Ce travail présente les résultats dune étude menée sur la dépollution des tailings de Kipushi (RD Congo) par la valorisation des métaux contenus. Ce sont les rejets anciens dun concentrateur. Ils contiennent de la pyrite et des sulfures résiduels de cuivre et de zinc. Du fait du stockage à lair libre pendant plus de 40 ans, ces sulfures sont partiellement oxydés. Ces tailings présentent une certaine instabilité physique et chimique qui est à la base de la dégradation des milieux environnants les plus proches (rivières naturelles, sols sous-jacents, nappes souterraines, etc.) suite à la migration et à la dispersion dETM (éléments traces métalliques) tels que larsenic, le cadmium, le cobalt, le cuivre, le plomb, le zinc, Linstabilité physique se manifeste par des phénomènes dérosion par les eaux de ruissellement pendant la saison des pluies et par des phénomènes dérosion éolienne pendant la saison sèche. Leur stockage en surface saccompagne dune lente oxydation des sulfures avec production deaux acides qui dans leur neutralisation par la dolomie présente dans les rejets et celle des formations géologiques sur lesquelles ils reposent, contribuent à laccroissement des réseaux karstiques, au durcissement des eaux des nappes et parfois provoquent des phénomènes daffaissements, voire même deffondrements de terrains. Pour réduire les impacts environnementaux majeurs de ces tailings, nous avons effectué ce travail en recherchant un traitement qui combinerait dune part la dépollution par la réduction des ETM et du soufre sulfure et dautre part la valorisation du cuivre et du zinc contenus. Les deux voies qui ont été testées commencent par une flottation globale de tous les sulfures (désulfuration environnementale). Les résultats de nos expérimentations montrent quon peut obtenir un nouveau rejet de flottation dans lequel une majeure partie des ETM facilement mobilisables dans lenvironnement est éliminée ainsi que presque tout le soufre (95 %), ce qui écarte donc tout risque de DMA. Nous avons démontré que pour atteindre ces résultats, il suffit de ne broyer que la fraction la moins libérée de dimension supérieure à 75 μm et dactiver par un prétraitement à pH 6 les sulfures dont la collection par le xanthate est sinon inhibée par laltération superficielle avec formation doxydes ou par les complexes cyanométalliques formés lors de la flottation avec dépression de la pyrite par les ions cyanures ayant produit les tailings étudiés. Nous avons tenté denrichir le concentré global de la désulfuration environnementale par une flottation différentielle avec dépression de la pyrite à pH 11. Cet enrichissement est difficile à réaliser à cause de la finesse des grains et des caractéristiques minéralogiques du concentré global qui contient beaucoup de grains mixtes. Les essais ont alors porté sur la lixiviation chimique acide oxydante (avec Fe3+) et la lixiviation bactérienne du concentré global après son enrichissement en cuivre et en zinc dans un circuit de flottation avec deux finissages. Une étude approfondie des paramètres qui influencent le mécanisme des biolixiviations a été effectuée et les conditions de leur mise en pratique industrielle ont été déterminées. La lixiviation chimique doit être réalisée à des températures élevées (98°C) pour fragiliser la couche de passivation de soufre élémentaire qui se forme à la surface des grains et qui tend à freiner la diffusion des réactifs et des produits de la réaction. Par contre, la biolixiviation donne de bons résultats à température modérée. Elle est techniquement applicable aux tailings de Kipushi. Nous proposons de réaliser la biolixiviation en deux étapes successives, la première avec des bactéries thermophiles modérées (55°C) à une densité de pulpe de 15 % (poids/volume) et la deuxième avec des bactéries mésophiles (33°C) sur des pulpes à 4 % de solides. Dans ces conditions, on réussit à produire deux solutions de lixiviation (PLS : pregnant leach solution), lune à 3 g/l de cuivre et 7 g/l de zinc et lautre à 0,2 g/l de cuivre et 7 g/l de zinc, quon purifie et concentre facilement dans un circuit dextraction par solvant. Lextraction par solvant du cuivre est réalisée avec le LIX984N directement sans modifier le pH des PLS (1,7-1,9) et le zinc est extrait par le D2EHPA après précipitation dions Fe3+ du raffinat cuivre à des pH entre 3 et 3,5. On obtient ainsi des solutions aqueuses de cuivre et de zinc convenant aux installations délectrolyse industrielle. Nous avons proposé un schéma de traitement des tailings de Kipushi qui pourrait fonctionner pendant 20 ans avec les 36 684 600 tonnes sèches de rejets stockés à la digue 1 et 2. Le traitement produirait un nouveau rejet plus ou moins dépollué qui représente 66 % en poids des tailings traités, 80 950 tonnes de cuivre et 631 750 tonnes de zinc. The work present results from research study devoted to de-pollution of the stocked tailings in Kipushi (DR Congo) via valorization of the metals contained in the tailings. Pyrite and copper and zinc sulfides present the principal mineral composition of the laid down tailings from the concentrator. Due to the fact that the sulphides have been stocked during more than 40 years, they are partly oxidized. These tailings present a constant risk from physical instability and spillage, which reflects in the deterioration of the surrounding environment (rivers, soil, underground water table, etc). Moreover the migration and dispersion of TEM (trace metal elements) such as arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, zinc, is leading to erosion and mine run-off phenomena during wet season and generate air-borne particles during dry season. The stocking of the tailings is accompanied by slow oxidation of the sulfides with concomitant production of acidic waters which are neutralized by the dolomite present, which finally reflects in hardening of the underground waters and even provoke soil subsidence and ground collapses. In order to reduce the major environmental impacts from the tailings, we have performed a study for their post-treatment which encompasses the cleanup from one side and the reduction of TEMs and sulphur on the other side. Apart from this, the aim was to economically extract the remaining non-ferrous metals, notably Zn and Cu. The approach which has been chosen to accomplish this task has been to re-float by bulk flotation the majority of the sulphides and thus by elimination of the nearly total sulphur (95 %) to eliminate the risk of AMD generation and metals immobilization. We have shown that this is possible to be achieved via grinding the 75 μm oversize fraction in order to facilitate minerals liberation, following by subsequent activation at pH 6 before flotation. Without this pretreatment step, the flotation by use of xanthates is impossible, due to the surface coatings of the grains, which are either of oxide nature or are cyano-metallic complexes formed from the use of potassium cyanide as pyrite depressor in the flotation circuit practiced at the times when the concentrator was operational. The further attempts to produce monometallic flotation concentrates via selective flotation with depression of the pyrite at pH 11 have been unsuccessful due to reasons of complex mineralogy. Therefore chemical (Fe3+) and bacterial leaching of the bulk concentrate enriched in Cu and Zn via two cleaning flotation circuits have been envisaged. The technological parameters for the both leaching options have been studied and the mechanisms of the bioleaching taking place have been proposed in view industrial scale up of the process. It has been found that the chemical leaching should be conducted at very high temperatures (98°C) in order to breakdown the passivation coatings (sulphur). In contrast, the bioleaching has shown good results at moderate temperatures. It has been found that bioleaching is technically feasible to the tailings of Kipushi. We have suggested a bioleaching in two successive stages: the first one with moderate thermophilic microorganisms (55 °C) at pulp density 15 % (weight / volume) and the second one with mesophilic microorganisms (33 °C) at pulp density of 4 % (w/v). Under these conditions two principal PLSs (pregnant leach solution) can be obtained - a one with 3 g/l Cu and 7 g/ l Zn and other one in 0.2 g/l Cu and 7 g/l Zn. The both PLSs could be further processed via solvent extraction. The solvent extraction of Cu is accomplished with LIX984N without modifying the pH of the PLS (1.7 - 1.9), while Zn is extracted using a D2EHPA at pH between 3 and 3,5, after elimination of the iron from the copper raffinate. The aqueous solutions thus obtained are suitable for Cu and Zn electrowinning. Finally, a flow sheet for re-treatment of the Kipushi tailings which could operate during 20 years has been proposed. It could treat about 37 mln tones of dry tailings stocked in the tailing ponds 1 and 2. Preliminary calculations estimate that such treatment would produce new tailings with low environmental risk which will represent about 66 % in weight of the original treated tailings and will yield about 80 950 tons of Cu and 631 750 tons of Zn.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'histoire des solides du système solaire primitif. Nous étudions la dynamique des composants chondritiques et trouvons que leur préservation pendant plusieurs Ma dans le disque protoplanétaire nécessite une zone morte. Cette dynamique est essentiellement gouvernée par un paramètre de découplage gaz-solide S que nous conjecturons avoir été <1 et >1 lors de l'accrétion des chondrites carbonées et non carbonées, respectivement. Nous étudions aussi des modèles réduits pour l'interaction entre la turbulence magnétohydrodynamique et la sédimentation de la poussière ainsi que l'instabilité d'écoulement linéaire. Nous mesurons la concentration d'éléments en trace dans les phases des chondres dans Vigarano, Renazzo, Acfer 187, Bishunpur et Sahara 97096. L'olivine dans les chondres de type I semble résulter d'une cristallisation à l'équilibre tandis que le pyroxène enregistre des taux de refroidissement rapides et est compatible avec une interaction gaz-liquide.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de esgotos domésticos e petroquímicos, dispostos por via de emissário submarino, nas composições físico-químicas e microbiológicas da coluna dágua e na geoquímica dos sedimentos, bem como investigar uma possível relação entre o meio e a composição química das carapaças do foraminífero Ammonia tepida. Para atingir tal objetivo foram coletadas 10 amostras de água e de sedimento superficial, no entorno dos emissários do Araçá e do Terminal Petrolífero Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), além de um ponto controle, no canal de São Sebastião, SP, em março e abril de 2007. Em cada amostra de água foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Nos sedimentos, foram realizadas análises granulométricas e geoquímicas (macronutrientes, elementos maiores e traços). Do sedimento, carapaças coradas (indivíduos vivos) e não coradas (mortos) de A. tepida foram triadas e analisadas em espectrômetros de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e de emissão atômica (ICP-OES) para análise química dos elementostraços. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água, indicaram que a coluna dágua não estava contaminada, no momento da amostragem, pois todos os valores obtidos estavam dentro dos limites exigidos pela resolução do CONAMA, nº 357/2005. Os resultados granulométricos mostraram que o sedimento é litoclástico e mais psamítico no Araçá, e mais pelítico, no TEBAR. Já os dados geoquímicos de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, enxofre e fósforo revelaram que ambas as regiões são propícias ao enriquecimento desses elementos. A concentração de elementos-traço, na maioria dos pontos estudados, nas duas áreas, quando comparada aos valores guia de causaefeito, não foi considerada tóxica para a biota marinha. Contudo, foi observado enriquecimento significativo de cádmio, em certas áreas no Araçá, e de bário, no TEBAR. A concentração deste último elemento, provavelmente, está relacionada à água de produção do terminal. Os elementos-traço das carapaças de A. tepida coradas, em ambos os emissários, apresentaram maior número de correlações significativas com o sedimento, sugerindo que carapaças de foraminíferos mortos estão mais susceptíveis ao viés dos processos diagenéticos. No TEBAR, foram observadas correlações significativas positivas entre os teores de Co, Cr, Mn e Pb nos sedimentos e os elementos-traço das carapaças coradas. Já no Araçá, somente os teores de Cr correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente aos teores encontrados nas carapaças coradas. Isto corrobora com a influência da composição do sedimento nas reações intracelulares dos foraminíferos, refletidas na construção do exoesqueleto. Diante do exposto, os resultados deste estudo trouxeram luz a novas questões que permitiram inferir que a auto-depuração da água do mar, em ambas as regiões, e a estação de tratamento de efluentes, no TEBAR, não se revelaram eficientes na diluição e/ou remoção do conteúdo de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e elementos maiores e traço. / The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of domestic and petrochemical sewage, discharged through a submarine sewage outfall, on the physicochemical and microbiological composition of the water column and the geochemistry of sediments. As well as to investigate a possible relationship between the environment and the chemical composition of Ammonia tepida foraminifer\'s tests. The area where this study was focused on two sewage emissaries: Araçá and Almirante Barroso Petroliferous Terminal (TEBAR), both located in São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil. To achieve this goal, 10 water and bottom sediments samples in in March and April of 2007 were collected form each outfall. A background sample also collected as a control. For each water sample physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out and, in the sediments, grainsize and geochemical (macronutrients, major and trace elements) were analyzed. Trace elements found in the tests of stained (live) and unstained (dead) Ammonia tepida were identified by scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analysis of the water samples showed that the water column was not contaminated. All the concentrations obtained were in accordance with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) limits. Grain size analysis, demonstrated that the sediments are of terriginous origin, being mainly psamitic in Araçá and mainly pelitic in TEBAR. The geochemical data of organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus revealed that both regions are susceptible to enrichment in these elements. In both areas, the concentration of trace elements, when compared to quality guideline values, was not considered toxic for marine life. However, significative enrichment in Cadmium in certain areas of Araçá and Barium in TEBAR. The latter is probably related to the terminal\'s water production. In both outfalls, it was observed a significant correlation between the trace elements in the live A. tepida\'s tests and the sediment, which suggests that the dead foraminifera are more susceptible to diagenical bias. In TEBAR the correlations observed were significative and positive among the elements Co, Cr, Mn and Pb present in the sediments and the trace elements of the stained tests. In the Araçá outfall, only the Cr levels correlate significative and positively with the levels found in the tinged tests. This shows that sediment composition influences the intracelular reactions in the forminifera, which reflected in the exoskeleton\'s building. Given the above, the results of this study brought up new questions that allowed to infer that sea water depuration at both outfalls, as well as at sewage treatment plant, in TEBAR was not sufficient to dilute and/or remove the nutrient content, the organic matter and major and trace elements of the sewage.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de esgotos domésticos e petroquímicos, dispostos por via de emissário submarino, nas composições físico-químicas e microbiológicas da coluna dágua e na geoquímica dos sedimentos, bem como investigar uma possível relação entre o meio e a composição química das carapaças do foraminífero Ammonia tepida. Para atingir tal objetivo foram coletadas 10 amostras de água e de sedimento superficial, no entorno dos emissários do Araçá e do Terminal Petrolífero Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), além de um ponto controle, no canal de São Sebastião, SP, em março e abril de 2007. Em cada amostra de água foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Nos sedimentos, foram realizadas análises granulométricas e geoquímicas (macronutrientes, elementos maiores e traços). Do sedimento, carapaças coradas (indivíduos vivos) e não coradas (mortos) de A. tepida foram triadas e analisadas em espectrômetros de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e de emissão atômica (ICP-OES) para análise química dos elementostraços. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água, indicaram que a coluna dágua não estava contaminada, no momento da amostragem, pois todos os valores obtidos estavam dentro dos limites exigidos pela resolução do CONAMA, nº 357/2005. Os resultados granulométricos mostraram que o sedimento é litoclástico e mais psamítico no Araçá, e mais pelítico, no TEBAR. Já os dados geoquímicos de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, enxofre e fósforo revelaram que ambas as regiões são propícias ao enriquecimento desses elementos. A concentração de elementos-traço, na maioria dos pontos estudados, nas duas áreas, quando comparada aos valores guia de causaefeito, não foi considerada tóxica para a biota marinha. Contudo, foi observado enriquecimento significativo de cádmio, em certas áreas no Araçá, e de bário, no TEBAR. A concentração deste último elemento, provavelmente, está relacionada à água de produção do terminal. Os elementos-traço das carapaças de A. tepida coradas, em ambos os emissários, apresentaram maior número de correlações significativas com o sedimento, sugerindo que carapaças de foraminíferos mortos estão mais susceptíveis ao viés dos processos diagenéticos. No TEBAR, foram observadas correlações significativas positivas entre os teores de Co, Cr, Mn e Pb nos sedimentos e os elementos-traço das carapaças coradas. Já no Araçá, somente os teores de Cr correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente aos teores encontrados nas carapaças coradas. Isto corrobora com a influência da composição do sedimento nas reações intracelulares dos foraminíferos, refletidas na construção do exoesqueleto. Diante do exposto, os resultados deste estudo trouxeram luz a novas questões que permitiram inferir que a auto-depuração da água do mar, em ambas as regiões, e a estação de tratamento de efluentes, no TEBAR, não se revelaram eficientes na diluição e/ou remoção do conteúdo de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e elementos maiores e traço. / The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of domestic and petrochemical sewage, discharged through a submarine sewage outfall, on the physicochemical and microbiological composition of the water column and the geochemistry of sediments. As well as to investigate a possible relationship between the environment and the chemical composition of Ammonia tepida foraminifer\'s tests. The area where this study was focused on two sewage emissaries: Araçá and Almirante Barroso Petroliferous Terminal (TEBAR), both located in São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil. To achieve this goal, 10 water and bottom sediments samples in in March and April of 2007 were collected form each outfall. A background sample also collected as a control. For each water sample physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out and, in the sediments, grainsize and geochemical (macronutrients, major and trace elements) were analyzed. Trace elements found in the tests of stained (live) and unstained (dead) Ammonia tepida were identified by scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analysis of the water samples showed that the water column was not contaminated. All the concentrations obtained were in accordance with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) limits. Grain size analysis, demonstrated that the sediments are of terriginous origin, being mainly psamitic in Araçá and mainly pelitic in TEBAR. The geochemical data of organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus revealed that both regions are susceptible to enrichment in these elements. In both areas, the concentration of trace elements, when compared to quality guideline values, was not considered toxic for marine life. However, significative enrichment in Cadmium in certain areas of Araçá and Barium in TEBAR. The latter is probably related to the terminal\'s water production. In both outfalls, it was observed a significant correlation between the trace elements in the live A. tepida\'s tests and the sediment, which suggests that the dead foraminifera are more susceptible to diagenical bias. In TEBAR the correlations observed were significative and positive among the elements Co, Cr, Mn and Pb present in the sediments and the trace elements of the stained tests. In the Araçá outfall, only the Cr levels correlate significative and positively with the levels found in the tinged tests. This shows that sediment composition influences the intracelular reactions in the forminifera, which reflected in the exoskeleton\'s building. Given the above, the results of this study brought up new questions that allowed to infer that sea water depuration at both outfalls, as well as at sewage treatment plant, in TEBAR was not sufficient to dilute and/or remove the nutrient content, the organic matter and major and trace elements of the sewage.