No description available.

The use of electrolytes in horses has become common in the equine community. Proper management of the equine athlete encourages the supplementation of electrolytes, especially during exercise. Electrolyte imbalance can cause physiological issues including fatigue, irregular heartbeat, cramping, and more. Electrolyte supplementation is utilized to replace losses via the sweat, urine, and defecation. Commercially available oral electrolyte forms include paste, powder, and pellets. Work describing chewable electrolyte use in horses has not been published. The objective of this work is two-fold: to determine preference across four electrolyte chew flavors and to ascertain efficacy of a novel electrolyte product. Protocol approval (#21-029) by Southern Illinois University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee was obtained prior to initiation of this work. The study was completed in two phases. The first phase examined the palatability of the novel electrolyte chew while the second phase tested the serological effect of the product in exercising horses. In the first phase, stock-type horses (n = 10) were utilized for individual preference testing in palatability stocks over six days. During the palatability session, each horse was permitted 30 seconds to olfactorily investigate the product prior to release for consumption. Immediately following the olfactory period, each horse was allowed up to 5 minutes to voluntarily consume the electrolyte chews. Horses were presented with four treatments (A, B, C, D) on an alternating basis, with two treatments offered side-by-side per day. Treatment formulations consisted of the same base electrolyte content with varying flavors of peppermint, salt, and orchard grass (Table 2). Treatment locations were switched daily to prevent bias associated with location. Variables of interest included number of chews consumed (TI), first action (FA), first choice (FC), time spent consuming (TC) and water consumption (WC) were recorded. Bodyweight (BW) and body condition scores (BCS) were recorded twice over the study duration. Data were analyzed via numerical and categorical methods using PROC GENMOD, PROC FREQ & PROC GLM of SAS (v. 9.5). Significance was set at P < 0.05. There was no significant overall preference for any of the treatment formulations examined. However, there was a significant difference in chew consumption between days 1 and 2 (P = 0.0204). There was also a highly significant treatment effect between days 5 and 6 (P < 0.0001). The relationship between individual horse and consumption was variable and highly significant (P < 0.0001). The mean acceptance rate of the product was 63.6%. These results indicate palatability may differ significantly across horses for the flavors examined. In the second study phase, privately-owned local foxhunting horses (n = 15) were utilized in an exercise study. Due to poor consumption, nine horses were selected for use in the experiment to test treatments. There were three treatment groups: control (CON) offered no supplementation, light (LIG) consumed 6-9 chews, and moderate (MOD) voluntarily consumed 15-20 chews. Baseline jugular venipuncture and vitals assessments were completed on all horses prior to supplementation. Supplementation was offered in two parts: 30 minutes pre-ride and immediately following a 2-hour foxhunt ride in the afternoon. Afternoon temperature was 52°F with mostly sunshine and approximately 42% humidity. Upon return, horses were immediately offered electrolyte supplementation. Venipuncture and vitals assessments were repeated 30 minutes post-ride. Variables recorded were serum values (Na, K, Cl, Ca, HCO−3, Mg), chew consumption (TI), age, respiratory rate (RR), skin turgor (SKN), rectal temperature (BT), distance travelled (DIS) and average speed (SPD). Categorical variables were body condition score (BCS), sex, breed (BRD), and sweat rating (SWR). Data was analyzed via PROC GLM, PROC FREQ and PROC REG dependent on test with SAS (v. 9.5). Significance for all tests was set at P < 0.05. Serological values were unaffected by electrolyte consumption (P > 0.05). Body temperature was significantly higher for all horses following exercise, regardless of treatment group (P = 0.0005). Skin turgor showed significantly more time before return to original state during post-ride evaluation (P = 0.0013). Directional serum changes between Cl and K were significantly correlated (P = 0.0227) as well as Mg and Cl (P = 0.0316). Correlations of relational change between Ca and HCO−3 in addition to Ca and Na were approaching significance (P = 0.0707; P = 0.0800). Mares demonstrated a greater ability to maintain lower post-ride serum calcium levels than geldings (P = 0.013). The effect of breed on serological calcium change may also be considered (P = 0.0312). These results suggest that several major contributive factors require further investigation for the successful implementation of oral electrolyte chews into equine exercise regimens.

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published_or_final_version / Physiology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

by Wong Chi Shing Micky. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-149). / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Uterine Cervix --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cervical Secretion and its Function --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Ion Transport System in Cell Volume Regulation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Regulatory Volume Decrease, RVD" --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Regulatory Volume Increase, RVI" --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Signaling Pathways underlying RVD and RVI - The Role of Intracellular Free Calcium --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6 --- Ca2+ activated K+ Channel --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture Media --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemicals --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Solutions --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cell Culture --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Patch-clamp Technique --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Preparation of Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Pulling and Polishing of Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Filling of the Electrode --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Coating of Electrode --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Patch-clamp Study --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Formation of Whole-cell Configuration --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Data Acquisition and Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5 --- Study of Cellular Volume Regulation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6 --- Determination of Intracellular Ca2+ by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- "Regulatory Volume Decrease, RVD" --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Responses of [Ca2+］i to swelling --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3 --- KC1 Efflux in RVD in HeLa Cells --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Swelling-induced Anion and Cation Current --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Ca2+-independence of Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of Cl- Channel Blockers on Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Anion Selectivity of Swelling-induced Cl- Current --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Cl- Dependence of Swelling-induced Cation Conductance --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- K+ Independence of Swelling-induced Anion Conductance --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5 --- Ca2+ Activated K+ Current --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Ionomycin Induced Cell Shrinkage under Isotonic Condition --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Ionomycin Stimulated a Whole-cell K+ Conductance --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- The Effect of Ionomycin on Intracellular Ca2+ Level --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Ca2+ Dependence of Ionomycin Stimulated K+ Current --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.124 / Regulatory Volume Decrease in HeLa Cells --- p.124 / Role of Calcium in Regulatory Volume Decrease (RVD) --- p.126 / Swelling-induced Cation and Anion Conductance --- p.128 / Ca2+ Activated K+ Current in HeLa Cells --- p.134 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Reference --- p.140

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Química e Biológica. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2011

The non-ideal aqueous electrolyte simulator (NAELS) is composed of three major parts: a Newton-Raphson non-linear optimization program written by Weare, et al (1987); an activity coefficient subroutine for non-ideal electrolyte systems based on Pitzer's model; and an extensive, user expandable database. It is robust, stable, and requires neither thermodynamic data nor initial guesses as input. NAELS provides very good estimates of equilibrium speciation and solubility in concentrated electrolyte systems. NAELS was assembled as a technical utility package for use on IBM-compatable microcomputers. / Graduation date: 1992

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are considered as one of the most promising power generation technologies due to their high energy conversion efficiency, fuel flexibility and reduced pollution. There is a broad interest in reducing the operating temperature of SOFCs. The key issue to develop low-temperature (300~600 °C) SOFCs (LTSOFCs) is to explore new electrolyte materials. Recently, ceria-based composite electrolytes have been developed as capable alternative electrolyte for LTSOFCs. The ceria-based composite electrolyte has displayed high ionic conductivity and excellent fuel cell performance below 600 °C, which has opened up a new horizon in the LTSOFCs field. In this thesis, we are aiming at exploring nanostructured composite materials for LTSOFCs with superior properties, investigating the detailed conduction mechanism for their enhanced ionic conductivity, and extending more suitable composite system and nanostructure materials.In the first part, core-shell samarium doped ceria-carbonate nanocomposite (SDC/Na2CO3) was synthesized for the first time. The core-shell nanocomposite was composed of SDC particles smaller than 100 nm coated with amorphous Na2CO3 shell. The nanocomposite has been applied in LTSOFCs with excellent performance. A freeze dry method was used to prepare the SDC/Na2CO3 nanocomposites, aiming to further enhance its phase homogeneity. The ionic conduction behavior of the SDC/Na2CO3 nanocomposite has been studied. The results indicated that H+ conductivity in the nanocomposite is predominant over O2- conductivity with 1-2 orders of magnitude in the temperature range of 200-600 °C, indicating the proton conduction in the nanocomposite mainly accounts for the enhanced total ionic conductivity. The influence of Na2CO3 content to the proton and oxygen ion conductivity in the nanocomposite was studied as well.In the second part, both the proton and oxygen ion conduction mechanisms have been studied. It is suggested that the interface in the nanocomposite electrolyte supplies high conductive path for the proton, while oxygen ions are probably transported by the SDC grain interiors. An empirical “Swing Model” has been proposed as a possible mechanism of superior proton conduction, while oxygen ion conduction is attributed to oxygen vacancies through SDC grain in nanocomposite electrolyte.In the final part, a novel concept of non-ceria-salt-composites electrolyte, LiAlO2-carbonate composite electrolyte, has been investigated for LTSOFCs. The LiAlO2-carbonate electrolyte exhibits good conductivity and excellent fuel cell performances below 650 °C. The work not only developed a more stable composite material, but also strongly demonstrated that the high ionic conductivity is mainly related to interface effect between oxide and carbonate. As a potential candidate for nanocomposite, uniform quasi-octahedral CeO2 mesocrystals was synthesized in this thesis work as well. The CeO2 mesocrystals shows excellent thermal stability, and display potential for fuel cell applications. / <p>QC 20120529</p>

With the rapid development of portable electronics, hybrid-electric and electric cars, there is great interest in utilization of sulfur as cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Lithium/sulfur batteries implement inexpensive, the earth-abundant elements at the cathode while offering up to a five-fold increase in energy density compared with the present Li-ion batteries. However, electrically insulating character of sulfur and solubility of intermediate polysulfides in organic liquid electrolytes, which causes rapid capacity loss upon repeated cycling, restrict the practical application of Li/S batteries. In this thesis, the gel polymer and solid polymer electrolytes were synthesized and applied in Li/S batteries. A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was formed by trapping 1 M lithium bistrifluoromethane-sulfonamide (LiTFSI) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) electrolyte in a poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) /poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) polymer matrix. The electrochemical properties of the resulting GPE were investigated in lithium/sulfur battery. The gel polymer battery exhibited a high specific capacity of 753.8 mAh gˉ¹ at the initial cycle, stable reversible cycling and a capacity retention about 80% over 40 cycles along with a high Coulombic efficiency. Comparative studies conducted with the 1 M LiTFSI liquid electrolyte cell demonstrated that a cell with liquid electrolyte has remarkably low capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency compared with the GPE cell. In the further studies, a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on poly- (ethylene-oxide)/nanoclay composite was prepared and used to assemble an all-solid-state lithium/sulfur battery. The ionic conductivity of the optimized electrolyte has achieved about 3.22×10ˉ¹ mS cmˉ¹ at 60 °C. The Li/S cell with this SPE delivered an initial discharge capacity of 998 mAh gˉ¹ when operated at 60 °C, and retained a reversible capacity of 634 mAh gˉ¹ after 100 cycles. These studies has revealed that the electrochemical performance of lithium/sulfur cells, including charge-discharge cyclability and Coulombic efficiency, can be significantly improved by replacing liquid electrolytes with solid polymer and gel polymer electrolytes, which reduce the polysulfide shuttle effect and could protect the lithium anode from the deposition of the electrochemical reaction, leading to higher sulfur utilization in the cell.