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Title: Possibilities of Usage of the Electrotherapy Currents in Electropuncture. Defining the problem: Elektropuncture is a therapeutic method that uses electric current to the stimulation of acupuncture points or projections on the surface of the body. Because it is an alternative method of treatment, some specialists as well as nonprofessionals don't acknowledge the electropuncture as an effective method of treatment. My thesis is focused on issues elektropuncture approach and on evaluation of its therapeutic effectiveness and usefulness in the field of physical therapy by using low- frequency currents. Objectives of work: The aim is to bring the issue of the use of low-frequency currents in elektropuncture and to describe in detail the currents, which can be used, to evaluate and to process the resources available in the literature to find a scientific evidence of its therapeutic effectiveness and use elektropuncture in physiotherapy. Method of solution: In my thesis, there will be processed all available sources of information about the electroacupuncture, elektropuncture, acupuncture and alternative medicine, physiotherapy, electrotherapy, low-frequency currents. I draw upon the English, Czech, Slovak and German publications. No particular publication will be an earlier release than the 1980th...

電針夾脊穴治療腰椎間盤突出症的研究進展 摘要：筆者通過對近10年來關於電針夾脊穴治療腰椎問盤突出症的研究132篇，其中有49篇是對於電針夾脊穴治療腰椎間盤突出症的有效性觀察﹔有67篇論述電針夾脊穴聯合其他治療方法的臨床觀察﹔有16篇為專門討論電針夾脊穴對治療腰間盤突出的機理的探討﹔通過對文獻的整理發現目前研究者的研究主要集中在幾個問題方面，一是電針夾脊穴治療腰椎間盤突出症的有效性觀察，目前電針夾脊穴對於腰椎問盤突出症的鎮痛效應經筆者整理，各文獻治療組鎮痛的即時起效時間為3.5-4min ，而對照組在12-13.5 min之間。治癒率治療組平均在80-90%之間，對照組在65-90%之間﹔二是電針夾脊穴的方法如選穴、針刺方法及波形、頻率等參數的運用。在筆者所搜集的文獻中，採用疏密波的文獻占48%，採用連續波（疏波）的占52%，波形的應用各有其治療特色。電針頻率色選擇，各研究者通過大量的實驗，得出高頻和低頻的有效結合對腰椎間盤突出症的治療其有較好的效果﹔三是電針夾脊穴聯合其他方法治療腰椎間盤突出症。如電針夾脊穴聯合牽引治療、電針夾脊穴聯合穴位注射治療、電針夾脊穴聯合正骨推拿治療、電針夾脊穴聯合重要薰蒸治療等，臨床上都取得了良好的效果。四是電針夾脊穴治療的作用機制，包括圍繞中醫理論指導下的機制與現代醫學的生化機制。 關鍵字：電針夾脊穴 腰椎問盤突出 電針參數

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A Acupuntura (Ac) e a Eletroacupuntura (EAc) tem sido amplamente utilizadas na prÃtica clÃnica para o tratamento de vÃrias doenÃas. A Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC) preconiza o uso dos acupontos Zusanli (E-36) e Zhongwan (RM-12) para alÃvio dos sintomas de diabetes mellitus. Por aÃÃo da Ac e EAc, ocorre liberaÃÃo de opiÃides endÃgenos, incluindo &#946;-endorfinas, que comprovadamente estimulam a secreÃÃo de insulina. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da Ac e EAc nos acupontos E-36 e RM-12 sobre as concentraÃÃes de glicose e lactato no sangue, fÃgado e rim de ratos sadios. No presente estudo, 48 ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos (Valores Basais, Ac, EAc10Hz e EAc100Hz) e subdivididos em 2 subgrupos de acordo com os tempos de coleta dos substratos (T-30: imediatamente apÃs o tÃrmino da sessÃo de Ac ou EAc e T-60: 30 minutos apÃs o tÃrmino da sessÃo). Todos os ratos foram anestesiados e os grupos experimentais (Ac, EAc10Hz e EAc100Hz) foram submetidos, respectivamente, à Ac e à EAc (10 Hz e 100 Hz) nos acupontos E-36 e RM-12, durante 30 minutos. Foram dosadas as concentraÃÃes de glicose, lactato e LDH no sangue, fÃgado e rim dos animais nos tempos T-30 e T-60. A estimulaÃÃo dos acupontos E-36 e RM-12 por EAc de 10Hz reduziu significativamente a glicemia em ratos sadios, ao tÃrmino da estimulaÃÃo elÃtrica (190,80Â24,88 vs. 138,50Â21,09, p>0,001) e 30 minutos mais tarde (186,30Â23,76 vs. 134,10Â25,65, p>0,001). Utilizando-se uma freqÃÃncia 10 vezes maior (100Hz) demonstrou-se resultado semelhante (T-30, 186,30Â23,76 vs. 99,17Â8,79, p>0,001; e T-60, 190,80Â24,88 vs. 113,40Â7,37, p>0,001). A Ac nÃo alterou significativamente a glicemia. Houve tambÃm reduÃÃo significante das concentraÃÃes de LDH imediatamente apÃs o tÃrmino da sessÃo de acupuntura e 30 minutos depois, tanto nos animais submetidos à AC (T-30, 518,20 43,31 vs. 354,80Â44,66, p<0,001; T-60, 637,80Â61,01 vs. 325,70Â10,54, p<0,001) quanto à EA (10Hz: T-30, 518,20 43,31 vs. 286,50Â59,86, p<0,001; T-60, 637,80Â61,01 vs 268,80Â43,51, p<0,001 e 100Hz: T-30, 518,20 43,31 vs. 213,80Â24,85, p<0,001; T-60, 637,80Â61,01 vs 188,20Â24,00, p<0,001), sugerindo um menor metabolismo anaerÃbio. No presente estudo, a reduÃÃo significante do lactato sÃrico 30 minutos apÃs o inÃcio do estudo em ratos submetidos à EAc com 100 Hz sugere prevalÃncia da glicÃlise aerÃbica (2,10Â0,23 vs. 1,19Â1,02, p<0,001). Resultado semelhante foi observado nos nÃveis de lactato no fÃgado (T-60, 10 Hz: 1,92Â0,42 vs. 0,69Â0,29, p<0,001 e 100 Hz: 1,92Â0,42 vs. 0,44Â0,21, p<0,001) e rim (T-30, 100 Hz: 1,86Â0,87 vs. 0,91Â0,38, p<0,05). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a Ac e a EAc nos animais hiperglicÃmicos podem reduzir as concentraÃÃes de glicose no sangue. FreqÃÃncias maiores tem maior efeito hipoglicemiante. A reduÃÃo da glicemia deve ser conseqÃÃncia da aÃÃo de opiÃides endÃgenos e da &#946;-endorfina, como sugerido em estudos anteriores. O mecanismo e reduÃÃo das concentraÃÃes de lactato e LDH parece estar relacionado a uma prevalÃncia da glicÃlise aerÃbica. / Acupuncture (Ac) and electroacupuncture (EAc) have been widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) recommends the use of acupoints Zusanli (E-36) and Zhongwan (RM-12) for relief of symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Ac and EAc stimulation may release some endogenous opioids, including &#61666;- endorphins, enhancing insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ac and EAc on acupoints ST-36 and RM-12 on glycemia, lactacemia and liver and kidneys lactate concentrations in healthy rats. In this study, 48 rats were divided into 4 groups (baseline [GVB] , Ac, EAc10Hz and EAc100Hz) and subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the time of samples collection (T-30, immediately after the end of the session or Ac or EAc and T-60: 30 minutes after the end of the session). All rats were anesthetized and experimental groups (Ac, EAc10Hz and EAc100Hz) were submitted respectively to the EAc and Ac (10 Hz and 100 Hz) on acupoints ST-36 and RM-12 for 30 minutes. Glucose, lactate and LDH were assayed in the blood. Tissue lactate concentration was assayed in liver and kidney of rats at T-30 and T-60 timepoints. Stimulation of acupoints ST-36 and RM-12 by EAc 10Hz significantly reduced blood glucose levels in healthy rats, at the end of electrical stimulation (190.80  24.88 vs. 138.50  21.09, p> 0.001) and 30 minutes later (186.30  23.76 vs. 134.10  25.65 , p> 0.001). Using a frequency 10 times higher (100Hz) similar results were obtained (T-30, 186.30  23.76 vs. 99.17  8.79, p> 0.001, and T-60, 190.80  24.88 vs. 113.40  7.37, p> 0.001). Ac stimulation did not significantly alter blood glucose. There was also a significant reduction in the concentrations of LDH immediately after the acupuncture session and 30 minutes later, both in animals subjected to Ac (T-30, 518.20  43.31 vs. 354.80  44.66, p <0.001, T-60, 637.80  61.01 vs. 325.70  10.54, p <0.001) and EAc (10Hz: T-30, 518.20  43.31 vs. 286.50  59.86, p <0.001, T-60, 637.80  61.01 vs 268.80  43.51, p <0.001 and 100Hz: T-30, 518.20  43.31 vs. 213, 80  24.85, p <0.001, T- 60, 637.80  61.01 vs 188.20  24.00, p <0.001), suggesting a lower anaerobic metabolism. In this study, a significant decrease in serum lactate 30 minutes after the start of the study in rats subjected to EAc 100 Hz suggests the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis (2.10  0.23 vs. 1.19  1.02, p < 0.001). Similar result was observed in the levels of lactate in the liver (T-60, 10 Hz: 1.92  0.42 vs. 0.69  0.29, p <0.001 and 100 Hz: 1.92  0.42 vs. 0.44  0.21, p <0.001) and kidney (T-30, 100 Hz: 1.86  0.87 vs. 0.91  0.38, p <0.05). The results of this study show that the Ac and EAc, can reduce the concentrations of blood glucose in hyperglycemic animals. Higher frequencies have greater hypoglycemic effect. The reduction of blood glucose should be a consequence of the action of endogenous opioids and &#61666;- endorphin, as suggested in previous studies. The mechanism of reduction of lactate and LDH appears to be related to a prevalence of aerobic glycolysis.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)-Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007 144 leaves / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of TENS, versus, needling, versus Electro-needling in the treatment of MTSS. First objective The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS therapy on MTSS with respect to the patients subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Second Objective The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of needling therapy on MTSS, with respect to the patient’s subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Third Objective The third objective was to evaluate the effects of electro-needling on MTSS, with respect to the patients’ subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Fourth Objective The fourth objective was to integrate the subjective and objective data collected in order to determine the viability of each of the therapies in comparison to one another as treatment options of MTSS.

published_or_final_version / Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007. / Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of TENS, versus, needling, versus Electro-needling in the treatment of MTSS. First objective The first objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS therapy on MTSS with respect to the patients subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Second Objective The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of needling therapy on MTSS, with respect to the patient’s subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Third Objective The third objective was to evaluate the effects of electro-needling on MTSS, with respect to the patients’ subjective and objective responses to the treatment. Fourth Objective The fourth objective was to integrate the subjective and objective data collected in order to determine the viability of each of the therapies in comparison to one another as treatment options of MTSS. / M

O fato da acupuntura ser atualmente considerada eficaz no tratamento de muitos processos patológicos e do fígado ser um órgão alvo de muitas enfermidades tanto em animais como em seres humanos, motivou a realização deste estudo que tem por objetivo verificar o efeito da eletroacupuntura durante a progressão de lesões hepáticas e o seu relacionamento com o funcionamento do órgão através da análise concomitante de marcadores sanguíneos de lesões hepáticas (MSLH). O trabalho foi realizado em ratos albinos (Wistar), machos, com um peso aproximado de 250g, identificados e distribuídos em 7 lotes (CP, CT, CI, E36, E36s, BP6, BP6s), N= 10. Os animais dos lotes: CP, CT e CI foram usados como controle; CP na determinação dos MSLH: alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), - glutamil transferase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina (ALPK), albumina (ALB), proteína total (TP) e bilirrubina total; CT cujos animais receberam apenas o agente hepatotóxico tioacetamida (25 mg/100g) por via intraperitoneal três vezes por semana, durante 7 semanas e o lote CI, no qual os animais, além dos mesmos procedimentos de CT, também foram submetidos ao anestésico usado no experimento (isoflurano) pelo tempo de 20 minutos, objetivando analisar se esse anestésico teve alguma influência nos resultados do trabalho. Quanto aos demais grupos, E36 recebeu os mesmos procedimentos de CI e seus componentes foram tratados com eletroacupuntura no ponto Zusanli (E-36). E36s recebeu procedimentos similares aos de E36, porém a eletroestimulação foi aplicada em um não-ponto de acupuntura (E36 Sham) localizado próximo ao E36 verdadeiro. Os animais de BP6 tiveram os mesmos procedimentos de E36 diferindo somente na eletroacupuntura, que foi aplicada no ponto Sanyinjiao (BP-6). No lote BP6s os procedimentos foram os mesmos realizados em BP6, porém a eletroestimulação foi realizada em um nãoponto de acupuntura (BP6 Sham) localizado próximo ao ponto BP6 verdadeiro. Numa etapa seguinte, os animais dos nove grupos, tiveram seus fígados coletados para estudo histológico, tendo sido comparado os parâmetros bioquímicos obtidos, com objetivo de analisar se as alterações morfológicas e funcionais dos fígados tiveram influência da eletroacupuntura. Resultados: Os MSLH apresentaram como resultados: marcador ALB nos lotes: CP (2,97±0,3529) com CI(2,46±0,3134) e marcador TP nos lotes CP (6,53±0,2452) com CI(5,73±0,4057) provando haver interferência do isoflurano; marcador ALB nos lotes CI com BP6 (2,84±0,2675) e BP6 com E36s (2,4±0,2828), marcador ALT nos lotes CI com BP6 e BP6 com E36s e marcador AST nos lotes BP6 com E36s, todos provando e eficácia do ponto de acupuntura BP6. Os resultados histológicos confirmaram a atuação da tioacetamida (TAA) nos animais (exceto os do lote CP), através das seguintes lesões: inflamação focal, apoptose, necrose em saca-bocado (Piecemeal-necrosis), necrose e inflamação portal, para as análises em Hematoxilina-Eosina e expansão fibrosa e pontes de colágeno para as colorações em Picrossirius. Essas lesões foram achadas nos lotes: CT, CI, E36s, BP6s, E36 e BP6, porém, nos dois últimos ocorreram em menor grau indicando a atuação de eletroacupuntura sobre a morfologia hepática. / The fact o acupuncture have being considered an efficient method to treat lots of diseases and, being the liver, in men and animals, a common susceptible organ, this research was inspired to verify the electroacupuncture effect in hepatic lesion progression and its relationship with the liver performance at the same time that sanguinenous hepatic lesions markers (MSLH) was analysed. Each one identified, male wistar rats arround 250g was ditribucted in 7 (seven) groups, N=10: CP, CT, CI, ST36, ST36s, SP6 and SP6s. The first three was control-groups: CP to be these MSLH reference: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), albumin.(ALB), total protein (TP) and total bilirubin (TB); CT had the animals receiving only the hepatotoxic agent thioacetamide (25mg/100g) interperitoneal pathway, 3 (three) a week, for 7 (seven) weeks and CI had the same last proceedment increased for 20 minutes in isoflurane anesthetic to verify if interferences occures or not. About the others groups, we had ST36 receiving the same CI proceedments and treated by Zusanli (St-36) electroacupuncture point; ST36s again, but in a false-point (Sham ST36) next the real one. Groups SP6 and SP6s had the analogous treatment to points Sanyinjiao (SP-6) and its no-point. The next step was collect the nine groups livers and study them histologically. They was compared with CP references to mesuere some probable electroacupuncture influence in morphological and functional hepatic processes. MSLH results was: ALB in groups CP (2,97±0,3529) with CI (2,46±0,3134) and sanguinenous marker TP in groups CP (6,53±0,2452) with CI (5,73±0,4057), proving isoflurane interference; ALB in gropus CI with SP6 (2,84±0,2675) and in gropus SP6 with ST36s (2,4±0,2828), sanguinenous marker ALT in groups CI with SP6 and in groups SP6 with ST36 and sanguinenous marker AST in groups SP6 with ST36s, all of them proving the SP6 electroacupuncture point efficacy. The histological results conffirmed thioacetamide (TAA) actuation in animals (except group CP), through these lesions: focalized inflammation, apoptosis, piecemeal-necrosis, necrosis and portal-inflammation to hematoxylin and eosin analysis and fibrosis expansion and collagen bridges to Picrosirius colorations. These lesions was discovered in groups CT, CI, ST36s, SP6s, ST36 and SP6s. However, in the last two group was discovered less then the others, indicating electroacupuncture efficience in hepatic morphology.