O uso do biodiesel está em expansão no mercado mundial. A presença de metais alcalinos é um dos parâmetros de qualidade que mais se destaca devido aos prejuízos que pode causar ao automóvel. Neste trabalho propôs-se um método alternativo para determinar íon sódio usando um sensor eletroquímico baseado em eletrodo quimicamente modificado (EQM) com filme de octafenilciclotetrasiloxano (OFCTS), o qual possui estrutura molecular sugestiva para uma coordenação com Na+. A caracterização do sensor foi realizada por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e Difração de Raios X (DRX). A interação metal:ligante foi estuda por cálculos teóricos, Espectrofotometria UV-Vis, Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE) e Voltametria Cíclica (VC). A imobilização do OFCTS no eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi alcançada por adsorção usando a técnica drop coating. O par redox [Ru(NH 3)5 Cl] 2+/3+foi empregado como íon sonda e a corrente de pico (Ip) foi monitorada por voltametria de pulso diferencial com varredura anódica. Adições sucessivas de Na+ à célula eletroquímica causaram a diminuição da Ip do íon sonda, devido à interação do íon sódio com o ligante imobilizado no eletrodo e consequente repulsão com o íon sonda. Empregando este efeito, a concentração de íons sódio pode ser indiretamente medida. Após a otimização dos principais parâmetros da eletroanálise, a curva analítica foi construída através da relação entre diferença de Ip (δIp) do [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e a quantidade de íons sódio adicionada, obtendo um coeficiente de correlação (r) de 0,998, LD e LQ iguais a 0,38 mg kg -1 e 1,29 mg kg-1 , respectivamente. As amostras de biodiesel foram preparadas por digestão ácida por via úmida com radiação de micro-ondas. As recuperações foram obtidas e os percentuais para a fortificação foi biodiesel 105% e para água mineral foi 81%. O método alternativo foi aplicado para amostra real e detectou 4,1 mg Kg-1 de sódio em biodiesel. / The use of biodiesel is expanding in the world market. The presence of alkali metals is one of its quality parameters that stand out, due to the damage that they can cause to vehicles. This study aimed to propose an alternative method to determine sodium ions using an electrochemical sensor based on chemically modified electrode (CME) with octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (OFCTS), which has suggestive molecular structure for coordination with Na+ ion. The characterization of the sensor was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The metal:ligand interaction was studied by theoretical calculations, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Immobilization of OPCTS on glassy carbon electrode was achieved by adsorption through drop coating technique. The [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e redox couple was used as ion probe, and its peak current (Ip) was monitored by stripping anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry . Successive additions of Na+ to the electrochemical cell promote the Ip decrease of the ion probe, due to interaction between the sodium ion and the immobilized ligand on the electrode and the subsequent repulsion with the ion probe. Using this effect, the sodium ions concentration could be indirectly measured. After the main parameters optimization of the electroanalysis, the analytical curve was constructed by plotting the Ip difference (δIp) of [Ru(NH 3) 5Cl]2+/3+e against the amount of sodium ions added, obtaining a coefficient of correlation (r 2) of 0.99 and LOD and LOQ equal to 0,38 and 1,29 mg Kg-1, respectively. The biodiesel samples were pretreated by microwave assisted acid digestion. Recoveries were obtained and the percentages for the fortification for biodiesel was 105,5% and for mineral water was 81%. The alternative method was applied for real sample and detected 4 mg Kg -1 of the sodium in biodiesel.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-01T19:55:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RaelsonCosta.pdf: 2023784 bytes, checksum: f94eb25d7d645bc252a2d1a75f80a8ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T19:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaelsonCosta.pdf: 2023784 bytes, checksum: f94eb25d7d645bc252a2d1a75f80a8ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This work presents the development of an electrochemical sensor obtained from the modification of the polyurethane graphite composite electrode with Ag-A zeolite, an aluminosilicate of LTA structure modified with Silver, and its application in the determination of chloride ions, Cl-, in samples of Fuel ethanol. The aluminosilicates were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. The obtained materials were then used as modifiers in the proportion of 10% in GPU electrodes, in order to make a comparison between the electrodes without modification and modified with Na-A and Ag-A using the technique of voltammetry of Cyclic. The results showed that the incorporation of Ag into the pores of the material promotes an improvement in the electrical and analytical properties of the electrode. The analytical response of the sensor in the determination of the Clion showed that the GPU-Ag-A electrode responds selectively to the chloride in terms of the decrease in peak current compared to the GPU or GPU-Na-A electrodes. The best response was obtained with electrodes modified with 10% Ag-A. With this percentage composition, the experimental conditions, deposition potential, deposition time, ladder potential, frequency and pH were optimized for analysis by square wave voltammetry in an electrochemical cell containing 2.0 mL of ethanol, 8.0 mL of NaNO3 1.0 mol L-1 and a Clconcentration of 2.5 × 10-5 mol L-1. The Ag-A modified sensor was then evaluated for electroanalytical determination of Clions in fuel ethanol samples presenting linear response. Good results were obtained for the detection limit (3,21 x 10-6 mol L-1), quantification limit (1.07 x 10-5 mol L-1), recovery (87%) and linearity (0.998) . Cu+2 and SO4-2 ions, present in the analysis matrix, did not present significant interference in chloride determination. / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sensor eletroquímico obtido a partir da modificação do eletrodo compósito de grafite poliuretana com zeólita Ag-A, um aluminosilicato de estrutura LTA modificado com Prata, e sua aplicação na determinação de íons cloreto, Cl-, em amostras de etanol combustível. Os aluminosilicatos foram sintetizados através do método hidrotérmico e caracterizados por difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os materiais obtidos foram, então, utilizados como modificadores na proporção de 10% em eletrodos GPU, a fim de realizar-se uma comparação entre os eletrodos sem modificação e modificados com Na-A e Ag-A mediante a utilização da técnica de voltametria de cíclica. Os resultados mostraram que a incorporação do Ag aos poros do material promove uma melhora nas propriedades elétricas e analíticas do eletrodo. A resposta analítica do sensor na determinação do íon Cl-, mostrou que o eletrodo GPU-Ag-A responde de maneira seletiva ao cloreto, em termos de diminuição de corrente de pico, comparado aos eletrodos GPU ou GPU-Na-A. A melhor resposta foi obtida com eletrodos modificados com 10% de Ag-A. Com esta composição percentual, as condições experimentais, potencial de deposição, tempo de deposição, potencial de escada, frequência e pH, foram otimizadas para analise por voltametria de onda quadrada, em uma célula eletroquímica contendo 2,0mL de etanol, 8,0mL de NaNO3 1,0 mol L-1 e uma concentração de Clde 2,5×10-5 mol L-1. O sensor modificado com Ag-A foi então avaliado para determinação eletroanalítica de íons Clem amostras de etanol combustível apresentando resposta linear. Bons resultados foram obtidos para o limite de detecção (3,21×10-6 mol L-1), limite de quantificação (1,07×10-5 mol L-1 ), recuperação (87%) e linearidade (0,998). Íons Cu2+ e SO4-2, presentes na matriz de analise, não apresentaram interferência significativa na determinação do cloreto.

Neste trabalho, 2 diferentes procedimentosforam utilizados para a extração de lignina a partir do licor negro, caracterizando-se quimicamente as amostras de lignina obtidas em relação a umalignina comercial, visando a aplicação no desenvolvimento de sensores voltamétricos. A análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, análise térmica e caracterização eletroquímica do material mostraram que, tanto a origem da lignina quanto a metodologia de obtenção da mesma, a partir do licor negro, podem fornecer materiais com propriedades químicas distintas, embora possuam comportamento eletroquímico similar. Observou-se, também, que a lignina só pode ser armazenada na forma sólida,devido à oxidação pelo oxigênio dissolvidodurante o tempo em que a solução mãe é armazenada.No entanto, a oxidação dalignina é necessária quando se tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de sensores voltamétricos, devido a predominância de carbonos sp2na estrutura químicaoxidada, condição em que se obtém maior condutividade. Constatou-se também a necessidade de utilizar um transdutor metálico para o desenvolvimento de eletrodos qumicamente modificados com este material, visto que os eletrodos de carbono modificados com lignina oxidada ou não oxidada não apresentaram atividade eletroquímica. Devido à pequena porcentagem de enxofre existente na estrutura química, a lignina oxidada tende a se organizar pelos grupamentos SH quando na presença de ouro, expondo os grupamentos quinônicos eletroativos. A lignina oxidada ainda foi utilizada no preparo de eletrodo de pasta de carbono com nanopartículas de ouro, na qual a lignina oxidada impregnada no grafite atua como redutor \"in-situ\" do ouro, permitindo o preparo de um sensor voltamétrico versátil, capaz de realizar a determinação de ácido ascórbico, dopamina, nitrito e iodato. No que tange ao comportamento eletroquímico de fármacos e estudos de interação fármaco-DNA, eletrodos de carbono foram modificados com DNAdupla fita com a finalidade de monitorar a interação DNA-Gemcitabina.O fármaco não apresentou atividade eletroquímica tanto na região positiva quanto na região negativa de potencial. A interação do mesmo com o DNA promove a condensação/agregação das duplas fitas do DNA em uma primeiraetapa, seguida da clivagem do nucleosídeo guanosina, formando guanina livre. O comportamento eletroquímico de leflunomida e sulfasalazina, dois fármacos aplicados ao tratamento da artrite reumatóide, foi estudado e mecanismos de oxidação foram propostos para cada fármaco. / The chemical properties of samples of lignin, which were precipitated from black liquor using two different methodologies (precipitation with CO2 and H2SO4), were studied and the results compared to those obtained from a commercial lignin sample in order to prepare voltammetric sensors. The elementary analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and electrochemical characterization of the material demonstrated that both, the source of lignin and the precipitation method from the black liquor, can provide lignin samples with different chemical properties, although the electrochemical behavior of all samples has been the same. Lignin could only be stored in solid form as lignin in the black liquor is slowly and quantitatively oxidized by dissolved oxygen, preventing the extraction procedures. However, the lignin as extracted from black liquor cannot be used to modify solid electrodes due its high resistivity. The previous oxidation of the all material was necessary when the aim was its application on the sensors development. The electrical conductivity in the oxidized lignin was achieved, probably due to the predominance of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, which improved orbital overlapping in the material. In addition, it was necessary to use a metallic transducer to produce electrodes modified with films of lignin with good electrochemical activity. The films drying time was also important parameter, which suggested a specific organization of lignin macromolecules over the electrode surface. Due to the small percentage of sulfur in the material, the oxidized lignin tended to be organized by the SH groups in the presence of metallic substrates, exposing its electroactive quinone groups. The oxidized lignin was further used to prepare carbon paste electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles, in which the impregnated oxidized lignin on graphite acted as an \"in situ\" reducing agent towards HAuCl4.The resulting composite allowed the preparation of a versatile voltammetric sensor, capable of detecting ascorbic acid, dopamine, nitrite and iodate. Regarding the electrochemical behavior and drug interaction studies DNA-molecule, carbon electrodes were modified with double strand DNA with the purpose of monitoring Gemcitabine-DNA interaction. The drug showed no electrochemical activity both, in the positive and the negative potential. The Gemcitabine-DNA interaction promoted condensation / aggregation of the double strand DNA in a first step, followed by cleavage of the nucleoside guanosine in the form of free guanine. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of sulfasalazine and leflunomide, two pharmacological compounds applied to the treatment of rheumathoid arthritis, were studied and their oxidation mechanisms were proposed.

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) are useful as probes for evaluating electroactive species in confined spaces (e.g., inside living cells) and for measuring fast electrochemical reactions. However, UME applications often require modification of the electrode surface to improve selectivity and sensitivity towards target analytes. Previous research in our group demonstrated that a simple soft nitriding method introduces surface nitrogen (N)-containing groups on carbon fiber (CF), leading to improved electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on CF-UMEs. However, sensitivity for H2O2 detection using N-CF-UMEs was low compared to that for other modified UMEs. As an alternative to N-CF-UMEs, a simple strategy for preparing phosphorus (P)-doped CF-UMEs was first investigated. Since P-CF-UMEs performed similarly to N-CF-UMEs, an alternative epoxy sealing strategy for preparing CF-UMEs and doped-CF-UMEs was also developed. Compared to P-CF-UMEs and N-CF-UMEs prepared by traditional laser-assisted pipette pulling, the epoxy-sealed electrodes exhibited 20-50 times higher sensitivities and 2-3 times lower detection limits for H2O2.

No description available.

No description available.

Very early in the history of atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) it was understood to be a powerful analytical tool. Until the 1930's the usefulness of atomic spectroscopy was not utilized very extensively even though its fundamental power was understood. The breakthrough that placed it in the standard chemistry laboratory was the discovery and implementation of the photoelectric effect. Since this discovery there has been a revolution in atomic spectroscopy which has brought it from the role of a humble servant used for primary elemental screening to an outstanding leader in applications of elemental analysis. Atomic emission spectroscopy of complex samples has long suffered from matrix effects which result in overlapping of spectral lines, fluctuating backgrounds and changing conditions in the source. Investigations employing an echelle polychromator with a two dimensional solid state array detector show great promise in minimizing the effects of these interferences on multielement analyses of complex samples. The Charge Injection Device (CID) detector used exhibits many characteristics which make it uniquely qualified for simultaneous, multielement detection in AES. With only slight modifications to the optics of a commercial spectrometer and the employment of a CID detector, detection limits for a number of elements are quite favorable. Dynamic ranges of over seven orders of magnitude are obtainable with this experimental system. The reduction of matrix effects by utilizing the huge wealth of information available from over 60,000 individual detector elements are demonstrated through results from several complex matrix standards. This CID-polychromator system was also employed for the element selective detection of gas chromatographic (GC) effluents. A microwave-induced plasma (MIP) based on the Surfatron design was built. A helium plasma from this device has shown to have resilience to organic samples and give good emission response to non-metallic atoms. A number of studies with this GC-AES-polychromator system are presented. This system is capable of monitoring atomic emissions from C, H, F, Cl, Br, I, O, N and S all simultaneously, and the selectivity of this system is unsurpassed. Elemental ratios for separated compounds are also presented as a precursor to empirical formula prediction.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-09-19T17:06:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JosimarAraujo.pdf: 950712 bytes, checksum: 6ec752a1c9c3751ffeba0d040eb09762 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T17:06:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosimarAraujo.pdf: 950712 bytes, checksum: 6ec752a1c9c3751ffeba0d040eb09762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present work describes a study of the construction of an electrochemical sensor involving sol-gel process and molecular imprinting for detection of triclosan. The sol-gel process is a process in which a network is formed from a solution, by progressively changing a liquid precursor, from a sol to a gel and, in most cases, finally to a dry network. In turn, molecular imprinting is a method of induced formation of some predetermined selectivity recognition element for some template molecule. Thus, for the determination of the template molecule triclosan, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol, the following steps were performed: 1) verification of a glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and molecularly imprinted siloxanes, would be suitable for the voltammetric detection of triclosan; 2) to observe if a network would be formed with the sol-gel process and to evaluate the mechanical stability of the electrochemical sensor constructed; 3) to evaluate the modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor with selectivity, specificity and detection limit for the determination of triclosan in aqueous solutions; 4) to verify the applicability of the proposed sensor by detecting of triclosan oxidation in real samples. The results showed that glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and molecularly imprinted siloxanes, constructed by sol-gel and molecular imprinting processes, presented mechanical stability, sensitivity, selectivity, specificity and applicability as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of triclosan in commercial samples of physical moisturizer and of toothpaste. / O presente trabalho descreve um estudo da construção de um sensor eletroquímico envolvendo processo sol-gel e impressão molecular para detecção de triclosan. O processo sol-gel é um procedimento no qual uma rede é formada a partir de uma solução. Esta formação é por meio de uma mudança progressiva deste líquido inicial, de um sol para um gel e, na maioria dos casos, finalmente para uma rede seca. Por sua vez, a impressão molecular é um método de formação induzida de elementos de reconhecimento com seletividade predeterminada para alguma molécula molde. Assim, para a determinação da molécula molde triclosan, 5-cloro-2- (2,4-diclorofenoxi)-fenol, as seguintes etapas foram executadas: 1) verificar se um eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com quitosana, nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas e siloxanos molecularmente impressos seria adequado para a detecção voltamétrica do triclosan; 2) averiguar a formação de uma rede com o processo sol-gel e avaliar a estabilidade mecânica do sensor eletroquímico construído; 3) avaliar a sensibilidade do eletrodo modificado como um sensor eletroquímico com seletividade, especificidade e limite de detecção para a determinação de triclosan em soluções aquosas; e 4) comprovar a aplicabilidade do sensor proposto mediante a detecção de sinal de oxidação de triclosan em amostras reais. Os resultados mostraram que eletrodos de carbono vítreo modificados com quitosana, nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas e siloxanos molecularmente impressos, construídos por processo sol-gel e impressão molecular, apresentaram estabilidade mecânica, sensibilidade, seletividade, especificidade e aplicabilidade como um sensor eletroquímico para a detecção de triclosan em amostras comerciais de hidratante corporal e de creme dental.

The goal of this thesis was the advanced design, fabrication, and application of combined atomic force microscopy - scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFMSECM) probes for high-resolution topographical and electrochemical imaging. The first part of the thesis describes innovative approaches for the optimization of AFM-SECM probe fabrication with recessed frame electrodes. For this purpose, commercial silicon nitride AFM cantilevers were modified using optimized critical fabrication processes including improved metallization for the deposition of the electrode layer, and novel insulation strategies for ensuring localized electrochemical signals. As a novel approach for the insulation of AFM-SECM probes, sandwiched layers of PECVD SixNy and SiO2, and plasma-deposited PFE films were applied and tested. Using sandwiched PECVD SixNy and SiO2 layers, AFM-SECM probes providing straight (unbent) cantilevers along with excellent insulation characteristics facilitating the functionality of the integrated electrode were reproducibly obtained. Alternatively, PFE thin films were tested according to their utility for serving as a mechanically flexible insulating layer for AFM-SECM probes. The electrochemical characterization of PFEinsulated AFM-SECM probes revealed excellent insulating properties at an insulation thickness of only approx. 400 nm. Finally, AFM-SECM cantilevers prepared via both insulation strategies were successfully tested during AFM-SECM imaging experiments. In the second part of this thesis, disk-shaped nanoelectrodes were for the first time integrated into AFM probes for enabling high-resolution AFM-SECM measurements. Disk electrodes with an electrode radius < 100 nm were realized, which provides a significantly improved lateral resolution for SECM experiments performed in synchronicity with AFM imaging. Furthermore, the developed fabrication scheme enables producing AFM-SECM probes with integrated disk nanoelectrodes at significantly reduced time and cost based on a highly reproducible semi-batch fabrication process providing bifunctional probes at a wafer scale. The development of a detailed processing strategy was accompanied by extensive simulation results for developing a fundamental understanding on the electrochemical properties of AFM-SECM probes with nanoscale electrodes, and for optimizing the associated processing parameters. Thus fabricated probes were electrochemically characterized, and their performance was demonstrated via bifunctional imaging at model samples. The third part of this thesis describes the development and characterization of the first AFM tip-integrated potentiometric sensors based on solid-state electrodes with submicrometer dimensions enabling laterally resolved pH imaging. Antimony and iridium oxides were applied as the pH sensitive electrode material, and have been integrated into the AFM probes via conventional microfabrication strategies. The pH response of such AFM tip-integrated integrated pH microsensors was tested for both material systems, and first studies were performed demonstrating localized pH measurements at a model system.

Biosensors are extremely powerful analytical tools instrumental for detection and quantification of bio-molecules such as DNA, peptides and even metabolites. The recent decade has seen a surge in biosensing applications ranging from molecular diagnostics, environmental monitoring, basic life science research, forensics and biothreat monitoring. The existing biosensor systems of today, however, have several limitations. They are expensive, bulky in size, power hungry, hard to use and with access limited to core facilities. Among other disadvantages, these impediments discourage the availability of point-of-care testing and low cost in-vitro diagnostics (IVD) in locations such as developing and third world countries. The main bottleneck in the development of low-cost and compact biosensors is the effective and efficient integration of several complex components present inside a typical biosensor. These components are the sample preparation, biomolecular recognition, signal transduction and data analysis. With vii the recent advancements in very large scale integration (VLSI) and fabrication technologies, it is now possible to integrate several of these biosensing components into a small form factor. This thesis proposes leveraging the utilization of VLSI technology to develop a low-cost, miniature, portable, fast analysis, high throughput and low power consumption biosensor solution. Apart from the miniaturization bene- fits, employing VLSI technology facilitates low-cost, high yield and low process variation. We present complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated microsystem solutions for fluorescence, bioluminescence and electrochemical biosensing. Simulation models are provided for the microsystems and the specifications for the constituent components derived. A common problem in the transducer development of biosensors that we specifically focus on, is the presence of a large non-informative signal called the background signal. This background signal can be several orders of magnitudes higher than the signal of interest and it reduces the overall sensitivity of the biosensor. Existing transducer solutions rely on very high dynamic range, expensive and power hungry solutions to solve the problem of high background signal. To address the problem of overwhelming background signal, this thesis proposes an active background subtraction architecture merged with a Σ∆ modulator. The robust, versatile architecture can be conveniently employed for optical and electrochemical sensing. The proposed architecture attenuates the background signal very early in the signal chain, achieving high dyviii namic range while significantly relaxing the performance requirements of the subsequent circuit blocks in terms of power dissipation, area and bandwidth requirements. To validate the proposed solution, two CMOS IC prototypes were developed for optical and electrochemical sensing respectively. A 12 × 12 array of Σ∆ photodetector with in-pixel background subtraction was developed in 0.18µm standard CMOS technology. The pixel performance has been validated with over 140dB dynamic range and the ability of subtract the background subtraction current validated from 10nA to 10fA. Real time pyrosequencing experiment has also been performed utilizing the photodetector array. A 12 × 12 array of Σ∆ electrochemical sensor with in-pixel background subtraction was developed in 0.18µm standard CMOS technology. Capacitive charge redistribution circuit architecture for bipolar current measurements was employed. The circuit performance was validated over the wide input current range of 100nA to 1pA. / text