Neste trabalho, um sensor eletroquímico avançado baseado em eletrodo de grafite de lápis modificado via eletropolimerização do monômero de N,N\'-bis(salicilideno)etilenodiaminoníquel(II) na presença de nanopartículas de Ni(OH)2 suportadas em carbono (chamado aqui de poli[Ni(salen)] e Ni(OH)2C) foi desenvolvido e investigado para quantificação de furosemida (FUR) em meio alcalino. O sensor eletroquímico e seus componentes foram extensivamente caracterizados por técnicas físico-químicas, enquanto que o processo de oxidação da furosemida foi investigado por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier in situ (FTIV in situ). Estes resultados indicam que a oxidação da furosemida nestas condições leva à formação de 2-amino-4-cloro-5-sulfamoilbenzoato e 5-hidroxi-furano-2-carboxilato. A resposta eletroquímica do eletrodo de grafite modificado (EGM) para a determinação de furosemida foi medida por voltametria cíclica (VC). A curva de calibração (mudança de corrente de pico voltamétrico versus concentração de FUR) apresentou uma faixa linear de 2,5 × 10-10 mol L-1 a 2,7 × 10-9 mol L-1 com um limite de detecção calculado tão baixo quanto 1,45 × 10-10 mol L-1 nas condições otimizadas, que é menor do que os valores relatados na literatura. A sensibilidade ultrabaixa obtida com sensor desenvolvido foi atribuída a um efeito sinérgico entre o filme de poli[Ni(salen)] e as nanopartículas de Ni(OH)2/C. / In this work, an advanced electrochemical sensor based on pencil graphite electrode modified via electropolymerization of the N,N\'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminonickel(II) monomer in the presence of carbon supported Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles (here called as poly[Ni(salen)] and Ni(OH)2/C) was developed and investigated for furosemide (FUR) quantification in alkaline medium. The electrochemical sensor and its components were extensively characterized by physico-chemical techniques, while the furosemide oxidation process was investigated by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in situ FTIR). These results indicate that the oxidation of furosemide in these conditions leads to the formation of 2-amino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylbenzoate and 5-hydroxy-furan-2-carboxylate. The electrochemical response of the modified graphite electrode (MGE) for the determination of furosemide was measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The calibration curve (change of voltammetric peak current vs. FUR concentration) presented a linear range from 2.5 × 10-10 mol L-1 to 2.7 × 10-9 mol L-1 with a calculated limit of detection as low as 1.45 × 10-10 mol L-1 under the optimized conditions, which is lower than values reported in the literature. The ultra-low sensitivity obtained with the MGE sensor was attributed to a synergistic effect between the poly[Ni(salen)] film and Ni(OH)2/C nanoparticles.

<p>This work reports the chemical synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles in the determination of phthalates. The other part of this work involved electrochemical polymerization of aniline doped with titanium and iron oxide nanoparticles for the sensor platform in the electrolytic determination of phthalates. The TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel and hydrothermal methods respectively. Particle sizes of 20 nm (TiO2) and 50 nm (Fe2O3) were estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The other technical methods used in this study for the characterization of the TiO2 and iron oxide Fe2O3 NPs were SEM, XRD and UV- visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles. These electrochemical studies of the nanoparticles were performed with a Fe2O3 or TiO2/nafion/glassy carbon membrane electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (pH 6.8) under an aerobic condition.</p>

<p>This work reports the chemical synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles in the determination of phthalates. The other part of this work involved electrochemical polymerization of aniline doped with titanium and iron oxide nanoparticles for the sensor platform in the electrolytic determination of phthalates. The TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel and hydrothermal methods respectively. Particle sizes of 20 nm (TiO2) and 50 nm (Fe2O3) were estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The other technical methods used in this study for the characterization of the TiO2 and iron oxide Fe2O3 NPs were SEM, XRD and UV- visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles. These electrochemical studies of the nanoparticles were performed with a Fe2O3 or TiO2/nafion/glassy carbon membrane electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (pH 6.8) under an aerobic condition.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / This work reports the chemical synthesis, characterisation and electrochemical application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles in the determination of phthalates. The other part of this work involved electrochemical polymerization of aniline doped with titanium and iron oxide nanoparticles for the sensor platform in the electrolytic determination of phthalates. The TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by sol gel and hydrothermal methods respectively. Particle sizes of 20 nm (TiO2) and 50 nm (Fe2O3) were estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The other technical methods used in this study for the characterization of the TiO2 and iron oxide Fe2O3 NPs were SEM, XRD and UV- visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles. These electrochemical studies of the nanoparticles were performed with a Fe2O3 or TiO2/nafion/glassy carbon membrane electrode in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 M lithium perchlorate (pH 6.8) under an aerobic condition. / South Africa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, three methods of synthesis were proposed for formation of mesoporous material type MCM-41 functionalized with aminopropyltrimethoxisylane (APTS) by direct (in situ) and indirect (after synthesis) routes. The FTIR spectra showed characteristic vibrations referring to the connections of silica mesostructures of kind MCM-41. The materials obtained presented adsorption and desorption isotherms of type IV N2, exhibited properties of mesoporous materials according to IUPAC classification. The Xray diffractograms of MCM-41 (R1a) and MCM-NH2 (R1b) showed a hexagonal structure according to a presence of reflection planes (100), (110) and (200), already for the mesoporous functionalized in situ (R2 and R3), this behavior was not observed. The thermal stability of the materials was verify from the TG curves. Subsequently, carbon paste electrodes (EPC) and chemically modified electrodes (EPCMs) were prepared by immobilizing the synthesized materials for applications in Cu2+ detection. The modified electrode obtained by immobilization of functionalized mesoporous R2 (EPCM / R2), presented better sensitivity for the detection of copper ions. The use of 10% in the paste composition at pH 6.0, applying -0.5 V (vs. Ag / AgCl) during 600 s preconcentration and 10 mV s-1 scanning speed favored the analytical signal in terms of intensity and resolution. The method presented a linear range of 0.99 to 11.80 μmol L-1 (R2 = 0.994), sensitivity (LD=0.16 μmol L-1; LQ=0.48 μmol L- 1), precision (DPRmáx = 10.62%), accuracy (92.24%) e selectivity in the presence Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+ satisfactory. The method developed proved to be efficient for monitoring Cu2+ in sugar cane liquor, presenting content comparable to that obtained by AAS. The analyzed sugar cane liquor showed amount of Cu2+ within the limit established by legislation. / Neste trabalho, foram propostos três métodos de síntese para a formação do material mesoporoso do tipo MCM-41 funcionalizado com aminopropiltrimetoxisilano (APTS) por métodos diretos (in situ) e indiretos (póssíntese). Os espectros de Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier revelaram vibrações características das ligações de mesoestruturas de sílica do tipo MCM-41. Os materiais obtidos apresentaram isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de N2 do tipo IV, exibindo propriedades texturais características de materiais mesoporosos de acordo com a classificação da IUPAC. Os difratogramas de raios-X do MCM-41 (R1a) e MCM-NH2 (R1b) evidenciaram estrutura hexagonal de acordo com a presença dos planos de reflexão (100), (110) e (200), já para os mesoporosos funcionalizado in situ (R2 e R3) não foram observados esse comportamento. A estabilidade térmica dos materiais foi comprovada a partir das curvas termogravimétricas. Posteriormente, foram preparados eletrodos de pasta de carbono (EPC) e eletrodos quimicamente modificados (EPCMs) imobilizando os materiais sintetizados, para aplicação na detecção Cu2+. O eletrodo modificado obtido pela imobilização do mesoporoso funcionalizado R2 (EPCM/R2), apresentou melhor sensibilidade para a detecção de íons cobre. A utilização de 10% de R2 na composição da pasta, em pH 6,0 aplicando -0,5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) durante 600 s de pré-concentração e velocidade de varredura de 10 mV s-1, favoreceram o sinal analítico em termos de intensidade e resolução. O método apresentou faixa linear 0,99 a 11,80 μmol L-1 (R2 = 0,994), sensibilidade (LD=0,16 μmol L-1; LQ=0,48 μmol L-1), precisão (DPRmáx = 10,62%), exatidão (Recuperaçãomín = 92,24%) e seletividade na presença Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Pb2+ satisfatórias. O método desenvolvido mostrou-se eficiente para monitoramento de Cu2+ em cachaça, apresentando teor comparável com o obtido por AAS. A cachaça analisada apresentou quantidade de Cu2+ dentro do limite estabelecido pela legislação. / São Cristóvão, SE

This thesis is focused on the effect of plasmatic oxidation of carbon working electrode on its electrochemical response. In the theoretical part, the thesis describes thick film technology, working carbon electrodes, cyclic voltammetry, contact angle measurement and plasma. Experimental part is dedicated to characterization of plasma modified electrode. Results are compare with unmodified electrodes.

Des millions de patients souffrant d’insuffisance cardiaque bénéficieraient d’analyses sanguines hebdomadaires pour surveiller l’évolution de leur état de santé comme c’est le cas avec les personnes atteintes du diabète. Cependant, il n’existe pas de technologies d’analyses sanguines rapides et efficaces pour détecter des marqueurs d’insuffisance cardiaque, telle que la créatinine, la NT-proBNP et la troponine I par exemple. La possibilité pour les patients de surveiller leurs taux de créatinine régulièrement, du confort de chez soi, améliorerait largement leur qualité de vie ainsi que leur taux de survie. En suivant leur taux de créatinine, le patient pourrait prédire des signes d’insuffisance cardiaque, et ainsi faire ajuster leur plan de traitement en conséquence. Pour y arriver, les biocapteurs électrochimiques, dont un exemple est le glucomètre, représentent une classe prometteuse de dispositifs d’analyse sanguine puisqu’ils sont faciles à utiliser, rapides, peu coûteux, sensibles, stables et potentiellement universels. Les biocapteurs électrochimiques à base d’ADN pourraient potentiellement être adaptés en biocapteur de créatinine, par l’entremise d’aptamères. Le but de cette recherche est de développer un nouveau mécanisme de détection universel et efficace pouvant être adapté directement à partir des stratégies de sélection des aptamères. Pour ce faire, nous avons identifié et caractérisé un élément de bioreconnaissance sélectif pour la créatinine. Ensuite, nous avons conçu une nouvelle stratégie de détection et nous avons validé cette nouvelle stratégie par spectroscopie de fluorescence avant de l’adapter pour une détection électrochimique. Par la suite, nous avons optimisé les performances du biocapteur en modulant des paramètres analytiques tels que sa gamme linéaire et son gain de signal, tout en validant ses performances dans une matrice complexe comme le sérum. Les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que la stratégie de conception du nouveau biocapteur électrochimique à base d’aptamère est prometteuse pour la détection efficace de biomarqueurs sanguins. Ce type de mécanisme pourrait être facilement adapté pour détecter d'autres molécules cliniquement pertinentes en modifiant simplement la stratégie de sélection de l'aptamère. / Millions of patients suffering from heart failure would greatly benefit from weekly blood analysis to help them manage their disease state like patients suffering from diabetes. However, no simple blood monitoring technologies detecting heart failure biomarkers, such as creatinine, NT-proBNP, and troponin I, are available. The ability to determine and regularly monitor the creatinine level in the home setting would greatly improve the patient’s quality of life and survival rate. Knowing the concentration of creatinine help to predict heart failure and to revise the treatment plan if the concentration of creatinine is abnormal. To achieve this, electrochemical sensors, like a glucometer, represent a promising class of blood analysis devices due to their ease of use, fast response, low cost, inherent sensitivity and stability, and potential universality. More specifically, DNA-based electrochemical biosensors could potentially be adapted into a creatinine sensor by using aptamers specific to a biomarker. To achieve this goal, we identified a selective biorecognition element for creatinine detection and characterized it. We also designed a novel sensing aptamer-based strategy and validated this strategy by fluorescent spectroscopy before transposing it into the electrochemical format. We then optimized the performance of the sensor by tuning its signal gain and characterizing the dynamic range while also validating its performance in serum. The results of this work suggest that the electrochemical aptamer-based strategy represents a promising sensing mechanism. We believe this mechanism could be easily adapted to detect other clinically relevant molecules by simply relying on the aptamer’s selection strategy.

No description available.

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>

<p>In this work, a simple, less time consuming electrochemical method in the form of an electrochemical sensor has been developed for the detection of PAHs. The sensor was fabricated by the deposition of silver-gold (1:3) alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs) on ultrathin overoxidized polypyrrole (PPyox) film which formed a PPyox/Ag-AuNPs composite on glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/Ag-AuNPs/GCE). The silver-gold alloy nanoparticles deposited to form the composite were chemically prepared by simultaneous reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using sodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy technique which confirmed the homogeneous formation of the alloy nanoparticles.</p>