This paper presents a static analysis of functionally graded single and sandwich beams by using an efficient 7DOFs quasi-3D hybrid type theory. The governing equations are derived by employing the principle of virtual works in a weak form and solved by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). A C1 cubic Hermite interpolation is used for the vertical deflection variables while C0 linear interpolation is employed for the other kinematics variables. Convergence rates are studied in order to validate the finite element technique. Numerical results of the present formulation are compared with analytical and FEM solutions available in the literature. / Revisión por pares

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Per I. Johansson. / Ph.D.cn

Chan Kit Hung. / "August 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-152). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thin-walled structures are often used as kinetic energy absorbers in vehicular systems and infrastructure designs. In such applications, high specific energy absorption is usually desirable, because it is beneficial for weight reduction. The dimpling cold-roll metal forming process introduces dimpled geometry and increases the strength of sheet metal. This thesis aims to investigate the energy absorption characteristics of the dimpled thin-walled structures. A finite element (FE) modelling analysis was performed using ANSYS Explicit Dynamics solver, to predict the response of dimpled structures to dynamic and quasi-static loads. A series of experimental tests were conducted and the FE method was validated through comparing the numerical and experimental results. To understand the response of the dimpled structural components to axial crushing loads, numerical simulations were performed. A parametric study on a key cold-roll forming parameter “forming depth” was carried out to evaluate its effects on the dimpled geometry and material properties. Through the parametric study, manufacturing parameters for the cold-roll forming process were suggested to improve yield strength and energy absorption performance of dimpled steel components. It was shown that the specific energy absorption can be increased by up to 16% after optimizing the forming depth. To take the most advantage of the dimpled geometry, multi-layer dimpled thin-walled columns were analysed. The interlocking mechanism of dimpled plates were investigated and an empirical model was proposed to describe the interaction between dimpled plates. It was shown that a considerable amount of energy can be absorbed through the interaction between dimpled walls. The behaviour of dimpled columns under lateral impact loads was also investigated. It was revealed that the introduced dimpled geometry contributes to reducing the peak impact force without sacrificing the energy absorption capacity. However, this is only valid when at least one end of the dimpled thin-walled column is fully restrained.

This thesis aims to analyse a finite element method applied to an adjusted Cahn-Hilliard equation that has been used for digital image inpainting applications. We consider both the standard model with a smooth double well potential and an alternative where an obstacle potential has been used. Existence and uniqueness results are derived for both formulations by adapting techniques existing in literature for other problems. For each formulation we then propose approximations, by discretising first in space and then in time, and we derive error bounds between the weak solution of the original formulation and the solution of the discrete approximations in terms of the discretisation parameters. We then propose and implement a practical numerical scheme for both models and investigate their use in applications, alongside some other models from literature. We investigate various real digital image examples and compare the resulting inpaintings for these competing models, considering their suitability for real-world applications.

在過去的幾十年，結構優化已經成為了一個能夠啓發工程師們來獲得更加合理和經濟的設計的強大工具。同以前發展的基於材料的結構優化的方法相比，最近水平集方法由於其在邊界表達上面的靈活性以及能夠處理複雜的結構拓撲變化而受到歡迎。結構的邊界被一個隱性的水平集函數追蹤以及它的演化被速度場所驅動，這個速度場是從結合有限元結果的靈敏度分析獲得的。然而，傳統的有限元方法無論在處理介於實體材料和空材料之間的移動邊界上，還是在處理拓撲變化上，都是令人討厭的，因為有限元的網格需要跟結構的邊界保持一致，這樣就會導致耗時的網格重建。隨著擴展有限元方法的出現，傳統有限元方法的型函數被擴展函數所擴展。這樣就使得擴展有限元適合用來表達前面提到的移動邊界，而且通常固定的均勻的網格被採用從而使得網格管理的困難可以被避免。然而，爲了捕獲準確的邊界，更密集的網格是所渴望的，這樣在一定程度上會降低擴展有限元方法的效率，同時有限元分析被認為是最耗時的過程並且在優化過程中的每一步都會進行。在基於水平集的結構優化中，邊界是我們最為關心的地方。更密集的網格最被渴望出現在邊界處，而在遠離邊界的區域只需要更稀疏的網格。因此，爲了改善擴展有限元方法的效率以及縮短優化過程，適當地調整底層的網格是必要的。解決的方案是高分辨率的有限元網格分佈在邊界的附近區域而相對更低密度的網格分佈在遠離邊界的區域，這樣一來，既能縮短計算時間同時又能保證精度。這篇論文的動機就是為在水平集框架下的結構優化開發一個高效又準確的具有自適應網格的擴展有限元方案. / 基於對具有固定網格的傳統的有限元方法的前期研究，二維和三維的h-自適應的擴展有限元方法被調查和發展。通過網格稀疏化的方法從初始的密集的均勻的網格中逐漸去除不需要的有限元單元，多層次自適應的網格被生成來適應但是沒必要完全契合結構的邊界。底層的網格是用四叉樹（二維）或者八叉樹（三維）來描述的。四叉樹或者八叉樹的表達一方面適合用來管理多層次的數據，另外一方面也會使得自適應網格的生成有效率。在本論文中，自適應網格被限制為1-不規則的網格，同時在網格稀疏化的過程中，具有懸掛節點的有限元單元會被生成。這些懸掛的節點會同常規的節點一樣對待，既具有自由度又有相應的型函數。對於每一個單元來說，這些型函數要被修改以滿足單位分解的屬性。對不同類型的單元的積分被研究並且對於那些被邊界劃過的單元以及擁有懸掛節點的單元，特殊的方案應該被採用。因為擴展有限元方法使得有限元方法一般化來處理邊界，這些邊界沒有必要被恰好吻合的網格覆蓋，因此邊界條件有可能在網格內部從而在引進邊界條件的時候會出現困難。一方面，力的邊界條件的引進的困難會少一些，因為它只需要把積分域從單元的邊上修改到單元內部的邊界上。另外一方面，引進位移的邊界條件確實不容易的。在本論文中，尼采方法被用來強加位移邊界條件。爲了驗證邊界條件的引進，以及本論文所提出來的擴展有限元方法的準確性、效率和收斂性，有理論界的二維的例子被用來作為參考標準以及三維的數值算例通過跟ANSYS軟件產生的結果作比較被執行。 / 通過組合水平集方法和本文提出的h-自適應的擴展有限元方法，結構優化的柔度問題被研究。值得注意的是，擴展有限元方法是在自適應網格上實現的而水平集的演化確實在均勻的網格上進行的。在優化的每一步中，隨著結構邊界的傳播，自適應網格會被相應的更新，同時很多成熟的算法可以直接用於均勻網格的水平集的演化。在文獻中常被使用的二維和三維的數值的算例被當做參考標準，特別是兩個實用的應用進一步的驗證了本論文中提出來的擴展有限元方法的可靠性。 / Structural optimization has become a powerful tool to inspire engineers for more reasonable and economical designs during the past decades. Compared to previously developed material based approaches, the level set method for structural optimization is gaining popularity recently due to its exibility in boundary representation and handling complex topological changes of structure. The structural boundary is tracked by an implicit level set function and its evolution is driven by boundary velocity which is derived from sensitivity analysis with the result of finite element analysis. However, conventional Finite Element Method (FEM) is troublesome in handling either moving boundaries between solid material and voids or topological changes, as the finite element meshes need to conform to the boundaries of structure resulting in the time-consuming remeshing process. With the advent of Extended Finite Element Method (X-FEM), shape functions of conventional FEM are extended with enrichment functions, which make X-FEM suitable for representing aforementioned moving boundaries, and usually fixed uniform meshes are employed so that mesh management difficulties can be avoided. However, to capture precision boundaries, denser meshes are desired, which to some extent decreases the efficiency of the XFEM, and meanwhile finite element analysis is regarded as the most time-consuming process and conducted at each iterative step during the optimization. In the level set based structural optimization, boundaries are most concerned where denser meshes are most desired while the regions far away from boundaries only need coarser meshes. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the X-FEM and shorten the optimization process, it is essential to adjust underlying meshes adequately. The solution scheme is that finite element meshes of higher resolution are distributed in the vicinity of the boundaries while meshes of relatively lower resolution are in the regions far away from the boundaries to significantly decrease the computational time while ensuring the accuracy. The motivation of this dissertation is to develop an efficient and accurate X-FEM scheme with adaptive meshes for structural optimization in the level set framework. / Based on previous studies on conventional X-FEM with fixed uniform meshes, h-Adaptive X-FEM is investigated and developed in both two and three-dimensions. Multilevel adaptive meshes are generated to fit but not necessary to conform to structural boundaries by the method of mesh coarsening to gradually remove unnecessary elements from initial fine uniform meshes. The underlying meshes are depicted by Quadtree(for 2D) or Octree(for 3D) representations which are suitable for managing multilevel data on the one hand and make the generation of adaptive meshes efficient on the other hand. In this thesis, adaptive meshes are restrained to 1-irregular meshes and elements with hanging nodes are produced during the process of mesh coarsening. The hanging nodes are treated as regular nodes with degrees of freedoms (DOFs) and shape functions which are modified to satisfy Partition of Unity(POU) property for each element. Quadrature for different types of elements is studied and special schemes should be adopted for elements crossed by boundaries and elements with hanging nodes where kinks would exist. As the X-FEM generalizes conventional FEM to handle structure whose boundaries are not necessarily covered by conforming meshes, the boundary conditions are possible inside the meshes which presents difficulties while imposing boundary conditions. On the one hand, the imposition of Neumann boundary conditions is not difficult because it only requires a modification of the integral domain from borders of elements to the boundaries insides elements. However, imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions is non-trivial. In this dissertation, Nitsche's method is employed to enforce Dirichlet boundary conditions. In order to verify the imposition of boundary conditions, accuracy, efficiency and convergent rate of the proposed X-FEM, 2D examples with theoretical solution are treated as benchmarks and 3D numerical examples are conducted by the comparison with solutions produced by ANSYS software. / The mean compliance problems of structural optimization are investigated by combining level set method and the proposed h-Adaptive X-FEM. Notably, the X-FEM is achieved on the adaptive meshes while the evolution of level set is conducted on the fine uniform meshes. The adaptive meshes are updated accordingly along with the propagation of structural boundaries at each optimization step, and meanwhile lots of mature algorithms can be used for level set evolution with uniform grids directly. Numerical examples both in 2D and 3D commonly used in literatures are treated as benchmarks especially two practical applications further verify the reliability of the proposed X-FEM. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tian, Xuefeng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-130). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.viii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Structural Optimization --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Finite Element Analysis for Level based Structural Optimization --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Motivation and Objective --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Contributions and Organization of the Dissertation --- p.7 / Chapter 2 --- Implementation of h-Adaptive X-FEM --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- X-FEM for Material-void Boundaries --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- General Form of X-FEM --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- X-FEM for Material-void Boundaries --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Implicit Representation of Structural Model --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Implementation of Adaptive Meshes --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- 1-irregular Meshes --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Criterion of Adaptiveness --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Quadtree (for 2D) and Octree (for 3D) Representations --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7 --- Quadrature --- p.19 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Quadrature for Standard Elements without Enrichment --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Quadrature for Elements Crossed by Boundaries --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Quadrature for Elements with Hanging Nodes . --- p.26 / Chapter 2.8 --- Imposition of Boundary Conditions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Imposition of Neumann Boundary Conditions . --- p.35 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Imposition of Dirichlet Boundary Conditions --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9 --- Other Numerical Issues --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Small Area/volume Fraction Elements --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Stress Smoothing Strategy --- p.41 / Chapter 3 --- Numerical Validation of h-Adaptive X-FEM --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- A Plate Under Uniaxial Tension --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- A Thick Cylinder Model Under Internal Pressure --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- A Cantilever Beam --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4 --- Infinite Plate with a Circular Hole --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5 --- A Clamp Model (3D) --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6 --- I-Beam (3D) --- p.68 / Chapter 4 --- Level Set Based Structural Optimization Using h-Adaptive X-FEM --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Structural Optimization Problem --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Level Set Evolution --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- Flowchart of Level Set Based Structural Optimization Coupling with h-Adaptive X-FEM --- p.81 / Chapter 5 --- Numerical Examples of Level Set Based Structural Optimization Using h-Adaptive X-FEM --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- A Cantilever Beam (2D) --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- A Michell-Type Structure (2D) --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- A L-Shape Structure (3D) --- p.90 / Chapter 5.4 --- A Michell-type Structure (3D) --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5 --- An Electrical Mast (3D) --- p.99 / Chapter 5.6 --- A Chair Design (3D) --- p.103 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.109 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Work --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- An Easy-to-use FEM Tool --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Large-scale problems and Parallelization --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Higher-order X-FEM --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Other Structural Optimization Problems --- p.112 / Bibliography --- p.114

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In this thesis, we present two adaptive methods for the basis enrichment of the mixed Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) for solving the flow problem in heterogeneous media. We develop an a-posteriori error indicator which is the norm of a local residual operator. Based on this indicator, we have an offiine adaptive method to increase the number of basis functions on the coarse grid edges with large local error estimates. We also develop an online adaptive method which iteratively enriches the function space by adding new functions computed based on the residual of the previous solution. We show theoretically and numerically the convergence of the two methods. The online method is in general better than the offiine method, and both methods have faster convergence than a uniform enrichment. Analysis shows that the online method should start with certain number of initial basis functions in order to have the best performance. The numerical results confirm this and show further that with correct selection of initial basis functions, the online method can be independent of the contrast of the medium. / 在本文中，我們為混合廣義多尺度有限元法( mixed generalized multiscale finite element method) 在非均勻介質解決流動問題的應用上提出了兩種自適應的擴張基的方法。我們以公式局部餘差的範數制定了一個後驗誤差的指標。基於這個指標，我們得出一個離線的自適應方法。這個方法遂步把在指標數值較大的組網內邊鄰上定義的函數加入基。我們亦制定了一個在線的自適應方法。這個方法反復地將一些基於上一步驟所得的解去計算的函數加入基里，以擴大函數空間。我們以理論和實驗去證明兩個方法的收斂性質。一般而育，在線方法的收斂比離線方法快，而兩者的收斂速度都比均勻地擴充基所得的收斂速度快。從理論所得，在線方法需要一定數量的初始基函數才能達至最理想的收斂速度。實驗結果證實了這一點，並進一步得出，假如初始基函數的數目足夠，在線方法的收斂性質會不受介質的對比度影響。 / Chan, Ho Yuen. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-46). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 11, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / In this research a finite element analysis program was developed for the modelling of general compressible Euler flows. An explicit Taylor-Galerkin algorithm was used as the flow solver and was used in conjunction with a flux-corrected transport algorithm in order to obtain high shock resolution without numerical oscillations and overshoots. The solver was applied to two and three dimensional geometries. An axisymmetric extension of the Taylor Galerkin algorithm was also developed. For the two dimensional code, a fully automatic mesh generator was implemented which was able to generate meshes for completely arbitrary geometries, as well as an adaptive refinement algorithm which performs an error analysis on the solution and refines and coarsens the mesh appropriately in order to maintain an optimal mesh resolution. The automatic mesh generator dramatically reduced problem setup time and the adaptive refinement algorithm reduced compllter time by up to 90%" A number of test cases were performed covering a wide range of compressible flows including steady and unsteady flows in air, using the ideal gas model, and shocks in liquids, using the Tait model. Within the limitations of the inviscid and real gas assumptions made, accurate results were obtained, / AC 2018

Plants contain organelles called chloroplasts, which is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA, which is separate from the DNA in the nucleus. This DNA does not change much over evolutionary time, so it can be used to investigate relationships between organisms. Here we created a tool that makes it easier to analyze this chloroplast DNA as well making it easier to share complete chloroplast genomes on public databases. In addition, we also found a mobile element in the chloroplast DNA of a group of ferns, which appears to be driving structural changes in their genomes.