Troupers: Essays in Three Rings is a collection of fourteen essays focused mainly on variety entertainers (including the author). It leads the reader through a menagerie of the author's own enthusiasms--from clowning and circus elephants, to hot jazz and the ukulele. While the primary occupation of the "troupers"spotlighted here has always been to delight audiences, many of them--both human and animal--could not escape the hardscrabble, the sundered relations, the violence of everyday life. The author tells the stories of these "troupers" here, stories that reveal both their suffering and their refusal to suffer.

As práticas de manejo das pastagens tropicais recomendadas para utilização intensiva da planta permitem ao animal colher material de boa qualidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se a proteína bruta (PB) proveniente do capim seria suficiente para atender as exigências de vacas leiteiras no terço médio da lactação, tornando desnecessária a utilização de suplementos protéicos no concentrado. Buscou-se também a caracterização da PB do capim e a adequação protéica da dieta, visando otimizar a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio. No primeiro estudo, 33 vacas holandesas e mestiças (HPBxJersey), no terço médio da lactação, produzindo em média 20 L dia-1, foram agrupadas em 11 blocos, de acordo com composição racial, dias em lactação e produção de leite e receberam suplemento concentrado com três níveis de PB durante 76 dias. Os concentrados continham milho moído fino, minerais, vitaminas e os três níveis de proteína (T1: 8,7%; T2: 13,4%; T3: 18,1% MS) foram obtidos substituindo-se parte do milho por farelo de soja. O capim elefante foi adubado com 50 kg N ha-1 por pastejo e apresentou teor médio de PB de 18,5%. As produções de leite e de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura, os teores e produções de gordura, proteína e caseína no leite, a síntese de proteína microbiana e o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos teores de PB dos concentrados. A concentração de nitrogênio uréico no leite aumentou linearmente (P<0,01) com o aumento dos teores de PB dos concentrados. A excreção de N pela urina foi maior (P<0,05) para os concentrados contendo farelo de soja (T2 e T3) em relação ao concentrado contendo apenas milho (T1). No segundo estudo, 4 vacas holandesas secas, fistuladas no rúmen, foram distribuídas em um quadrado latino 4x4 e submetidas aos mesmos tratamentos do primeiro estudo, acrescidos de um quarto concentrado (T4) com 13,4% de PB, tendo uréia como fonte de nitrogênio. O CMS foi maior para o T4 (P<0,05), sugerindo deficiência de PDR nos outros tratamentos. Entretanto, essa hipótese não foi confirmada pelos parâmetros ruminais (pH, e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta) e síntese microbiana, que não sofreram efeito dos teores e fontes de PB no concentrado. A concentração de N amoniacal no rúmen foi menor (P<0.05) para T1 do que para os demais tratamentos. A excreção total de N no ambiente acompanhou numericamente o teor de PB dos concentrados, mas as diferenças não foram detectadas pela análise estatística. O terceiro estudo utilizou os mesmos animais e tratamentos do segundo para avaliar a cinética de degradação ruminal da MS, PB e FDN do capim por meio de ensaio in situ. Os concentrados protéicos (T2, T3 e T4) não melhoraram a degradação ruminal do capim, em relação ao concentrado energético (T1), confirmando que a proteína do pasto foi suficiente para maximizar a fermentação ruminal. O fornecimento de farelo de soja no concentrado de vacas em terço médio de lactação, mantidas em pastagens tropicais manejadas intensivamente, não resultou em nenhum benefício produtivo e aumentou a excreção de N no ambiente. / Grazing management techniques are improving the quality of the forage consumed by grazing dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine if forage crude protein (CP) would be sufficient to achieve the nutritional requirements of midlactating dairy cows, making unnecessary the use of protein supplements on the concentrate. It also aimed to characterize the forage CP fractions and to balance the diet protein content to optimize nitrogen use efficiency. In the first trial, 33 Holstein and crossbred (Holstein X Jersey) mid-lactating dairy cows, producing 20 L d-1, were grouped in 11 blocks, according to breed, days in milk and milk yield and were fed three levels of CP on the concentrate supplement for 76 days. Concentrates contained fine ground corn, minerals, vitamins and three CP levels (T1:8.7, T2:13.4 and T3:18.1% DM) that were achieved by replacing corn with soybean meal. Pasture was fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 after each grazing cycle and averaged 18.5% CP. There was no difference (P>0.05) in milk yield, fat corrected milk, fat, protein and casein content and yield, microbial synthesis and dry matter (DM) intake among treatments. Milk urea nitrogen increased linearly (P<0.01) as the concentrate CP content increased. The N urine excretion was greater (P<0.05) with the soybean meal concentrates (T2 and T3) than with the corn concentrate (T1). In the second trial, 4 rumen cannulated Holstein dry cows were used in a 4x4 Latin square and assigned to the same treatments used in the first study plus a fourth concentrate (T4) with 13,4% CP, containing urea instead of soybean meal as the N source. Dry matter intake was greater for T4 (P<0.05), suggesting a PDR deficiency in the other treatments. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed by ruminal parameters (pH and short chain fatty acids concentration) neither by microbial synthesis, that were not affected by the levels or sources of CP on the concentrate. Ruminal ammonia N content numerically increased as the concentrate CP content increased, but no differences were detected by the statistic analysis. The third study used the same animals and treatments of the second study to evaluate the ruminal kinetics of DM, CP and NDF of Elephant grass by an in situ assay. Protein concentrates (T2, T3 and T4) didnt improve forage ruminal degradation in relation to the energy concentrate (T1), confirming that the forage protein content was sufficient to optimize ruminal fermentation. The inclusion of soybean meal in the concentrate of midlactating dairy cows grazing intensively managed tropical grasses didnt result in productive advantage and increased the N excretion to the environment.

Objetivou-se estudar a substituição do milho por polpa cítrica peletizada no concentrado de vacas leiteiras em lactação, durante a estação chuvosa do ano, em pastejo de capim-elefante. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP. O delineamento estatístico foi em Quadrado Latino 4 x 4, analisados utilizando-se o Proc GLM (SAS, 1999). Foi utilizada uma área de 7,8 ha de pastagem dividida em 39 piquetes de 0,2 ha cada, adubada com 80 kg N ha mês-1. Experimento I: Foram utilizadas oito vacas Holandesas com média de 82 dias de lactação e 522,9 kg de PV, no início do período experimental. Os tratamentos continham as seguintes proporções de milho e polpa cítrica: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). As vacas receberam 7,00 kg de concentrado dia-1 (6,3 kg MS), fracionado em duas vezes ao dia. A pastagem foi adubada com 80 kg N ha.mês-1. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no tempo de pastejo (7h22’), ruminação (8h36’), ócio (5h56’) e taxa de bocados (34,4 movimentos min-1). A temperatura retal (38,74 e 39,64ºC) e freqüência respiratória (47,44 e 61,20 movimentos min-1), mensuradas as 8:00 e as 15:30 horas, respectivamente, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (18,5 kg vaca dia-1), percentagens de gordura (3,5%), proteína (3,06%), lactose (4,40%), sólidos totais (13,02%), N-uréico (15,01 mg dL-1) e contagem de células somáticas (203.000 mL-1). O peso vivo (536,8 kg), condição corporal (2,51), glicose plasmática (75,90 mg dL-1), N-uréico plasmático (16,96 mg dL-1) e ácidos graxos livres no plasma (456,12 mEq L-1) também não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Experimento II: Foram utilizadas 11 vacas (7 Holandesas e 4 Jersey), com 427,5 kg de PV e 153,22 dias de lactação, no início do período experimental. Os concentrados continham 21,8% de PB e as respectivas proporções de milho e polpa cítrica: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). As vacas receberam 6,1 kg de concentrado dia-1 (5,5 kg de MS), fracionado em duas vezes ao dia, fornecido após cada ordenha. A pastagem era adubada com 80 kg N ha mês-1. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (13,7 kg vaca dia-1), percentagens de gordura (3,8%), proteína (3,37%), sólidos totais (13,27%), N uréico (14,34 mg dL-1) e contagem de células somáticas (140.450 mL-1). A percentagem de lactose foi diferente (P<0,05) para a maior dose de substituição. O peso vivo (427,2 kg), condição corporal (2,74), glicose plasmática (74,63 mg dL-1), N uréico plasmático (16,74 mg dL-1), e ácidos graxos livres no plasma (417,81 mEq L-1) não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no tempo de pastejo (7h51’), ruminação (7h59’), ócio (6h) e taxa de bocados (37,91 movimentos min-1). A Temperatura retal (38,76 e 39,61ºC) e freqüência respiratória (53,57 e 71,50 movimentos min-1), mensuradas às 8:00 e às 15:30 horas, respectivamente, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). O milho pode ser substituído pela polpa cítrica sem depreciar a produção e composição do leite. / Two experiments were conducted to study the partial substitution of fine ground corn by peleted pulp citric in the concentrate of lactating cows in middle lactation (Experiment I) and in late lactation (Experiment II), grazing elephant - grass pasture. The trials were conducted at the Animal Science Department of ESALQ/USP. In both experiments, the animals were grouped according to milk yield, days in milk and parturition order. The statistical designs were repeated 4 x 4 Latin Square. The data were analysed using the Proc GLM of SAS (1999). Experiment I: Eight Holstein cows (82 DIM and 522.9 kg LBW), at the beginning of the trial were used. The concentrates contained the following corn:peleted citrus pulp proportions: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). The cows received 7 kg of concentrate day-1 (6.3 kg of DM), fractionated in 2 daily meals. The pasture was fertilized with 80 kg N ha.month-1. The forage offer was of 33,6 kg DM of green leaves cow day-1. There was not difference (P>0.05) in the grazing time (7h22’), rumination time (8h36’), leisure time (5h56’) and biting rate (34.4 movements min-1). The rectal temperature (38.74 and 39.64ºC) and respiratory frequency (47.44 and 61.20 movements min-1), measured at 8:00 AM and at 3:30 PM, respectively, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There was not difference (P>0.05) in 3.5 % FCM yield (18.5 kg cow day-1), in the contents of milk fat (3.5%), protein (3.06%), lactose (4.40%) and total solids (13.02%), milk urea-N (15.01 mg dL-1) and of somatic cells (203.000 mL-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The LBW (536.8 kg), BCS (2.51), plasma glucose (75.90 mg dL-1), plasma urea-N (16.96 mg dL-1) and plasma free fat acids (456.12 mEq L-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Experiment II: Eleven cows were used, 7 Holstein and 4 Jersey (427.5 kg LBW and 153.22 DIM), at the beginning of the trial. The concentrates were 21.8% of CP (DM bases), and the respective corn:peleted citric pulp ratio were: 100:0 (T0); 75:25 (T25); 50:50 (T50); 25:75 (T75). The cows were fed 6.1 kg day-1 of concentrate (5.5 kg of DM), fractionated in 2 daily meals, after each milking. There was not difference (P>0.05) in 3.5 FCM yield (13.7 kg cow day-1), in the content of milk fat (3.8%), protein (3.37%) and total solids (13.27%), milk urea-N (14.34 mg dL-1) and somatic cells (140,450 mL-1). The lactose content was lower (P<0.05) for the 25:75 diet. The LBW (427.2 kg), BCS (2.74), plasma glucose (74.63 mg dL-1), plasma urea-N (16.74 mg dL-1), and plasma free fat acids (417.81 mEq L-1) were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). There were no difference (P>0.05) in the grazing time (7h51’), rumination time (7h59’), leisure time (6h) and biting rate (37.91 movements min-1). The rectal temperature (38.76 and 39.61ºC) and respiratory frequency (53.57 and 71.50 movements min-1), measured at 8:00 and at 15:30 hours, respectively, were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). The corn can be substituted by the citric pulp without depreciating the milk yield and content.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-18T17:08:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Zaika, Marina Gadens.pdf: 3417069 bytes, checksum: e7a555d3e211bdb7368517e8e8789617 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T17:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Zaika, Marina Gadens.pdf: 3417069 bytes, checksum: e7a555d3e211bdb7368517e8e8789617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-10 / A pesquisa teve como objetivo a avaliação dos parâmetros de tratabilidade, designados assim, como as variáveis, fatores, configurações hidráulicas e de operação, que por hipótese, potencialmente oferecessem influência no processo de melhoria da qualidade da água residuária (concentrado salino) decorrente da dessalinização por ultrafiltração e osmose reversa, através da aplicação de Sistemas Alagados Construídos, cultivados com capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.). Os estudos foram conduzidos em escala de bancada, dentro de uma estufa agrícola semi-climatizada. Foram confeccionadas doze unidades experimentais, e estabelecidos quatro configurações de tratamento com três repetições cada, operadas e monitoradas durante cinco meses, variando em função da operação do sistema, se de fluxo contínuo ou de regime estático, e também no tempo de detenção hidráulica de três ou quatro dias. Amostras de água foram coletadas na entrada e na saída de cada unidade, e foram analisados em laboratório para a caracterização físico-química e monitoramento dos parâmetros: pH, alcalinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, salinidade, dureza, cálcio, cloretos, sulfatos, condutividade elétrica, sólidos dissolvidos totais e demanda química de oxigênio. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey, em nível de 95% de confiança, utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR. Os sistemas que foram submetidos ao regime estático, com tempo de detenção hidráulica de quatro dias, nas três primeiras semanas de operação, mostraram ser mais eficientes na remoção média de salinidade (53,1%), dureza (69,2%), cálcio (66,7%), cloreto (44,5%), condutividade elétrica (40,7%) e sólidos dissolvidos totais (86,7%). A planta conseguiu absorver 0,25% do íon sódio pelas suas raízes para a sua nutrição, segundo resultados de ensaio de microscopia eletrônica. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the treatability parameters, which were defined as variables, factors, hydraulic and operating configurations, which, by hypothesis, could potentially influence the process of improving the quality of wastewater (brine) resulting from desalination by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, through the application of Constructed Flooded Systems, cultivated with elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.). The studies were conducted on bench scale, within a semi-heated agricultural greenhouse. Twelve experimental units were established, and four treatment configurations were established with three replicates each, operated and monitored for five months, varying according to the operation of the system, whether continuous or static, and also in the hydraulic holding time of three or four days. Samples of water were collected at the entrance and exit of each unit, and were analyzed in the laboratory for the physico-chemical characterization and monitoring of parameters: pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, hardness, calcium, chlorides, sulfates, conductivity total dissolved solids and chemical oxygen demand. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, at a 95% confidence level, using the statistical program SISVAR. The systems that were submitted to the static regime, with hydraulic detention time of four days, during the first three weeks of operation, showed to be more efficient in the average removal of salinity (53.1%), hardness (69.2%), calcium (66.7%), chloride (44.5%), electrical conductivity (40.7%) and total dissolved solids (86.7%). The plant was able to absorb 0.25% of the sodium ion by its roots for its nutrition, according to results of the electron microscopy.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-11T21:04:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 13e.pdf: 3156102 bytes, checksum: da00a19d9782f6ac017289a5d272ac1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-11T21:04:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 13e.pdf: 3156102 bytes, checksum: da00a19d9782f6ac017289a5d272ac1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / INCT-APA - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Antártico de Pesquisas Ambientais / PROANTAR - Programa Antártico Brasileiro / SECIRM - Secretaria Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar / MMA - Ministério do meio Ambiente / INCT-APA - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Antártico de Pesquisas Ambientais / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O nicho realizado de duas espécies precisa ser diferente, para que estas espécies possam coexistir de maneira estável. Pygoscelis papua e P. antarcticus reproduzem simpatricamente na Ilha Elefante, Antártica. Foram coletadas amostras de conteúdo estomacal e realizado biometria das duas espécies para analisar a dieta e a sobreposição de nicho. Um total de 56 amostras de P. papua e 71 amostras de P. antarcticus foram coletadas durante dois períodos de reprodução austral, 2010/11 e 2011/12, na região de Stinker Point. A proporção de itens variou entre as espécies de pinguins e entre os táxons representados. E. superba foi a presa de maior abundância comparado com outros itens alimentares, com aproximadamente 69% FO para P. papua e 98% FO para P. antarcticus. Foram encontradas nove espécies de peixe, seis espécies de crustáceos e uma espécie de cefalópode, identificados a nível específico. Existe uma diferença significativa entre os fatores, espécie de pinguim, tamanho da carapaça e sexo de krill antártico, quando comparados entre si. Além disso, a biometria indica que o comprimento do bico e peso de P. papua são maiores que em P. antarcticus, da mesma forma que o bico é mais alto e mais largo em P. antarcticus. Tais diferenças morfológicas podem explicar as diferenças no forrageio. Foi observada uma sobreposição de nicho trófico entre as espécies, pela utilização dos mesmos recursos, uma vez que estas espécies ocorrem simpatricamente na mesma região. Este estudo demonstra que a variação específica do nicho trófico ocupado pelas espécies pode ser definida pelo comportamento de forrageio e pela seleção dos recursos alimentares de cada espécie. É importante a recomendação destas espécies como indicadores de qualidade ambiental, adicionando questões como a variabilidade local, pois o nicho trófico pode alterar ao longo do tempo. / The two species realized niche needs to be different, since these species can coexist stably. Pygoscelis papua and P. antarcticus breed simpatricaly on Elephant Island, Antarctica. Stomach content samples were collected and biometrics of both species was measured in order to analyze the diet and the niche overlap. A total of 56 P. papua samples and 71 P. antarcticuss samples were collected, during the two austral breeding seasons, 2010/11 and 2011/12, on the Stinker Point region. The proportion of items ranged from the penguin species and among the taxa represented. E. superba was the most abundant prey compared with other food items, with approximately 69% FO for P. papua, and 98% FO for P. antarcticus. We found nine species of fish, six species of crustaceans and one species of cephalopod, identified by the specific level. There is a significant difference between the factors, species of penguin, carapace length and sex of antarctic krill, when compared with each other. In addition, the biometrics indicates that length of P. papua’s beak and weight are larger than P. antarcticus, but P. antarcticus has the highest and widest beak measures. Such morphological differences may explain differences in foraging. We observed a niche overlap of species, by the use of the same food resources, once these species occurs simpatricaly in the same region. This study also demonstrated that the specific variation of trophic niches occupied by the species may be defined by the foraging behavior and by the selection of the food resources. It is important the recommendation of these species as indicators of environmental quality, adding issues such as local variability since the trophic niche may change over the time.

Compromised welfare and wellbeing of elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) in captive facilities are significant and global problems. The period between birth and two years old is crucial for calf survival and social and environmental learning. Behaviour and developmental processes among captive elephant calves in these first years were compared with those seen in wild calves. Wild elephants calves develop within a complex, varied social context and provide one reference for normal patterns of development. Such comparisons enable insights into welfare at captive facilities. Eleven captive elephant calves born at three UK facilities were studied from birth to 18 months (AsianN=6; AfricanN=5). Older calves (AsianN=2; AfricanN=2) were also sampled up to 3.5 years; making a total of 15 calves studied from 2009 to 2014. Due to the small sample size, the 11 younger calves were also discussed as individual case studies. By 2017, only two of these case study calves were both alive and not orphaned. Three additional calves (AsianN=1; AfricanN=2) died on their day of birth and were not sampled. This small sample highlights the ongoing lack of self-sustaining populations of captive elephants. This thesis collated systematic behavioural observations on captive calves across 373 days (483.5hrs). Calf maintenance activities (feeding, resting, moving), associations with mother and others, interactions and calf play were compared with behavioural observations of wild AsianN=101 (74hrs, Uda Walawe, Sri Lanka) and wild AfricanN=130 (252hrs, Amboseli, Kenya) calves from ~birth to five yrs. Mothers’ (captive: AsianN=4; AfricanN=4; wild: AsianN=90; AfricanN=105) activities were also recorded to explore synchrony with calves. Captive calves raised by their mothers had similar activity budgets to those seen in the wild. Expected age-related declines in suckling were found in captivity. However, captive calves were more independent than wild calves for their age in distance from mother and spent significantly more time in play. A Decision Tree for whether to breed elephants in captivity was developed; benefits that a calf potentially brings to companions, e.g. multi-generational matrilineal groups, enabling social bonding and reducing abnormal behaviours, were considered against space required for families to grow and divide naturally over time, as well as ensuring that captive-bred males are socially sustained. It was recommended that facilities invest in future enclosure/housing designs which permit: free-access to other elephants; 24hr trickle feeding; juvenile males allowed to stay with their maternal group for longer, encouraging learning opportunities and further retaining age-structure/composition. Conversely, facilities unwilling to house a male or provide appropriate group size/composition are recommended to cease breeding.

The waters of the open ocean constitute the largest living space on Earth but despite its obvious significance to the biosphere, the open ocean remains an unexplored frontier. With a regional focus on the Indian Ocean, this thesis investigates (i) the distribution of pelagic biota on basin scales, (ii) the effect of abrupt topography on pelagic biota and their predator-prey relationships, and (iii) the use of genetic techniques to elucidate population connectivity and dispersal of pelagic taxa. (i) Pelagic scattering layers (SLs) were surveyed with scientific echosounders across the southwest (SWIO) and central Indian Ocean to investigate their vertical and geographical distribution. Structurally distinct SL regimes were found across the Subantarctic Front, and may explain recently observed foraging behaviours of southern elephant seals. Regression models indicated a close relationship between sea surface temperature and mean volume backscatter, with significantly elevated backscatter in the subtropical convergence zone. The heterogeneous distribution of scattering layer biota may have implications for predator foraging and carbon cycling in the Indian Ocean. (ii) Acoustic surveys revealed diverse interactions between SLs, aggregations and topography around islands as well as shallow ( < 200m) and intermediate (200-800m) seamounts at spatial scales from 1 to 100 km. Epi-and mesopelagic backscatter was increased around reefs and banks of the Chagos archipelago, indicating connectivity between oceanic and neritic systems. SWIO seamounts harboured summit-associated aggregations, but the distributions of surrounding SLs did not follow a general pattern. Downstream SL depletion was observed in one location and combined with stomach content analyses, provides an insight into the mechanics of prey flux between open-ocean and seamount ecosystems. (iii) A mitochondrial marker was used to assess the population structure and demography of the hatchetfish Argyropelecus aculeatus in the SWIO. The results are suggestive of a single, well-connected population and indicate a recent population expansion around 0.14 million years ago. This highlights that even highly abundant mesopelagic populations are vulnerable to global climatic changes. Dispersal and recruitment are key ecological processes structuring seamount communities and are directly relevant for the management of exploited populations. Genetic barcoding was evaluated as a means to identify cryptic larval specimens of eels (leptocephali) and spiny lobsters (phyllosomata). Identification success was limited, but indicated the presence of 3-4 phyllosoma clades and 5-6 leptocephalus clades along the SWIR.

Salivary cortisol is becoming an effective method with which to quantify cortisol levels, including the ability to track diurnal patterns and acute stress fluctuations. The purpose of this study was to validate salivary cortisol for use in African elephants (Loxodonta Africana), establish baseline cortisol values in three African elephants at Zoo Atlanta and explore the relationship between cortisol and various behaviors and husbandry events. Elephant salivary cortisol was found to be a valid measure based on correlations with serum cortisol and serial dilution results. Salivary cortisol also decreased across the day, but no definitive patterns were revealed. Using baseline values, salivary cortisol was used to examine the effects of enrichment, maintenance and novel training, and a mild stressor. Maintenance training was found to lead to lower cortisol values than novel training. Salivary cortisol after enrichment did not differ from individual overall means. The mild stressor initiated a rise in salivary cortisol. The final focus of this study was to investigate the link between salivary cortisol and stereotypic behavior. Stereotypies are described as repetitive behaviors with little variance and no discernible function or goal. There is not a straightforward relationship between stereotypies and welfare. Analysis of salivary cortisol at various durations into swaying bouts established that swaying appears to decrease cortisol levels. Additionally, behavioral data were collected. Behavioral data confirmed anecdotal reports of circular dominance in these animals. Behavioral data also revealed that although these individuals spend the majority of their time consuming food, one individual in particular devotes a significant amount of her time to swaying, a percentage much higher than that found when Wilson, Bloomsmith, and Maple (2004) examined stereotypic swaying rates in these same animals. Results of this study have direct ramifications for the current management requirements for captive elephants around the world. It helps tap into aspects of psychological well being of captive elephants to elucidate factors influencing welfare and stereotypic behavior. Research of this nature is a critical endeavor if we are to appropriately manage these magnificent animals in captivity.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Dans un contexte de remise en cause de la présence animale au sein des sociétés humaines, cette thèse propose une analyse des conditions et des implications du vivre-ensemble entre les éléphants et les Khamti dans le Nord-Est indien. L’approche retenue se situe à la croisée de l’anthropologie des humains et des non-humains, de l’anthropologie de la nature, de l’anthropologie de la conservation, ainsi que de la sociologie et de la clinique du travail. L’enquête se base sur un travail ethnographique qui a pris en compte la participation et l’engagement intersubjectif des Khamti et des pachydermes. Elle traite des différents aspects du vivre-ensemble avec les éléphants : depuis la naissance, qui passe par la capture et la socialisation d’un éléphant de forêt, jusqu’à la manière dont évoluent et perdurent les liens initialement noués au travail. Élargissant l’objet d’étude à l’échelle nationale indienne et au sort des éléphants vivant à l’état de liberté naturelle, une réflexion est menée sur le devenir du vivre-ensemble. Les conclusions soulignent la centralité du travail dans les liens entre les Khamti et les éléphants. De manière plus générale, la thèse ouvre un questionnement sur la place des animaux dans les sociétés humaines. Concernant l’éléphant d’Asie, face aux effets pervers des projets de conservation engagés en faveur de l’espèce (menacée d’extinction) et contre les campagnes menées pour « libérer » les éléphants vivant parmi les hommes, les Khamti, en travaillant avec ces animaux, pérennisent leurs relations avec eux et apparaissent comme étant les meilleurs protecteurs des éléphants et, potentiellement, les meilleurs conservateurs de l’espèce aujourd’hui. / In a context of called into question the presence of animals within human societies, this thesis proposes an analysis of the conditions and implications of living together between elephants and the Khamtis in Northeast India. The approach adopted is at the crossroads of the anthropology of humans and non-humans, the anthropology of nature, the anthropology of conservation, as well as the sociology and clinic of work. The survey is based on an ethnographic work that took into account the participation and the intersubjective engagement of the Khamtis and the pachyderms. It deals with various aspects of living together with elephants: since the birth, which involves the capture and socialization of a forest elephant, to the way in which links initially tied evolve and persist in their work. Expanding the scope of the study on the Indian national level and on the fate of elephants living in a state of natural liberty, a reflection on the future of living together is made. The conclusions stress the centrality of work in the relationships between elephants and the Khamtis. More generally, this thesis opens a questioning of animal's place in human societies. Regarding the Asian elephant, against the side effects of conservation projects committed to the species (endangered) and against the campaigns to "liberate" the animals living among men, the Khamtis, by working with those animals, perpetuate their relationships with them and appear to be the best protectionists of elephants and, potentially, the best conservationists of the species nowadays.