parte do trabalho, objetivou-se melhorar a eficiência do processo de extração do óleo de gergelim aplicando as tecnologias previamente citadas. Esses experimentos demonstraram um efeito significativo dos tratamentos de CEP e DEAT e um aumento na quantidade de óleo extraído com o aumento da energia aplicada às sementes. O uso de DEAT gerou um aumento maior na quantidade de óleo extraído, se comparado à tecnologia de CEP. / The goal of the present work was to study different technologies in the extraction of oil from sesame seed and phenolic compounds and proteins from sesame cake. This study is divided in four parts. The first part aimed to extract water-soluble compounds from different seed and nut cakes under the same conditions and compare the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. For the first portion of the study, seed cakes of sunflower, pumpkin, flaxseed and defatted sesame, and nut cakes of almond, pecan, macadamia and hazelnut were used in the experiments. The extract from pecan nut cake presented the highest amounts of all compounds analyzed, followed by sunflower seed and hazelnut cake extracts. These samples also had the highest antioxidant activities. The following steps of the work focused on sesame only. The second part of the work aimed to optimize the extraction of total phenolics and lignans from sesame seed cake. Initially, a second-order polynomial model was set up to predict the responses in different temperatures, solid/solvent ratios and ethanol concentrations. The response variables were the concentrations of total phenolics, sesamin, sesaminol triglucoside and antioxidant activity of the extracts. Among the analyzed compounds, ST is presented in the highest quantity in sesame cake. Solid to liquid ratio and ethanol concentration where the most important factors affecting extraction, whereas temperature showed reduced influence. In the third part of this work, the aim was to evaluate alternative methodologies in the extraction of phenolics and proteins. The technologies used were pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high voltage electric discharges (HVED). These methods were used as pre-treatments, prior to diffusion. Result show that PEF and HVED were efficient and increased the extraction yield for phenolic compounds, lignans and proteins from the cake. The use of different percentages of ethanol was also significant in this stage; however, the effect of this parameter was reduced when the electrical treatments were used. In the same way, temperature also showed a smaller influence on the results when the pre-treatments were used. The observed behaviors suggest that the use of PEF and HVED increases extraction efficiency. Finally, the goal of the last part of the work was to improve oil expression from sesame seeds, using the aforementioned technologies. These experiments show a significant effect of both PEF and HVED. It was observed an increase of the amount of oil extracted with the energy input applied to the seeds. When compared both technologies, HVED showed a more expressive effect then PEF.

The plasma drifts or electric fields and their structures in the ionosphere affect the accuracy of the present-day space-based systems. For the first time, we have used ionospheric plasma drift data from Jicamarca radar measurements to study the climatology of altitudinal variations of vertical and zonal plasma drifts in low latitudes during daytime. We used data from 1998 to 2014 to derive these climatological values in bimonthly bins from 150 km to 600 km. For the vertical plasma drifts, we observed the drifts increasing with altitudes in the morning and slowly changing to drifts decreasing with altitude in the afternoon hours. The drifts change mostly linearly from E- to F-region altitudes except in the morning hours of May-June when the gradients are very small. The zonal drifts show a highly nonlinear increase in the westward drifts at the lower altitudes and then increase slowly at the higher altitudes. We see a break in the slopes at lower altitudes during the morning hours of March-April and May-June. The E-region zonal drifts, unlike vertical drifts, show a very large variability compared to F-region drifts. We also explored the altitudinal profiles of vertical drifts during late afternoon and evening hours when the electrodynamic properties in the ionosphere change rapidly. For the first time using drifts up to 2000 km, we have shown the drifts increase and decrease below and above the F-region peak before becoming height independent. These structures arise to satisfy the curl-free condition of electric fields in low latitudes. The altitudinal gradients of vertical drifts are balanced by a time derivative of the zonal drifts to satisfy the curl-free condition of electric fields. We have shown how these structures evolve with local time around the dusk sector and change with solar flux. During solar minimum, the peak region can go well below 200 km. The present-day electric field models do not incorporate these gradients, particularly in the evening sectors when they change very rapidly. Very often their results do not match with the observations. Including these gradients along with proper magnetic field models will improve the model results and accuracy of our navigation, communication, and positioning systems.

All living cells contain the electrogenic enzyme Na/K ATPase, whose function is to pump ions against the electrochemical gradient, in order to provide potential energy which is later used for cellular processes such as action potentials, muscle contraction and facilitated transport. Using a technique developed in our lab, exploiting the molecule's voltage dependence, it is possible to increase this pump function by many folds. Optical measurement of the membrane potential of living cells was made using a potentiommetric dye, with successful manipulation of the ionic concentration and membrane potential reported. Additional supporting results are presented, along with extension of this field to the study of cardiac Myocytes, representing a progression to Mammalian cells, with advantages to future clinical research evident. Successful manipulation of membrane potential was also achieved using cells in a two dimensional tissue matrix, which more closely approximates the living system, and hence is closer to an eventual clinical application. Also, expedited recovery from electrical injury was recorded, demonstrating a possible therapeutic application of the technique.

The Cluster spacecraft have been used to investigate auroral electric fields and field-aligned currents (FACs) at geocentric distances between 4 and 7 Re. The electric fields have been measured by the EFW instrument, consisting of two pairs of spherical probes, and the FACs have been calculated from measurements of the magnetic field by the FGM fluxgate magnetometer. CIS ion and PEACE electron measurements have also been used. Event studies as well as statistical studies have been used to determine the characteristics of the auroral electric fields. In two events where regions of both spatial and temporal electric field variations could be identified, the quasi-static electric fields were, compared to the Alfvén waves, found to be more intense and contribute more to the downward Poynting flux. With the use of the four Cluster spacecraft, the quasi-static electric field structures were found to be relatively stable on the time scale of at least half a minute. Quasi-static electric fields were found throughout the altitude range covered by Cluster in the auroral region. The electric field structures were found both in the upward and downward current regions. Bipolar and monopolar electric fields, corresponding to U- and S-shaped potential structures, have been found at different plasma boundaries, consistent with the view that the plasma conditions and the geometry of the current system are related to the shape of the electric field. The type of the bipolar electric field structures (convergent or divergent) was further found to be consistent with the FAC direction. The typical scale sizes of the electric field structures have been determined to be between 4 and 5 km, when mapped to ionospheric altitude. The most intense FACs associated with intense electric fields were found for small FAC widths. The widths of upward and downward FACs were similar. / QC 20100730

This study uses the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) method to simulate unsteady two-dimensional transport variables in argon (Ar) plasma, under low pressure, high density, and weak ionization between two infinite planar electrodes suddenly biased by a negative voltage. Plasma has been widely used in materials processing, thin film manufacturing, light source, nuclear fusion, and etching, etc. Properties of plasmas are also becoming important area for research in physics, chemistry, photonics, aerospace, engineering science and technology. Studying transport processes of plasmas therefore is important. This research consider by electric fields and magnetic fields, viscous, momentum exchange collisions between electrons ions and neutral particles. The computed results in this work quantitatively show density, velocity, electric potential, temperature, magnetic field, viscosity, thermal conductivity of the electrons ions and neutral particles across the sheath to the surfaces suddenly biased by a DC negative voltage. And increase of the boundary layer and sheath thickness. We can compare the theory and the simulation to know the behavior of the plasma near a surface.

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η μελέτη των μη θερμικών αποτελεσμάτων της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής (ΗΜ) ακτινοβολίας στη δομή των βιομορίων χρησιμοποιώντας προσομοιώσεις μοριακής δυναμικής με το πακέτο λογισμικού GROMACS. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτών των μελετών παρουσιάζονται στα κεφάλαια 2,3,4 και όλα αντιστοιχούν σε δημοσιεύσεις σε περιοδικά με κριτές με το τελευταίο να έχει γίνει μόλις πρόσφατα δεκτό στο Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. Το κεφάλαιο 1 αποτελεί μια μικρή εισαγωγή στις αλληλεπιδράσεις ΗΜ πεδίων και έμβιας ύλης. Τα Κεφάλαια 2,3 αφορούν ένα συνθετικό πεπτίδιο, την chignolin, που αντιπροσωπεύει ένα μικρό μοντέλο πρωτεΐνης που οφείλει την σταθερότητα της δομής του στου δεσμούς υδρογόνου. Εξαρχής οι δεσμοί υδρογόνου αποτέλεσαν πιθανούς στόχους των ΗΜ αλληλεπιδράσεων στα βιομόρια λόγω της μικρής τους ισχύος αφού από τη φύση τους κατατάσσονται στις αλληλεπιδράσεις μακράς εμβέλειας. Τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι δομικές αλλαγές που σχετίζονται με διάσπαση αυτών των δεσμών απαιτούν τρομακτικά ισχυρά πεδία της τάξης των 1V/nm που δεν απαντώνται στην καθημερινότητα. Αντίθετα το Κεφάλαιο 4 ασχολείται (για πρώτη φορά στη βιβλιογραφία των MD προσομοιώσεων σε βιομόρια), με τις αλληλεπιδράσεις πιο ρεαλιστικών ηλεκτρικών πεδίων της τάξης των 1000V/m με το σύστημα ιοντικό διάλυμα–βιομόριο και βασίζεται στην υπόθεση ότι τα ηλεκτρικά πεδία επηρεάζουν εύκολα τα ευκίνητα ιόντα και αυτά με τη σειρά τους την δομή των πρωτεϊνών. Ως βιομόριο επελέχθη η τριαλανίνη κυρίως λόγω των προυπαρχουσών μελετών της δομής της. Αναπάντεχα βρέθηκαν ισχυρές δομικές αλλαγές παρουσία του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου στην περίπτωση του υπερκορεσμένου διαλύματος NaF μεταξύ των κρυστάλλων NaF και του πεπτιδίου. Το εύρημα αυτό ήδη προσανατολίζει την πορεία των επόμενων μελετών μιας και πολλές παθολογίες όπως η ποδάγρα σχετίζονται με το σχηματισμό κρυσταλλικών δομών στο ανθρώπινο σώμα. / This study focuses on the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation on the structure of biomolecules using molecular dynamics simulations with the software package GROMACS. Simulation results are presented in Chapters 2,3,4 and they have already been published in refereed journals with the last one recently accepted in “Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine”. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction of EM interaction with living matter. Chapters 2,3 are about chignolin, a synthetic peptide resembling a small model stable protein due to its hydrogen bonds. Initially, long-range interactions such as hydrogen bonds were potential targets of EM interactions in biomolecules. The results suggest that conformational changes associated with these destructions require tremendously strong fields of the order of 1V/nm not encountered in daily life. On the contrary, Chapter 4 deals (for the first time in the literature of MD simulations with biomolecules), with more realistic electric fields around 1000 V/m in the system biomolecule-ionic solution. The hypothesis tested was that electric fields easily affect flexible ions and then these ions induce structural changes to the proteins. To this end, trialanini was chosen a a model biomolecule, primarily due to the extensive prior knowledge of its structure. Surprisingly, strong structural changes in the presence of an external electric field were found in the case of supersaturated NaF solution between the NaF crystals and the peptide. These findings orient the course of subsequent studies because it is well known that many pathologies such as gout are associated with the formation of crystalline structures in the human body.

Σε ένα διάκενο που αποτελείται από ένα ηλεκτρόδιο υψηλής τάσεως πλαισιωμένο από έναν αριθμό γειωμένων αγωγών, η κατάληξη μίας εκκένωσης σε ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο έχει μια στοχαστική εξάρτηση από τη γενική διαμόρφωση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου που επικρατεί στο διάκενο. Η λέξη «στοχαστική» έχει την έννοια ότι πρακτικά οποιοδήποτε γειωμένο σημείο μέσα στο διάκενο κατέχει μία πιθανότητα να δεχθεί την εκκένωση, αλλά αυτή η πιθανότητα μπορεί να είναι διαφορετική για τα διάφορα σημεία. Επιπλέον, αν το διάκενο αποτελείται από περισσότερα από ένα διηλεκτρικά, το σημείο κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, όπως και οι παράμετροι της διάσπασης, επηρεάζονται από την παρουσία και τα ηλεκτρικά και γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των διηλεκτρικών αυτών. Σε ένα απλό διάκενο ακίδας-πλάκας με αέρα, τα σημεία κατάληξης όλων των εκκενώσεων είναι συγκεντρωμένα γύρω από το ίχνος του άξονα της ακίδας, που είναι η θέση της μέγιστης πιθανότητας. Η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει σε μία συγκεκριμένη θέση του επιπέδου, διαφορετική από τον άξονα της εκκένωσης, μειώνεται όσο μεγαλώνει η απόσταση της θέσης αυτής από τον άξονα. Αν ένας γειωμένος αγωγός εισαχθεί στο διάκενο, όπως για παράδειγμα ένας ή περισσότεροι γειωμένοι αγωγοί παράλληλα στο επίπεδο (σχήμα 1), η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει, είτε στα σύρματα είτε στο επίπεδο, εξαρτάται από τη συγκεκριμένη θέση των συρμάτων. Αν το διάκενο, εκτός από αέρα, αποτελείται και από ένα άλλο διηλεκτρικό υλικό (π.χ. τσιμέντο με πάχος d3), τα σημεία κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, καθώς και η τάση διάσπασης, εξαρτώνται εξίσου από τις διαστάσεις, την διαμόρφωση του μέρους του διακένου που καταλαμβάνει το συγκεκριμένο διηλεκτρικό και τα διηλεκτρικά του χαρακτηριστικά. Σε ένα διάκενο που αποτελείται από ένα ηλεκτρόδιο υψηλής τάσεως πλαισιωμένο από έναν αριθμό γειωμένων αγωγών, η κατάληξη μίας εκκένωσης σε ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο έχει μια στοχαστική εξάρτηση από τη γενική διαμόρφωση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου που επικρατεί στο διάκενο. Η λέξη «στοχαστική» έχει την έννοια ότι πρακτικά οποιοδήποτε γειωμένο σημείο μέσα στο διάκενο κατέχει μία πιθανότητα να δεχθεί την εκκένωση, αλλά αυτή η πιθανότητα μπορεί να είναι διαφορετική για τα διάφορα σημεία. Επιπλέον, αν το διάκενο αποτελείται από περισσότερα από ένα διηλεκτρικά, το σημείο κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, όπως και οι παράμετροι της διάσπασης, επηρεάζονται από την παρουσία και τα ηλεκτρικά και γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των διηλεκτρικών αυτών. Σε ένα απλό διάκενο ακίδας-πλάκας με αέρα, τα σημεία κατάληξης όλων των εκκενώσεων είναι συγκεντρωμένα γύρω από το ίχνος του άξονα της ακίδας, που είναι η θέση της μέγιστης πιθανότητας. Η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει σε μία συγκεκριμένη θέση του επιπέδου, διαφορετική από τον άξονα της εκκένωσης, μειώνεται όσο μεγαλώνει η απόσταση της θέσης αυτής από τον άξονα. Αν ένας γειωμένος αγωγός εισαχθεί στο διάκενο, όπως για παράδειγμα ένας ή περισσότεροι γειωμένοι αγωγοί παράλληλα στο επίπεδο (σχήμα 1), η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει, είτε στα σύρματα είτε στο επίπεδο, εξαρτάται από τη συγκεκριμένη θέση των συρμάτων. Αν το διάκενο, εκτός από αέρα, αποτελείται και από ένα άλλο διηλεκτρικό υλικό (π.χ. τσιμέντο με πάχος d3), τα σημεία κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, καθώς και η τάση διάσπασης, εξαρτώνται εξίσου από τις διαστάσεις, την διαμόρφωση του μέρους του διακένου που καταλαμβάνει το συγκεκριμένο διηλεκτρικό και τα διηλεκτρικά του χαρακτηριστικά. / In a gap that is constituted by a electrode of high tendency a framed from a number of gejwme'nwn conductors, the conclusion of evacuation in concrete point has a meditative dependence from the general configuration of electric field that prevails in the gap. The word "meditative " has the significance that practically anyone gejwme'no point in in the gap possesses a probability to accept the evacuation, but this probability it can be different for the various points. Moreover, if the gap is constituted from more from the one dielectric, point of conclusion of evacuation, as the parameters of split, are influenced by the presence and electric and gewmetrjka' characteristically the dielectric these. In a simple gap of spike-plate with air, the points of conclusion of all evacuations are assembled round the trace of axis of spike, that is the place of biggest probability. The probability a evacuation it leads to a concrete place of level, different from the axis of evacuation, is decreased as long as grows the distance of this place from the axis. If a gejwme'nos driver is imported in the gap, as for example one or more gejwme'noj drivers at the same time in the level (form 1), the probability a evacuation it leads, or to the wires or to the level, it depends from the particular place of wires. If the gap, apart from air, is also constituted by a other dielectric material (eg cement with thickness d3), the points of conclusion of evacuation, as well as the tendency of split, they depend equally from dimensions, the configuration of part of gap that occupies concrete dielectric and dielectric characteristically. In a gap that is constituted by a electrode of high tendency a framed from a number of gejwme'nwn conductors, the conclusion of evacuation in concrete point has a meditative dependence from the general configuration of electric field that prevails in the gap. The word "meditative " has the significance that practically anyone gejwme'no point in in the gap possesses a probability to accept the evacuation, but this probability it can be different for the various points. Moreover, if the gap is constituted from more from the one dielectric, point of conclusion of evacuation, as the parameters of split, are influenced by the presence and electric and gewmetrjka' characteristically the dielectric these. In a simple gap of spike-plate with air, the points of conclusion of all evacuations are assembled round the trace of axis of spike, that is the place of biggest probability. The probability a evacuation it leads to a concrete place of level, different from the axis of evacuation, is decreased as long as grows the distance of this place from the axis. If a gejwme'nos driver is imported in the gap, as for example one or more gejwme'noj drivers at the same time in the level (form 1), the probability a evacuation it leads, or to the wires or to the level, it depends from the particular place of wires. If the gap, apart from air, is also constituted by a other dielectric material (eg cement with thickness d3), the points of conclusion of evacuation, as well as the tendency of split, they depend equally from dimensions, the configuration of part of gap that occupies concrete dielectric and dielectric characteristically.