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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Avaliacao de metodos de identificacao de especiarias e vegetais desidratados submetidos a radiacao gama

BERNARDES, DULCILA M.L. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04028.pdf: 4334494 bytes, checksum: 3b9778498dc6bdac0e8a5c8f8ad038da (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
32

Ressonância de spin eletrônico (ESR) em compostos intermetálicos / Electron spin resonance (ESR) in intermetallic compounds

Holanda Junior, Lino Martins de, 1984- 04 April 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Pascoal José Giglio Pagliuso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HolandaJunior_LinoMartinsde_D.pdf: 3936724 bytes, checksum: 5a1e9e5453184dac769d35041c7414d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta Tese de Doutorado desenvolvemos estudos de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônico (ESR) em compostos intermetálicos, incluindo os férmions pesados ?-YbAlB4, ?-YbAlB4 and ? -YbAlxFe1-xB4, os metais ?-LuAlB4, AlB2 e o isolante Kondo, FeSi. Nossas medidas foram feitas em um espectrômetro modelo ELEXSYS-CW Bruker usando uma cavidade ressonante do tipo TE102 para a faixa de frequência em banda X (?~ 9.4GHz). A técnica de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônico aplicada aos compostos Férmions pesados foi sempre um desafio devido a presença de fortes correlações eletrônicas que tendem a alargar as linhas de ESR. Porem, nos últimos anos essa técnica ganhou renovado interesse após a descoberta do sinal de ESR na rede Kondo YbRh2Si2. Após esse trabalho, ESR voltou a ser considerada uma técnica importante para explorar os elétrons 4f e suas interações microscópicas em compostos de terras raras, uma vez que ela sonda diretamente o íon no sitio da rede. A motivação desse trabalho e, portanto, usar a técnica de ESR para entender a dinâmica dos elétrons 4f pesados em uma rede de Kondo, para os novos compostos férmions pesados ?-YbAlB4, -YbAlB4 and ?-YbAlxFe1-xB4. Neste trabalho buscou-se utilizar a técnica de ESR nesses compostos para alcançar o entendimento microscópio dos critérios que permitem a observação de um sinal de ESR em férmios pesados. Alem do mais, quando o sinal e observado, a sonda de ESR e propícia para acompanhar a evolução dos elétrons 4f em altas temperaturas para quase-partículas pesadas em baixas temperaturas. Nossas observações nos permitiram propor um cenário qualitativo baseado na existência de um modo ressonante acoplado entre ons Kondo e os elétrons de condução. Nos discutimos as características físicas gerais para que compostos férmios pesados sejam candidatos a apresentarem tal sinal de ESR. Ainda neste trabalho, estudamos os compostos intermetálicos ?-LuAlB4, AlB2 e FeSi com propriedades estruturais ou eletrônicas similares as dos compostos ?-YbAlB4, ?-YbAlB4 and ?-YbAlxFe1-xB4 em busca de uma generalizac~ao mais abrangente do cenário proposto neste trabalho / Abstract: In this work, we have performed an Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) study in intermetallic compounds including the heavy fermions ?-YbAlB4, ?-YbAlB4 and ? -YbAlxFe1-xB4, the Fermi liquid metals ?-LuAlB4, AlB2 and the Kondo insulator, FeSi. Our measurements were made on a spectrometer Bruker CW-model ELEXSYS using a resonant cavity TE102 in X Band ( ?~ 9.4GHz). The Electron Spin Resonance technique applied to heavy fermions compounds was little explored due to difficulty in finding ESR signal of Kondo ions due to the large coupling between the resonating spins and conduction electrons. However, in recent years this technique has become focus of great attention especially after the discovery of the ESR signal in a Kondo lattice YbRh2Si2. In this context, ESR was brought to the scene as one of the main techniques to bring insights to this problem since it could probe directly the f electrons of Kondo ions and their interaction with the conduction electrons. The motivation of this work is to use the ESR technique to investigate new heavy fermions compounds and to understand when these systems can present an ESR signal. In these cases ESR can help to understand more deeply how localized f electrons at high-T evolve to itinerant heavy quasi-particles in a low-T metallic state. Our observations for ?-YbAlB4, -YbAlB4 and ?-YbAlxFe1-xB4, allowed us to make some qualitative speculations about this phenomenon and within this scenario, we propose some general characteristics for heavy fermions compounds to become candidates to present ESR signal. In this work we have also measured ?-LuAlB4, AlB2 and the Kondo insulator, FeSi, in an attempt to generalize the ESR results found for ?-YbAlB4, ?-YbAlB4 and ?-YbAlxFe1-xB4 to a more broad family of compounds / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
33

Time-resolved and temperature-dependent EPR of conformational dynamics: A spectroscopic view of IGPS, SRII/HtrII and ChR2

Schumacher, Magdalena 10 June 2020 (has links)
In the present work three different proteins were investigated, namely IGPS, the SRII/HtrII complex and ChR2. EPR spectroscopy combined with SDSL were applied to investigate the relation of the respective protein dynamics and their functions. In case of IGPS spin label side chain dynamics were recorded and allow a classification of loop dynamics during catalysis. For SRII/HtrII an equilibrium of spin label side chain dynamics was found to reflect the equilibrium of the activated and deactivated states, which are responsible for signal transfer through the complex. Time-resolved analyses of side chain dynamics and trapping of intermediates of the light-triggered channel ChR2 identified conformational changes to occur during channel function. Thereby, the EPR spectroscopy proves to be a powerful tool to investigate proteins in context of structural changes during their protein function.
34

FEW ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCES DETECTION TECHNIQUES ON THE RUBY SURFACE

Li, Xiying 14 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.
35

Magnetic resonance studies of issues critical to solid state quantum computer

Suwuntanasarn, Nakorn, Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2008 (has links)
The spins of phosphorus doped in silicon are potential candidates for a quantum computing device, with models based on the use of nuclear and/or electron spins suggested. For a quantum computing device, several essential criteria must be demonstrated before any physical implementation, and these include qubit control gates, long decoherence time and scalability. Scalability and compatibility with existing fabrication technologies are strong points in favour of a silicon based system. For spin based schemes, silicon has the potential to provide a host with zero nuclear spin (isotopically purifed 28Si) and also the phosphorus donor provides both nuclear and electron half integer spins (ideal case). In this work, a magnetic resonance method (electron spin resonance) was utilised to investigate these critical issues (controllable quantum gates and decoherence time) for the electron spins of phosphorus donors in silicon. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of an ensemble of phosphorus electron spins in silicon were conducted via both continuous wave and pulsed methods. For pulsed ESR operations, two low temperature (4 K and millikelvin) X-band pulsed ESR systems were built. They were designed especially to suit Si:P decoherence time measurements. The design, modelling, construction and evaluation of the probe heads are described. With the aid of computer simulations, the performance of the probe heads was optimised and a rectangular loop gap resonator was found to be the most suitable for wafer type samples. The resonant frequency, quality factor, and coupling coeffcient were calculated via simulation and are in reasonable agreement with experimental results. This demonstrates the effectiveness of such simulations as a tool for optimising the probe head performance. A millikelvin pulsed ESR system was set up through the combination of a dilution refrigerator, superconducting magnet and the in-house construction of a pulsed ESR spectrometer. This novel system allows pulsed ESR experiments on an ensemble system to be realised down to the millikelvin temperature range, hence providing conditions considered most favourable for quantum computing studies. The use of light in combination with the pulsed ESR systems was also explored in an endeavour to overcome the problem of very long spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, allowing the decoherence time to be measured more effciently. With these novel low temperature pulsed ESR units, two-pulse electron spin echo experiments were conducted on phosphorus donors in silicon (both natural silicon (natSi) and 28Si) with the phosphorus concentration in the range of 1015- 1016 P/cm3 and to lower temperatures than previously investigated. Decoherence times measured for both natSi:P and 28Si:P (with similar donor concentrations) were longer than previously reported. Discussions on several effective ways to obtain even longer Si:P decoherence times including variations to sample configurations and experimental conditions are presented. In addition to the pulsed ESR studies, the Si:P controllable quantum gate functions, A gate and J gate, were examined by the continuous wave technique via Stark shift and exchange interaction experiments respectively. Stark shift experiments on bulk samples were carried out to investigate possible manipulation of the spins by the applied electric field. Continuous wave ESR was also used to examine low energy ion implanted Si:P devices, both by single (P+) and dimer (P+2 ) implanted donors. The outcomes from these studies provide materials information useful in formulating a strategy toward the Si:P device fabrication via the top down approach.
36

A study of defects in diamond

Hunt, Damian January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
37

Electron spin properties of carbon based manomaterials : metallofullerenes, nanotubes and peapods

Zaka, Mujtaba H. January 2011 (has links)
The successful utilization of carbon nanomaterials in future electron spin-based technologies is highly dependent upon the ability to control their assembly at the nanoscale to form tailored solid-state architectures. Spin active metallofullerenes (MFs), Sc@C<sub>82</sub> and La@C<sub>82,/sub>, can be self assembled in 3D fullerene crystals or inside a carbon nanotube to form peapod structures. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are an architect material to potentially allow the formation of 1-D spin chains. SWCNTs should be optimised to allow formation of spin chains and free of magnetic catalyst and carbon impurities, which have previously limited investigations of SWCNT spin properties. To address this, SWCNTs produced by laser ablation with a non-magnetic PtRhRe catalyst were purified through a multiple step centrifugation process in order to remove amorphous carbon and catalyst impurities. Centrifugation of SWCNT solutions resulted in sedimentation of carbon nanotube bundles containing clusters of catalyst particles, while isolated nanotubes with reduced catalyst particle content remained in the supernatant. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals were detected only for samples which contained catalyst particles, with the ultracentrifuged SWCNTs showing no EPR signal at X-band (9.4 GHz) and fields ≤0.4 T. Integration of MFs into future devices requires a clear understanding of the nature of the spin and spin-spin interactions. Evaluating the spin properties of MFs, in both 3D (crystals) and 1D (peapods), will identify the spin-spin interactions and the affect of the surrounding SWCNT. Diluting spin active Sc@C<sub>82</sub> and La@C<sub>82</sub> MFs in a diamagnetic C<sub>60</sub> matrix, between 0.4% and 100%, permitted the tuning of the mean fullerene separation and thus interfullerene spin interactions. In dilute concentrations of MFs the hyper ne structure was resolved in EPR and with increasing concentration exchange narrowing was observed as a single narrow EPR peak. Encapsulation of Sc@C<sub>82</sub> MFs, of varying dilutions, into purified SWCNTs allowed formation of highly ordered 1-D array of metallofullerenes. Changing the spin environment from 3D crystal to 1D peapod resulted in the loss of the observed hyperfine structure in EPR. A single narrow peak was observed for Sc@C<sub>82</sub>:C<sub>60</sub> peapods, indicating significant affect of the surrounding SWCNT structure upon the spin interactions of 1D metallofullerenes. Peapods of Ce@C<sub>82</sub> showed a similar EPR signal, suggesting that the observed narrow peak arises from charge transfer between the MF cage and the surrounding SWCNT.
38

Interações com membranas de peptídeos de fusão da glicoproteína S do SARS-CoV / Interaction of fusion peptides from SARS-CoV S glycoprotein with membranes

Basso, Luis Guilherme Mansor 24 March 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral a consolidação dos esforços iniciados anteriormente em nosso grupo para a utilização de marcação de spin sítio dirigida aliada à técnica de ressonância magnética eletrônica pulsada, em particular, ressonância dupla elétron-elétron (DEER), para medidas de distâncias entre sondas inseridas em moléculas biológicas. Como objetivo específico, interessa-nos a obtenção de informações estruturais de dois peptídeos pertencentes ao domínio de fusão da glicoproteína Spike do coronavírus causador da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SARS) quando de sua ligação em modelos de membranas biológicas. Valemos-nos de uma abordagem conjunta envolvendo técnicas espectroscópicas, calorimétricas e computacionais para monitorarmos mudanças conformacionais nos peptídeos, suas conformações mais representativas e seus efeitos sobre a estrutura das membranas modelo. Os experimentos de calorimetria mostraram que os peptídeos perturbam fortemente o comportamento termotrópico de vesículas constituídas por fosfolipídios zwiteriônicos e negativamente carregados, sendo o efeito mais significativo na presença de lipídios negativos. Não somente a carga, mas também a estrutura da cabeça polar dos lipídios parece ter contribuição importante para a energética da interação. Os experimentos de dicroísmo circular mostraram que os peptídeos possuem alta flexibilidade conformacional, adotando diferentes estruturas secundárias em ambientes diversos. Uma mistura de conformações do SARSFP coexiste em solução aquosa e nos modelos de membranas, sugerindo alta plasticidade estrutural. Este peptídeo possui, ainda, alta capacidade de auto-associação e forma estruturas &beta; e/ou agregados &beta; regulares. Já o peptídeo SARSIFP adquire estrutura predominantemente &alpha;-helicoidal em micelas, estruturas &beta; em lipossomos e conformações irregulares em água. Em particular, este peptídeo parece se ligar às membranas na forma de &alpha;-hélices, mas adquirir estruturas &beta; em alta concentração. A flexibilidade conformacional dos peptídeos também foi estudada por dinâmica molecular (DM). Hélices, estruturas &beta;, voltas, dobras e estruturas irregulares são visitadas durante as trajetórias dos dois peptídeos, mas o SARSIFP apresenta menor flexibilidade estrutural. O perfil de energia livre apresentado consiste de uma superfície plana, larga e rasa, sem grandes barreiras energéticas separando os diferentes estados conformacionais. A energia térmica à 300 K é suficiente para visitar boa parte do espaço conformacional acessível aos peptídeos ao longo dos parâmetros de ordem escolhidos. Por fim, obtivemos informações estruturais de análogos paramagnéticos dos peptídeos duplamente marcados com radicais nitróxidos quando em diferentes solventes e miméticos de membranas, além de estudarmos a oligomerização de derivados unicamente marcados. As distribuições de distâncias recuperadas dos sinais de DEER mostram que o SARSIFP adota primariamente &alpha;-hélices na presença dos miméticos, com provável formação de estruturas &beta; na presença de micelas negativas. Para o SARSFP, uma larga distribuição de distâncias foi encontrada em todos os miméticos de membranas, refletindo a coexistência de conformações provavelmente bem compactas. Análogos unicamente marcados dos peptídeos ainda revelaram alta capacidade de formação de oligômeros em SDS-d25. Os resultados obtidos com esse conjunto de técnicas permitiram avanços consideráveis sobre as conformações adotadas pelos peptídeos nas diversas situações, o que pode revelar informações importantes acerca dos passos iniciais do mecanismo de fusão com membranas da glicoproteína Spike do coronavírus causador da SARS. / This thesis has the general goal of consolidating in our group the use of site directed spin labeling along with pulsed electron spin resonance, in particular double electron-electron resonance (DEER), for distance measurements in biological molecules. Our specific goal is to obtain structural information on two peptides belonging to the fusion domain of the spike glycoprotein from the SARS coronavirus when in the presence of membrane model systems. We used a joint approach involving spectroscopic, calorimetric, and computational techniques to monitor conformational changes in the peptides, their most representative conformations and their effects on the structure of model membranes. Calorimetric results showed that the peptides strongly perturb the thermotropic behavior of zwitterionic and negatively-charged lipid vesicles, with the largest effects seen with the later. Not only the charge, but also the lipid headgroup structure seems to be relevant for the energetics of the interaction. Circular dichroism experiments showed that the peptides present high conformational flexibility, assuming different secondary structures in diverse environments. A mixture of conformation of SARSFP coexists in aqueous solutions and in the membrane models, suggesting large structural plasticity. This peptide also showed high auto-association tendency forming &beta; structures and/or regular &beta; aggregates. On the other hand, the SARSIFP peptide is predominantly an &alpha;-helix when in micelles, &beta; structures in lipossomes, and assumes irregular conformations in water. In particular, this peptide seems to bind to membranes as an &alpha;-helix, transitioning to &beta; structures in high concentrations. The conformational flexibility of the peptides was also studied by molecular dynamics (MD). Helices, &beta; structures, turns, hairpins and irregular structures are visited during the trajectories of both peptides, but SARSIFP presents less structural flexibility. The free energy profile is consistent with that of a plane, broad and shallow surface, without large energetic barriers separating the different conformational states. The thermal energy at 300 K is sufficient to make the peptides visit most of the conformational space accessible for a certain choice of order parameters. Lastly, we obtained structural information from paramagnetic analogs of the peptides, which were doubly-labeled with nitroxide radicals, in different solvents and membrane mimetics. We also studied the oligomerization process of singly-labeled analogs. The distance distributions determined from the DEER traces showed that SARSIFP adopts a primarily &alpha;-helix conformation in the presence of the mimetics, with the formation of &beta; structures in the presence of negative micelles. DEER results for SARSFP showed a broad distribution of distances in all membrane mimetics, thus reflecting the coexistence of compact conformations. Singly-labeled analogs revealed the high tendency of formation of oligomers in SDS-d25. Our results allowed us to make considerable progress in understanding the conformations of the peptides in the conditions under investigation, which contributed with relevant information on the early steps of the membrane fusion mechanism carried out by the spike glycoprotein from the SARS coronavirus.
39

Estudo de propriedades de luminescência, de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica e de centros de cor da pumpelita e de sua correlação com defeitos pontuais. / Study of luminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and color conters in pumpellyte and their correlation with point defeets

Tomaz Filho, Luiz 05 March 2010 (has links)
Cristais naturais de pumpelita Ca8Al8(Mg,Fe,Mn,Al)[(SiO4)4/(Si2O7)4/(OH)8(H2O, OH)4]), provenientes da mina de Brejui, município de Currais Novos, Rio Grande do Norte, foram investigados através das técnicas de termoluminescência (TL), absorção óptica (AO) e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) com o intuito de entender os efeitos da radiação ionizante e de recozimento em altas temperaturas sobre estes cristais. As curvas TL obtidas apresentaram cinco picos, 90, 145, 220, 315 e 390 oC, após terem sido irradiadas para uma taxa de quecimento de 4 °C/s. A decomposição espectral da luz TL foi obtida para todos os picos e presentou uma emissão centrada em 575 nm e largura à meia altura de 75 nm e outras duas emissões menores em 470 nm e 660 nm indicando que o processo TL pode possuir mais de um centro de recombinação, independentemente das temperaturas dos picos. Em um segundo momento, foi investigado o efeito de diferentes tratamentos térmicos pré-irradiação (500, 600, 700, 800 e 900 °C) nas propriedades TL dos cristais. Somente a intensidade das emissões mostrou ser dependente da temperatura destes tratamentos térmicos, a posição dos quatro picos não foi alterada. Os picos em 220 e 390 °C apresentaram grande sensibilidade ao tratamento térmico. Uma análise termogravimétrica mostrou que entre 650 e 800 °C houve grande perda de massa envolvida num processo endotérmico, sugerindo uma provável mudança de estado. O espectro de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica mostra um sinal muito intenso que se estende de 1000 a 6000 Gauss e seis linhas típicas hiperfinas de Mn2+ entre 3000 e 4000 Gauss. O sinal EPR gigante é devido à interação dipolo (magnético) dipolo magnético) de Fe3+. Os espectros de AO de amostras recozidas em 600 °C, 700 °C e 900 °C mostram num resultado muito interessante, a banda em torno de 1060 nm, que, é devida a Fe2+ muda pouco com o tratamento térmico até 800 °C, mas, entre 800 °C e 900 °C a banda decresce. Nessa região de temperatura, ocorre a reação: Fe2+ temperaturae + Fe3+ Fe2+ perde um elétron e se torna Fe3+. Este processo é, também, responsável pelo aumento muito grande da intensidade EPR na região de g = 2,0, em amostras que sofreram recozimentos em temperaturas acima de 850 °C, Nestas temperaturas, a coloração da pumpelita é também afetada. Todos os picos TL sofrem fotoesvaziamento (bleaching), quando a amostra irradiada é exposta a luz UV. / Natural mineral of pumpellyite, one of the members of epidote group has been investigated. With chemical formula (Ca8Al8(Mg,Fe,Mn,Al)[(SiO4)4/(Si2O7)4/(OH)8(H2O, OH)4]), the sample here studied was collected from Brejui Mine, Currais Novos County, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The work was aimed to investigate its thermoluminescence (TL), color centers and electron paramagnetic properties. Annealing at high temperatures, heavy irradiation and UV irradiation techniques have been used. The physical properties of interest are due to the elements composing crystal structure such as Si, Al, Mg, Fe and Mn, however among about twenty elements that can be considered impurities; only Na, K and Cr participate. The TL glow curve obtained from 600 °C for one hour pre-annealed and then - irradiated sample has shown 90, 145, 220, 275 and 390 °C peaks. A heating rate of 4 °C has been used for TL read out. The lowest 90 °C peak is very unstable, however, it is by far the most sensitive one to the irradiation; at 50 Gy -dose its peak height is almost 100 times larger. Among others, the 315 °C peak grows faster. Heat treatments before irradiation increase the sensitivity of TL peaks slowly from 500 to 800 °C, but such increase becomes very large above 800 °C. For example the 390 °C peak sensitivity increases by a factor 100 on going from 500 C to 900 °C annealing. The spectral analysis of the emitted TL light has shown that there are 470, 575 and 600 nm bands indicating that there are at least three recombination centers. The 575 nm is by far the dominating one. The UV light bleaching has shown that all the TL peaks decay fast up to 10 minutes exposure and a residual TL is left after long time exposure. The optical absorption spectrum is characterized by four absorption bands in the visible region, one strong and broad band around 1060 nm and several in near IR region. The 1060 nm band is due to Fe2+ which around 850 900 °C annealing decreases indicating that Fe2+ liberates electrons leaving Fe3+. The EPR spectrum is dominated by Fe3+ spin spin interaction. Mn2+ six hyperfine lines superpose Fe line around g = 2,0. Under 850 900 °C heating, that broad Fe3+ lines becomes stronger and broader due to Fe2+ changing to Fe3+. The EPR intensity of 800 °C annealed sample and then irradiated to 1 kGy - dose increases with microwave power, but start saturation around 30 to 40 mW power.
40

Influência de nanoestruturas na resposta dosimétrica de compósitos particulados de alanina/ouro e alanina/prata / Nanostructure Influence in the Dosimetric Response of Alanine/Gold and Alanine/Silver Particulate Composites

Guidelli, Éder José 28 July 2011 (has links)
A interação da radiação ionizante com moléculas de alanina promove a quebra das ligações químicas entre o átomo de carbono central e os grupos que se ligam a ele, resultando na formação de radicais livres paramagnéticos. A técnica de dosimetria utilizando alanina e a ressonância de spin eletrônico (ESR) baseia-se na determinação da concentração dos radicais livres produzidos pela interação da radiação ionizante com as moléculas da alanina por meio do registro do espectro de ESR da alanina irradiada. Para propósitos de dosimetria, a amplitude da linha central do espectro pode ser correlacionada diretamente com a dose de radiação. Na atualidade, a alanina/ESR é uma técnica de dosimetria amplamente aceita para a dosimetria de altas doses como aquelas usadas nos processos de irradiação de alimentos, esterilização de produtos médicos e radioterapia. A expansão dos tratamentos de câncer por meio de procedimentos de radiocirurgia e radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT) torna cada vez mais relevante a necessidade de realizar a dosimetria em pequenos campos de radiação. Para a dosimetria desses feixes estreitos de radiação, é necessário o uso detectores que também apresentem dimensões reduzidas de forma a proporcionar alta resolução espacial. Uma vez que a sensibilidade dos dosímetros de alanina depende do número de radicais formados pela radiação, a redução do tamanho do detector de alanina implica em redução de seu volume sensível e consequentemente de sua sensibilidade. Assim, pesquisas têm sido realizadas buscando uma melhora de sua sensibilidade. Neste trabalho foram investigados os mecanismos envolvidos na formação da nanoestrutura e a capacidade da alanina em estabilizar e acomodar nanopartículas metálicas de ouro e prata em sua matriz cristalina, para aplicação dos nanocompósitos como detectores de radiação utilizando a técnica de ressonância de spin eletrônico. Foi analisado o tamanho das partículas, sua interação com as moléculas do aminoácido, sua agregação e posicionamento dentro da matriz cristalina da alanina. Além disso, foi investigada a maneira como a morfologia e o estado de agregação e segregação das nanopartículas podem alterar a resposta dosimétrica dos detectores híbridos de alanina. O aumento de sensibilidade dos dosímetros de alanina mostrou estar diretamente associado ao aumento do número de elétrons ejetados por efeito fotoelétrico. No entanto, foi mostrado que aumento da sensibilidade dos dosímetros de alanina é governado por outros fatores além do número de eventos fotoelétricos. A auto-absorção dos elétrons oriundos de uma nanopartícula metálica, por outra nanopartícula vizinha, também influencia na resposta dosimétrica do detector. Assim, sistemas homogêneos onde não houve segregação, apresentaram menor auto-absorção e, consequentemente, os ganhos em sensibilidade foram maiores. Para sistemas onde houve aumento de tamanho e segregação das partículas metálicas, a auto-absorção se tornou mais relevante. Para fótons com energias próximas a energia da camada K do metal presente no nanocompósito, a absorção da radiação foi muito mais relevante do que a organização das nanopartículas na estrutura da alanina. Para energias maiores a probabilidade de eventos fotoelétricos somente diminui e, dessa forma, a agregação e segregação das partículas desempenharam papéis fundamentais na sensibilidade dos dosímetros. Assim, a sensibilidade dosimétrica dos detectores pode ser aumentada e otimizada por meio do uso da nanoestruturação, reduzindo a auto-absorção dos elétrons ejetados. / The interaction of ionizing radiation with alanine molecules produces free radicals. The room temperature stable alanine radical is molecule depleted of the amine group. The Alanine/ESR dosimetry technique is able to measure the amount of free radicals produced by the radiation. For dosimetric purposes, the amplitude of the central ESR spectral line is direct related to the absorbed dose by the alanine molecules. Nowadays, the alanine/ESR technique is largely used for dosimetry of high doses such as used in food irradiation, sterilization of medical products and radiotherapy. The growing need for cancer treatments using radiosurgery and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) makes important the dosimetry of small radiation fields. To this end, it is necessary to use small radiation detectors in order to obtain enough special resolution. Once the sensitivity of alanine dosimeters depends on the amount of free radical produced by the radiation, reducing the size of alanine detector also reduces its sensitivity. Thus there is an intense investigation to develop high sensitivity of Alanine/ESR dosimeters. In this work the mechanisms involved in the formation of nanostructures and the ability of alanine to stabilize and accommodate nanoparticles of silver and gold in its crystalline matrix, for applications of the nanocomposite as radiation detectors was investigated using the electron spin resonance technique. The effect of particle size, its interaction with alanine molecules, aggregation and segregation of particles inside the alanine matrix as well as the way the morphology and the state of agglomeration change the dosimetric sensitivity of the alanine detectors were investigated. The increase of sensitivity of the alanine detectors was direct related to the amount of photoelectric events in the nanocomposite. However, the self-absorption of the electrons ejected by one particle, by another nanoparticle in the vicinity, also dictates the sensitivity of the detectors. In this sense, homogeneous systems presented less self-absorption and, consequently, the increase in sensitivity was higher. For systems containing aggregated and segregated particles, self-absorption becomes more relevant. For incident photons with energies near de K-edge of the metal of the nanocomposite, the number of photoelectric events was more relevant than the organization of the particles inside the alanine crystals. For higher energies the probability of a photoelectric interaction decreases, therefore the aggregation and segregation of particles become essential in determining the sensitivity of the dosimeters.

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