Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T13:56:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Gomes da Silva Junior.pdf: 2548092 bytes, checksum: ea7fc75a90f48e944d80c7574fdf4292 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Gomes da Silva Junior.pdf: 2548092 bytes, checksum: ea7fc75a90f48e944d80c7574fdf4292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / The dairy livestock in the Northeast it is an alternative and source economic, mainly, social, to maintain man in the field. Thus, growers they have the use of alternative foods adapted to the region. The spineless cactus is an important food source for the semiarid regions, adapted to local conditions, has anatomical and morphological characteristics for good development in this region, with shallow roots and opening the stomata at night, providing a further loss of water. It is an excellent source of water for the animals, especially during the dry season, rich in energy, excellent source of non fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Thus, the management in spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear (MEE) in storage form for use longs periods not change its nutritional value which could reduce production costs, increasing the efficiency of the production system work. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage period in spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear. Were used five heifers Girolando (5/8 HZ), with average initial body weight of 284 kg, distributed in a 5x5 square design. The treatments consisted of four storage periods spineless cactus MEE (0, 7, 14 e 21 days), and a control treatment consisting of spineless cactus Miuda. The palms do not differ in chemical composition for organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash an protein, non fibrous carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, lipids and mineral matter. Differing only dry matter and fiber in neutral detergent indigestible MEE palm compared to Miuda. With too, there was no difference for MEE storage periods, so as a result there is possibility of economy in its harvest, making the concentration of the cutting and transport in one day, and store it for longer. Both spineless cactus they can be used in animal feed. There was no difference between the palms, as there was no effect of storage periods on the nutrient intake, digestibility and feeding behavior. The diet allowed a 1.35 kg weight change with little participation concentrate (20%), probably due to large proportion of spineless cactus in diets (50%). The spineless cactus Mexican Elephant Ear can be stored for up to 21 days, keeping constant chemical composition, nutrient intake, digestibility and feeding behavior of dairy heifers. / A pecuária leiteira no Nordeste é uma das alternativas e fonte econômica, sobretudo, social, de manter o homem no campo. Desta forma, os produtores têm buscado a utilização de alimentos alternativos adaptados à região. A palma forrageira é uma importante fonte alimentar para as regiões semiáridas, adaptada as condições locais, possui características anatômicas e morfológicas para bom desenvolvimento nessa região, com raízes superficiais e abertura dos estômatos no período noturno, proporcionando uma menor perda de água. É uma excelente fonte de água para os animais, principalmente durante o período seco, rica em energia, excelente fonte de carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Assim, o manejo da palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) na forma de armazenamento para utilização em longos períodos não alteraria seu valor nutritivo e que poderia reduzir os custos de produção, aumentando a eficiência de mão de obra do sistema de produção. Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes períodos de armazenamento da palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas da raça Girolando (5/8 HZ), com peso corporal inicial médio de 284 kg, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro períodos de armazenamento da palma OEM (0, 7, 14 e 21 dias) e um tratamento controle constituído por palma Miúda. As palmas não diferiram na composição química para matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína, carboidratos não fibrosos, carboidratos totais, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral. Diferindo apenas a matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível da palma OEM comparada a Miúda. Como também, não houve diferença para os períodos de armazenamento da OEM, assim, há a possibilidade de economia na sua colheita, fazendo a concentração do corte e transporte em apenas um dia, e armazená-la por mais tempo. Não houve diferença entre as palmas, como não houve efeito dos períodos de armazenamento no consumo dos nutrientes, digestibilidade aparente e comportamento ingestivo. A dieta possibilitou uma variação de peso de 1,35 kg com pouca participação de concentrado (20%), provavelmente devido a grande proporção de palma nas dietas (50%). A palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana pode ser armazenada por até 21 dias, mantendo constante a composição química, consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade e comportamento ingestivo de novilhas leiteiras.

Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / To meet growing demand for goods and services of modern society there is an increase in industrial activity, is highlighting the versatility of steel for use of its products. Meanwhile, as well as all human activity there is the generation of waste that may contain contaminants, among these heavy metals, which are arranged in an inappropriate manner pose a risk to humans and other living organisms. In soil heavy metals can exist in different chemical forms, presented each of them a degree of availability, and the total content of an indication of soil contamination. The phytoremediation is a technique of bioremediation, which uses the cultivation of plants to remediate contaminated soil and water, either by the extraction (phytoextraction) or stabilization (phytostabilization) of the contaminant in the environment. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the culture of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., the distribution of chemical fractions of zinc and cadmium in the soil, in three of pH values, after contamination with industrial waste containing high levels of these elements, and their possible influence germination and development of the plant. It was conducted in a completely randomized experiment 2x2x3 factorial system, in a sample of Bt horizon of a Argisol Yellow, contaminated and not contaminated with residue from Cia Mercantile and Industrial Ing?, with and without cultivation of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., and receiving the application of three doses of CaCO3. The soil used was collected in the municipality of Pinheiral - RJ, being part of the sample contaminated with waste (66.67 g kg-1) to raise the level pseudo-Zn total of the values above 1500 mg kg-1. The sample was contaminated and not contaminated divided into three groups each received a different dose of CaCO3 (0.00, 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). After being incubated for 40 days to 80% of the field capacity, there were planted three Seedpieces of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., genotype Cameroon, in each unit cultivated. At 18 days after planting and germination were evaluated at the average height of the seedlings. At 135 days after planting were collected to shoot and root plants. The substrates were sampled after hatching and at the end of the experiment. In substrates was determined the pH in water and, for the treatments that received waste, the levels of Zn and Cd in the following fractions: soluble (F1), exchangeable (F2), precipitated (F3), absorbed more strongly (F4) and residual (F5). The extractors used to determine the fractions were: deionized water, MgCl2, acetic acid, DTPA and aqua regia. The results showed that the germination and development of Pennisetum purpurem Schum. were limited by the content of Cd and mainly in fractions of Zn more bioavailable (F1, F2). The levels of Zn in the soluble fraction (F1) exceeding 125 mg kg-1, caused a reduction in the germination and the initial development of culture. The cultivation of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoted reduction of soil pH of all treatments, and favored the solubility of Zn of contaminated substrates. Leaf contents of Zn greater than 1380 mg kg-1 caused sharp reduction in growth and phytotoxicity symptoms. The Pennisetum purpureum Schum did not show a behavior as plants hyperaccumulative of Zn and Cd, but they showed Zn accumulation and they were efficient in the remediation of Zn and Cd. / Para atender a demanda crescente por bens e servi?os da sociedade moderna houve um incremento da atividade industrial, se destacando a siderurgia pela versatilidade de emprego dos seus produtos. Entretanto, assim como toda atividade humana h? a gera??o de res?duos que podem conter contaminantes, dentre estes os metais pesados, que se dispostos de forma inadequada representam um risco a o homem e outros organismos vivos. Em solos os metais pesados podem existir em diferentes formas qu?micas, apresentando cada uma delas um grau de disponibilidade, sendo o teor total um indicativo de contamina??o do solo. A fitorremedia??o ? uma t?cnica da bioremedia??o, que utiliza o cultivo de plantas para remediar solos e ?guas contaminadas, seja pela extra??o (fitoextra??o) ou estabiliza??o (fitoestabiliza??o) do contaminante no ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., na distribui??o das fra??es qu?micas de zinco e c?dmio no solo, em tr?s valores de pH, ap?s a contamina??o com res?duo industrial contendo altos teores destes elementos, e a sua poss?vel influ?ncia na germina??o e desenvolvimento da planta. Foi conduzido um experimento inteiramente casualizado no sistema fatorial 2x2x3, em amostra de horizonte Bt de um Argissolo Amarelo, contaminado e n?o contaminado, com res?duo da Cia Mercantil e Industrial Ing?, com e sem cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., e recebendo a aplica??o de tr?s doses de CaCO3. O solo utilizado foi coletado no munic?pio de Pinheiral ? RJ, sendo parte da amostra contaminada com res?duo (66,67 g kg-1), para elevar o teor pseudo-total de Zn a valores superiores a 1500 mg kg-1. A amostra contaminada e n?o contaminada foi dividida em tr?s grupos cada um recebeu uma dose diferente de CaCO3 (0,00; 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). Posteriormente sendo incubadas por 40 dias a 80% da capacidade de campo. Ap?s a incuba??o foram plantados tr?s toletes de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., gen?tipo Cameroon, em cada unidade cultivada. Aos 18 dias ap?s o plantio foram avaliadas a germina??o e a altura m?dia das pl?ntulas. Aos 135 dias ap?s o plantio foram coletadas a parte a?rea e raiz das plantas. Os substratos foram amostrados ap?s a incuba??o e no final do experimento. Nestes substratos foi determinado o pH em ?gua e, para os tratamentos que receberam res?duo, os teores de Zn e Cd nas seguintes fra??es: sol?vel (F1), troc?vel (F2), precipitada (F3), adsorvida mais fortemente (F4) e residual (F5). Os extratores utilizados para a determina??o das fra??es foram: ?gua deionizada, MgCl2, ?cido ac?tico, DTPA e ?gua r?gia. Os resultados mostraram que a germina??o e o desenvolvimento de Pennisetum purpurem Schum. foram limitados pelo teor de Cd e principalmente de Zn nas fra??es mais biodispon?veis (F1 e F2). Os teores de Zn na fra??o sol?vel (F1) superiores a 125 mg kg-1, provocaram redu??o na germina??o e no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura. O cultivo de Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoveu redu??o do pH do solo de todos os tratamentos, tendo favorecido a solubilidade de Zn dos substratos contaminados. Teores foliares de Zn superiores a 1380 mg kg-1 provocaram acentuada redu??o no crescimento e sintomas de fitotoxidez. O Pennisetum purpureum Schum. n?o se comportou como hiperacumulador de Zn e Cd, mas apresentou acumula??o de Zn e efici?ncia na remedia??o de Zn e Cd.

Nutritional and energetic needs of female mammals depend upon size or reproductive investment and shape individual activity budgets and behavioral patterns. To maximize nutritional and energetic intake females may increase time allocated to foraging or access resources through risk-prone behaviors, represented as aggression or leadership. Conversely, to minimize nutritional and energetic spending females may engage in risk-averse activities such as resting or nonaggressive social interactions. Females with the highest needs should exhibit activities and behaviors that facilitate the greatest nutritional and energetic returns or highest metabolic savings. The propensity for risk-prone behaviors may be greater among older as well as lactating females. Older individuals tend to be larger and more experienced than younger conspecifics. Moreover, lactating females are under substantially greater energetic, nutritional and water stresses than nonlactating individuals. Therefore, to fulfill greater nutritional and energetic needs, older and lactating females may allocate more time to foraging or rest or be more assertive during search for and defense of resources. I assessed the relative effects of age, reproductive condition and sex of nursing offspring on activity budgets, the frequency of risk-prone and risk-averse behaviors such as leadership propensity, and chemosensory inspection of the surroundings in female African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana africana). To quantify activities and behavioral patterns I used focal animal sampling with continuous recording. I determined leadership by the position in a mobile herd, where the first and last positions were considered as ends, and the center was considered as a middle position. I discovered that older females stood more, were more aggressive, socialized less and traveled closer to the end of a traveling group than younger females. Females that were lactating spent more time foraging, were more aggressive and engaged in nonaggressive social interactions less frequently than their nonlactating conspecifics. Finally, females nursing female calves spent more time foraging than females nursing male calves, but the latter spent more time nursing and standing. These results elucidate how individual nutritional and energetic needs influence the activity budgets as well as the propensity to exhibit risk-prone and riskaverse behaviors in female elephants and thus add to a body of work examining mammalian female activity budgets shaped by individual differences such as age and reproductive condition.

The sense of smell plays an important role in regulating the behavior of Asian elephants but until now, no behavioral test to systematically assess the olfactory capabilities of this species existed. Using a voluntary, food-rewarded two-alternative operant conditioning procedure, three female Asian elephants were successfully taught to discriminate between rewarded and unrewarded odors and also succeeded in intramodal stimulus transfer tasks in which either the rewarded odor, or the unrewarded odor, or both odors were exchanged simultaneously for new odors. The animals readily mastered the initial task within only 120 stimulus contacts, demonstrating rapid olfactory learning and performing at least as good as rodents and dogs and even better than other species, including nonhuman primates, tested in similar studies before. When presented with pairs of structurally related odorants, the discrimination performance of the elephants decreased with increasing structural similarity of the odorants, but the animals still significantly discriminated between aliphatic acetic esters even when they only differed by one carbon chain length. The elephants also demonstrated an excellent long-term odor memory and successfully remembered the reward value of previously learned odor stimuli after two, four, eight and even 16 weeks of recess in testing. The paradigm developed and applied in the present study proved to be useful to assess the olfactory capabilities in Asian elephants.

Stereotypic behaviors in all animals are more often than not associated with poor welfare. Limited access to perform species specific behaviors is often a reason for the development of stereotypies. Elephants with their great intelligence and need of social contact, coupled with a destructive a behavior are especially difficult to house in captivity. To decrease the occurrence of stereotypic behaviors in elephants, environmental enrichment in form of food enrichment is a good option, since elephants have a great need of foraging. The aim of this study was to investigate if an extra supply of food enrichment could decrease the presence of stereotypic behaviors at night in three Asian elephants at Kolmården zoo. Already existing hay nets attached to wires in the roof were used and connected to a timer. The hay nets were lowered to vision trunk reach between 6:00 am and 6:30 am during five days and the frequencies of selected behaviors were compared with the frequencies of the same behaviors during five preceding baseline nights. The animals were filmed using mounted cameras with IR lights. There was a significant decrease of stereotypic behavior for one of the elephants, but all three showed an increase in foraging whereof the increases were significant for two of them. One of the elephants showed no stereotypic behaviors at all during the study. To keep in mind is that the elephants have different backgrounds and experiences which might have influenced the results.

Tyrimai atlikti 2012 – 2013 metais ASU Žemės ūkio inžinerijos ir saugos instituto laboratorijose bei ASU bandymų stotyje. Darbo tikslas – ištirti netradicinių energetinių augalų (drambliažolių, pluoštinių kanapių ir pluoštinių dilgėlių) ruošimo ir naudojimo biokurui technologinius-techninius parametrus bei nustatyti susmulkintų ir supresuotų augalų fizikines-mechanines savybes ir kokybinius rodiklius. Pateikto darbo literatūros apžvalgoje išanalizuota šių augalų nuėmimo ir paruošimo technologija biokurui bei įvertintos augalų naudojimo deginimui galimybės. Atlikus drambliažolių, pluoštinių kanapių ir pluoštinių dilgėlių eksperimentinius tyrimus buvo nustatyti biometriniai rodikliai, smulkinimo ir malimo parametrai, ištirtos pjaustinio ir miltų fizikinės-mechaninės savybės. Nustatyta frakcinė sudėtis pagal ES šalyse taikomą metodiką, naudojant sietų komplektą su skirtingų skersmens skylutėmis. Taip pat buvo ištirtos ir paruoštų granulių svarbiausios fizikinės-mechaninės savybės. / Investigations were carried out in 2012-2013 years in the laboratories of ASU Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Safety and ASU training farm. The aim – to investigate the technological-technical parameters of non-traditional energy plants (elephant grass, fibrous hemp and fibrous nettle) for the preparation and use of biofuels and to determine the chopped and pressed plant physical-mechanical properties and qualitative indicators. In the literature review of presented work was analyzed the plant harvesting and processing technology of biofuels and evaluates the use of plants burning capabilities. After the elephant grass, fibrous hemp and fibrous nettle experimental studies were established the biometric indicators, chopping and milling parameters, and were investigated the chaff and mill physical-mechanical properties. Fractional composition was determined according to the methodology of EU countries, while using the sieves with the different diameter holes. It was also been tested and most important physical-mechanical properties of prepared pellets.

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are ecosystem engineers in that they substantially alter the environment through their unique foraging and feeding habits. At high densities, elephants potentially have negative impacts on the environment, specifically to large trees. Because of this, recent increases of elephants in the Associated Private Nature Reserves (APNR) on the Western Boundary of Kruger National Park, South Africa have caused concern regarding the health of several species of tree. My objective was to assess the effectiveness of wrapping protective wire netting around the trunk of the tree in preventing and reducing bark stripping by elephants. 2,668 trees, 1352 marula (Sclerocarya birrea), 857 knobthorn (Acacia Nigrescens), and 459 false marula (Lannea schweinfurti), were assessed for elephant impact in the APNR, 1387 (52%) of which had previously been wrapped in protective wire netting (789, 548, and 50 respectively). For knobthorn and marula, wire netting significantly decreased the number of the trees that were bark stripped. For all trees, wire netting decreased the level of bark stripping especially for the highest impact levels. No trees wrapped with wire were ringbarked, compared to 23 unwired trees. In addition, wire netting had an effect on the distribution of damage for the highest impact class incurred regardless of type. A higher relative frequency of wired trees were found in lower impact categories compared to unwired trees. Wire netting is a low maintenance and ecologically valuable technique that alleviates bark stripping for some species. The judicial use of wire netting on trees could serve to maintain elephant and trees populations in areas of heavy confinement with locally high densities of elephants.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2007. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 11 2005). Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-107).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaSBF_TESE.pdf: 2706042 bytes, checksum: e909d3cb5ee177d47cc6917725b38335 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In recent years, the area of advanced materials has been considerably, especially when it comes to materials for industrial use, such as is the case with structured porosity of catalysts suitable for catalytic processes. The use of catalysts combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the oxygenate production of high added value, because, in addition to increasing the yield and quality of products, allows you to manipulate the selectivity to a product of interest, and therefore allows greater control over the characteristics of the final product. Based on these arguments, in this work were prepared titanium catalysts supported on MCM-41 for use in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, called elephant grass. The reactions of pyrolysis of biomass were performed in a micro pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC / MS, the company CDS Corporation, headquartered in the United States. The catalysts Ti-MCM-41 in different molar ratios were characterized by XRD, TG / DTG, FT-IR, SEM, XRF, UV-visible adsorption of nitrogen and the distribution of particle diameter and specific surface area measurement by the BET method. From the catalytic tests it was observed that the catalysts synthesized showed good results for the pyrolysis reaction.The main products were obtained a higher yield of aldehydes, ketones and furan. It was observed that the best reactivity is a direct function of the ratio Si/Ti, nature and concentration of the active species on mesoporous supports. Among the catalysts Ti-MCM-41 (molar ratio Si / Ti = 25 and 50), the ratio Si / Ti = 25 (400 ? C and 600 ? C) favored the cracking of oxygenates such as acids , aldehydes, ketones, furans and esters. Already the sample ratio Si / Ti = 50 had the highest yield of aromatic oxygenates / Nos ?ltimos anos, a ?rea de materiais tem avan?ado consideravelmente, principalmente, quando se trata de materiais para uso industrial, como ? o caso de catalisadores estruturados com porosidade adequada para os processos catal?ticos. O uso de catalisadores combinados ao processo de pir?lise r?pida ? uma alternativa para a produ??o de compostos oxigenados de alto valor agregado, pois, al?m de elevar o rendimento e qualidade dos produtos, permite manipular a seletividade para um produto de interesse e, portanto, permite um maior controle sobre as caracter?sticas do produto final. Com base nesses argumentos, neste trabalho foram preparados catalisadores de tit?nio suportados em MCM-41 para uso em pir?lise catal?tica da biomassa, denominada de capim elefante. As rea??es de pir?lise da biomassa foram realizadas em um micro pirolisador, Py-5200, acoplado ao GC/MS, da empresa CDS Corporation, sediada nos Estados Unidos. Os catalisadores Ti-MCM-41, em diferentes raz?es molares, foram caracterizados por DRX, TG/DTG, FT-IR, MEV, FRX, UV-Vis?vel, adsor??o de nitrog?nio, distribui??o de di?metro de part?culas e medidas de ?rea espec?fica pelo m?todo BET. A partir dos testes catal?ticos foi poss?vel observar que os catalisadores sintetizados apresentaram bons resultados para a rea??o de pir?lise. Entre os catalisadores Ti-MCM-41 (raz?es molares Si/Ti = 25 e 50), o de raz?o Si/Ti=25 (temperatura de 400?C e 600?C) favoreceu o craqueamento de compostos oxigenados, tais como, ?cidos, alde?dos, cetonas, furanos e ?steres. J? a amostra de raz?o Si/Ti = 50 apresentou maior rendimento de arom?ticos oxigenados