Purpose ¿ This paper aims to examine the role of e-commerce in hospital pharmacy in the procurement of pharmaceuticals and determine how this has improved the internal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst e-commerce is in its infancy in this area it is still considered to be an important facet of supply chain management. E-trading within NHS pharmacies is conducted via electronic data interchange (EDI) offering proven benefits and ensuring the efficient and effective transmission of data between remote parties. Design/methodology/approach ¿ The data were collected via a case-study in an NHS trust pharmacy supported and by questionnaires distributed to NHS and community pharmacies in the north-west of England. Findings ¿ The findings support the view that there are benefits to be gained from introducing EDI into a purchasing department as the next logical step towards a total e-commerce solution (internet-based) and instigating quality improvements. It also proposes that the implementation and use of e-commerce in hospital pharmacies can be aligned with progress made in small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and questions why, if such benefits can be realised, the use of e-commerce systems are not more widespread. Research limitations/implications ¿ The implications of this research is that it offers a ¿snap-shot¿ of progress made-to-date of e-commerce in NHS Pharmacy, which can provide guidance for mangers and healthcare professionals managing their e-commerce/quality improvement agenda. The research conducted was restricted to a specific regional area of the NHS and could be applied to a larger national sample group. Future research within this field should also consider the cost of not introducing e-commerce in pursuing quality improvement. Originality/value ¿ This discussion offers an insight into how a pharmacy approached EDI, and this is further supported by recent research conducted into examining the pharmacy systems in operation in the north-west of England and accompanying EDI systems and an analysis of EDI uptake and use in a sample of pharmacies in the same region, the latter being supported by anecdotal evidence of pros and cons to using EDI and potential barriers to its introduction.

<p>Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) plays an important role in improving organizational competitiveness. Information technology has been instrumental in integrating functional areas within and outside firms. This research used empirical evidence to evaluate the state of EDI in the in the willingness of SME's to connect electronically to a large distribution centre in South Africa. Furthermore, it investigated the EDI adoption rate from the viewpoint of a small business. Many such businesses feel coerced by larger trade partners to adopt EDI or lose the customer.</p>

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 56).

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Kretly / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:29:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbante_CelsoCoslop_M.pdf: 3761831 bytes, checksum: 03bb5089dc9e6c592383bab7b9e24c98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um circuito de transmissão de dados pela rede de energia elétrica - PLC, que permite transmissão de dados em baixa velocidade, numa topologia de circuito que permite uma futura integração. O protótipo elaborado com componentes discretos apresenta operação compatível com um circuito típico de PLC. Os circuitos de acoplamento com a rede elétrica são amplamente discutidos. O sinal digital serialmente transmitido passa por um deslocamento de nível que permite ajuste de ganho e deslocamento do valor de sinal, posteriormente sendo aplicado a um VCO que possibilita efetuar de forma simples a modulação do tipo FSK contínua. Medidas de taxa de (BER) foram efetuadas e o resultado mostrado numérica e graficamente. Um circuito integrado monolítico para o VCO, parte do sistema, foi projetado, prevendo uma integração futura. Para isso foram feitas simulações no simulador de circuitos ADS e após no fluxo de projeto foi feito o layout do circuito integrado usando ferramentas de EDA Cadence. O design kit utilizado foi da foundry AMS, tecnologia AMS C35 e mostra a viabilidade de integração de todo o sistema num único CL. / Abstract: It was developed in this work a circuit for power line data communication - PLC that enable low speed data transmission in a circuit topology that enable a future integration. The built prototype was elaborated with discrete components and exhibits a compatible operation with a typical PLC circuit. The coupling circuits with the mains wires are extensively discussed. The signal to be serially transmitted pass through a level shifter that allows a level and offset adjust of the signal, later being applied to a voltage controlled oscillator - VCO that performs the continuous FSK modulation in a simplified way. Bit Error Rate (BER) measurements were made, and the results presented numerically and graphically. A monolithic integrated circuit for the VCO, part of this system, was projected foreseen a possible future integration. For this task was performed simulation in the ADS circuit simulator and later in the project flow an integrated circuit layout was made using Cadence EDA tools. The chosen design kit comes from AMS foundry, in the technology AMS C-35, and shows the system integration viability in a single integrated circuit. / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

EDI står för elektroniskt utbyte av data från dator till dator och sker mellan kända affärspartners. När EDI införs i en relation mellan två organisationer anses relationen bli mer komplex än tidigare. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att undersöka hur EDI påverkar interorganisatoriska relationer. Undersökningen utförs genom att studera affärsrelationerna mellan en offentlig förvaltning och tre av dess leverantörer. I dessa relationer studeras speciellt hur förhandlingsstyrkan, flexibiliteten och tillförlitligheten har påverkats av att EDI har börjat användas för den offentliga förvaltningens inköpsprocess. De slutsatser som dras är att de undersökta faktorerna förändras i takt med att EDI blir alltmer integrerat i affärsrelationerna. Initialt byggs vissa omställningskostnader upp, som ökar leverantörernas förhandlingsstyrka. När EDI-kommunikationen fungerar kan kunden komma att öka sin förhandlingsstyrka på grund av bättre informationsdelning och något större inköpsvolymer hos leverantören. Flexibiliteten har ännu inte förändrats nämnvärt, medan tillförlitligheten i leveranserna har ökat till följd av EDI.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) plays an important role in improving organizational competitiveness. Information technology has been instrumental in integrating functional areas within and outside firms. This research used empirical evidence to evaluate the state of EDI in the in the willingness of SME's to connect electronically to a large distribution centre in South Africa. Furthermore, it investigated the EDI adoption rate from the viewpoint of a small business. Many such businesses feel coerced by larger trade partners to adopt EDI or lose the customer. / South Africa

Contemporarily, one of the major business demands is to extensively understand the impact of technology on the major business strategies and practices. Technologicalship marketing, a concept investigated in this study, emanates from a symbiosis of technology and relationship marketing. Per se, a prevalent area of debate pertains to whether technology promotes or constrains relationships. Outstandingly, this study pursued the technologicalship marketing concept, a new and vital 21st century suggestion in literature (Zineldin, 2000:16). Secondly, against the scarcity of empirical studies in mass marketing environments, the study at hand focused on retail banking client relationships. Lastly, the proposed meta-construct hypothetical model is an essential relationship marketing instrument. The proposed model consists of four major relationship marketing construct categories, namely, personal contact, customer retention, customer switching and relational exchange. At the hand of these constructs, the research primarily aimed to determine the impact of technology on client relationships in e-banking with the focus of closing the gap prevalent in literature on whether technology constraints or supports relationship marketing. The study focused on retail banking client relationships of the four major commercial banks in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A survey was conducted of a sample of 200 clients selected using the convenience sampling method. The study hypothesised that technology is resulting in more transactional than relationship marketing in retail banking by constraining social constructions, customer retention and relational exchange, whilst, promoting customer switching mobility. Through the GLM regression analysis method, findings of the study established that technology was to a larger extent supporting relationship marketing. However, it is envisaged that technology is resulting in the disappearance of human contact which is a critical aspect of relationships. Conclusively, the researcher recommended that the only plausible strategy is to endeavour to integrate the human aspect at self-service podiums e.g. mounting of staff at ATM points, which most banks have been doing.

Diplomová práce se zabývá zdokumentováním procesů implemetace a podpory komunikační metody EDI a navržením zlepšení těchto procesů v prostředí softwarové firmy, která tuto službu nabízí jako svůj product.

No / Purpose – This paper aims to examine the role of e-commerce in hospital pharmacy in the procurement of pharmaceuticals and determine how this has improved the internal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst e-commerce is in its infancy in this area it is still considered to be an important facet of supply chain management. E-trading within NHS pharmacies is conducted via electronic data interchange (EDI) offering proven benefits and ensuring the efficient and effective transmission of data between remote parties. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected via a case-study in an NHS trust pharmacy supported and by questionnaires distributed to NHS and community pharmacies in the north-west of England. Findings – The findings support the view that there are benefits to be gained from introducing EDI into a purchasing department as the next logical step towards a total e-commerce solution (internet-based) and instigating quality improvements. It also proposes that the implementation and use of e-commerce in hospital pharmacies can be aligned with progress made in small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and questions why, if such benefits can be realised, the use of e-commerce systems are not more widespread. Research limitations/implications – The implications of this research is that it offers a “snap-shot” of progress made-to-date of e-commerce in NHS Pharmacy, which can provide guidance for mangers and healthcare professionals managing their e-commerce/quality improvement agenda. The research conducted was restricted to a specific regional area of the NHS and could be applied to a larger national sample group. Future research within this field should also consider the cost of not introducing e-commerce in pursuing quality improvement. Originality/value – This discussion offers an insight into how a pharmacy approached EDI, and this is further supported by recent research conducted into examining the pharmacy systems in operation in the north-west of England and accompanying EDI systems and an analysis of EDI uptake and use in a sample of pharmacies in the same region, the latter being supported by anecdotal evidence of pros and cons to using EDI and potential barriers to its introduction.

The primary contributions to the area of electronic business integration, propounded by this thesis, are (in no particular order): &#61623; A novel examination of global Business-to-Business (B2B) interoperability in terms of a "multiplicity paradox" and of a "global electronic market-space" from a Complex Systems Science perspective. &#61623; A framework for an, integrated, global electronic market-space, which is based on a hierarchical, incremental, minimalist-business-pattern approach. A Web Services-SOA forms the basis of application-to-application integration within the framework. The framework is founded in a comprehensive study of existing technologies, standards and models for secure interoperability and the SOA paradigm. The Complex Systems Science concepts of "predictable structure" and "structural complexity" are used consistently throughout the progressive formulation of the framework. &#61623; A model for a global message handler (including a standards-based message-format) which obviates the common problems implicit in standard SOAP-RPC. It is formulated around the "standardized, common, abstract application interface" critical success factor, deduced from examining existing models. The model can be used in any collaboration context. &#61623; An open standards-based security model for the global message handler. Conceptually, the framework comprises the following: &#61623; An interoperable standardized message format: a standardized SOAP-envelope with standardized attachments (8-bit binary MIME-serialized XOP packages). &#61623; An interoperable standardized message-delivery infrastructure encompassing an RPC-invoked message-handler - a Web service, operating in synchronous and/or asynchronous mode, which relays attachments to service endpoints. &#61623; A business information processing infrastructure comprised of: a standardized generic minimalist-business-pattern (simple buying/selling), comprising global pre-specifications for business processes (for example, placing an order), standardized specific atomic business activities (e.g. completing an order-form), a standardized document-set (including, e.g. an order-form) based on standardized metadata (common nomenclature and common semantics used in XSD's, e.g. the order-form), the standardized corresponding choreography for atomic activities (e.g. acknowledgement of receipt of order-form) and service endpoints (based on standardized programming interfaces and virtual methods with customized implementations). / Theoretical Computing / PHD (INFORMATION SYSTEMS)