Du fait de l’isolement géographique de l’océan austral et des conditions météorologiques qui y règnent, la collecte de données océanographiques par les moyens conventionnels est particulièrement couteuse dans cette région du globe. Pour pallier à ces difficultés, l’utilisation d’enregistreurs électroniques embarqués sur des prédateurs marins, et notamment sur les éléphants de mer austraux, s’est révélée être une approche intéressante. Les femelles éléphants de mer s’alimentent en grande partie de petits poissons méso-pélagiques bioluminescents, les myctophidés. Leur forte abondance et leur comportement de migration nycthémérale confèrent à ces organismes un rôle écologique de première importance dans l’océan austral. Cependant, la distribution spatiale des proies de l’éléphant de mer, et les processus physiques et biologiques qui influent sur la dynamique de cette distribution sont encore mal connus. Cette thèse se propose d’enquêter sur ces sujets à partir des données à haute fréquence d’échantillonnage collectées par des femelles éléphants de mer. L’analyse du comportement de plongée des femelles éléphants de mer, en relation avec les variations du taux de rencontre de proie dont les données d’accélération permettent d'avoir une estimation, est au cœur des différents travaux développés dans cette thèse. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent notamment, (1) une diminution de l’abondance des proies avec la profondeur ainsi qu’une homogénéisation de leur distribution, (2) une distribution en couches de cette ressource, (3) l’intervention de contraintes verticales délimitant l’étendue verticale de ces couches et ainsi capable de moduler leur densité, (4) au sein des couches, une dispersion relativement importante des proies en comparaison de la portée des capacités de perception du prédateur, et enfin (5) un rôle significatif des tourbillons méso-échelle et de leur bordure sur la structuration de la distribution des ressources alimentaires de l’éléphant de mer durant l’été austral. / Because of the remoteness and harsh meteorological conditions of the southern ocean, data sampling is more costly in this area. Use of electronic devices attached to marine predators (Bio-logging), such as southern elephant seals, has emerged as an interesting approach to cope with this problem. Female southern elephant seals primarily feed on small bioluminescent meso-pelagic fishes called myctophids. Because of their large abundance and of their diel vertical migration behaviour, these organisms have a major ecological importance in the southern ocean. However, the spatial distribution of the elephant seals prey, as well as the bio-physical processes affecting the dynamics of this distribution, are still poorly known. This thesis intends to investigate this issue using high sampling frequency bio-logging data collected by female southern elephant seals. This work is based on the analysis of elephant seals diving behaviour in relation to changes in the occurrence of prey encounter events detected from acceleration data. Our results suggest that (1) prey abundance decreases with depth and that their distribution tend to standardize, (2) prey are distributed into layers, (3) vertical constraints could modulate the prey density by acting on the vertical spread of these layers, (4) prey items are well dispersed in comparison to the perception range of elephant seals, and finally (5) that meso-scale eddies, notably their edges, play a structuring role in the prey distribution during the austral summer.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-30T12:00:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMB.pdf: 2553777 bytes, checksum: 21e951a2087a84913403141b819234c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T13:44:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMB.pdf: 2553777 bytes, checksum: 21e951a2087a84913403141b819234c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T13:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMB.pdf: 2553777 bytes, checksum: 21e951a2087a84913403141b819234c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T13:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMB.pdf: 2553777 bytes, checksum: 21e951a2087a84913403141b819234c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The type and operational conditions of a bioreactor chosen during the production phase of a product of interest affect not only the morphology and growth of filamentous microorganisms but also the product itself. Still the most common process to produce bioproducts is submerged cultures in conventional stirred and aerated bioreactors, with impeller of type six flat-blade turbine, or Rushton turbine (RT), which promotes good mixing and suitable oxygen transfer, but its power consumption is high and it causes high shear rate to the broth creating a hostile environment to the microorganisms. Alternatively, an impeller of the type “Elephant Ear” (EE) is shown in the literature as a “low shear” impeller, more suitable for the cultivation of shear sensitive microorganisms. This impeller creates a mixed flow (axial and radial) of broth with down flow (EEDP) or up (EEUP) depending on its geometry. This study aimed to evaluate the best association of impellers for filamentous fungi cultures in a conventional bioreactor. Initially the volumetric coefficient of oxygen transfer (kLa) and the power consumption of seven different association of impellers were evaluated. The results obtained the factorial design methodology showed that the associations EEDP-EEUP, RT-EEDP, and EEDP-RT, showed the best results regarding the oxygen transfer and the power consumption, being up to 87% more efficient than the standard RT-RT association. Two of the better performing association and the traditional (RT-RT) were selected to be evaluated regarding the shearing, by using empirical equations and the size of the eddies, evaluated by the Kolmogorov microscale. The association that showed higher values on the Kolmogorov scale and least shearing was EEDPEEUP, with shearing up to 60% lower than the RT-RT association. In the last step the effects of shear on the morphology of the fungi Aspergillus niger was evaluated. Short-term cultures (4h) were cultivated so that the cellular growth would not harm the analysis. The results showed that on the culture that used the EEDP-EEUP association the morphological form of cell clumps predominated, while on the culture that used the RT-RT association the morphological form of branched hyphae predominated, suggesting that the RT-RT association causes more shearing and can cause irreversible damage to the fungal cells. / O crescimento celular e a morfologia de microrganismos filamentosos, bem como o produto de interesse são afetados pelo modelo de biorreator e pelas condições de operação adotadas durante a etapa de produção. O processo mais adotado industrialmente para produção de bioprodutos ainda são os cultivos submersos em biorreatores convencionais tipo tanque agitado e aerado, sendo o impelidor tipo turbina de seis pás planas ou turbina de Rushton (RT) o mais utilizado por promover boa mistura e adequada transferência de oxigênio, porém seu consumo de potência é alto além de impor alto cisalhamento ao caldo gerando um ambiente hostil ao microrganismo. Alternativamente, o impelidor tipo “orelha de Elefante” ou “Elephant ear” (EE) é apresentado na literatura como um impelidor de “baixo cisalhamento” mais adequado para o cultivo dos microrganismos sensíveis ao cisalhamento. Esse impelidor promove um escoamento misto (axial e radial) do caldo com escoamento para baixo (EEDP) ou para cima (EEUP) dependendo da sua geometria. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as melhores associações de impelidores para cultivos de fungos filamentosos em biorreator convencional. Primeiramente sete diferentes associações foram avaliadas em relação ao coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de oxigênio (kLa) e consumo de energia. Os resultados obtidos utilizando a metodologia de planejamento experimental fatorial mostraram que as configurações EEDP-EEUP, RT-EEDP e EEDP-RT foram as que apresentaram melhores resultados em relação à transferência de oxigênio e consumo de potência, com eficiência até 87% superior à associação padrão RT-RT. Foram então selecionadas duas das associações de melhor desempenho e a tradicional (RT-RT) para serem avaliadas em relação ao cisalhamento, através de equações empíricas e em relação ao tamanho dos turbilhões, avaliado pela microescala de Kolmogorov. A associação que apresentou maiores valores para microescala de Kolmogorov e menor cisalhamento foi a EEDP-EEUP, com cisalhamento até 60% inferior que a observada quando utilizada a associação RT-RT. Na última etapa verificou-se os efeitos do cisalhamento na morfologia do fungo Aspergillus niger. Foram realizados cultivos de curta duração (4 h) para evitar que o crescimento celular prejudicasse a análise. Os resultados mostraram que no cultivo utilizando o sistema EEDP-EEUP predominou a forma morfológica de aglomerados celulares (clumps), enquanto que no cultivo com impelidores Rushton (RT-RT) predominou a forma morfológica de hifas ramificadas, sugerindo um cisalhamento mais intenso provocado por este sistema de agitação, que pode acarretar danos irreversíveis às células fúngicas.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T12:40:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Leal Viana.pdf: 1623265 bytes, checksum: 5707cff554bc2506977fb551f2f6b45e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T12:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Leal Viana.pdf: 1623265 bytes, checksum: 5707cff554bc2506977fb551f2f6b45e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-27 / The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA) located in Itambé, dry rainforest region of Pernambuco. The objective was to estimate the coefficients of repeatability, of determination (R2) and the number of measures needed to predict the real value [using principal component analysis (PCA)] to variable morphophysiological and productive, and the responses dwarf elephant grass pasture under grazing sheep. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with five Pennisetum purpureum clones were evaluated: Taiwan A-146 2.27, Taiwan A-146 2.37, Taiwan A-146 2114, Merker Mexico MX 6.31 and Mott. Evaluations were performed during five grazing cycles, from September 2008 to April 2009. Twenty five sheep (42 kg average liveweight) were used in a mobgrazing protocol, leaving the paddock at 30 cm of residual stubble height. The clones were managed under rotational stocking, with 32 days of resting period and three days of grazing period for cycles 1, 2, and 5, and 64 days of resting period and two days ofgrazing period for cycles 3 and 4. Response variables analyzed at pre- and post-grazing included leaf area index, light interception, leaf angle, average sward height, green portion of herbage mass (DM basis). In addition, we estimated net herbage accumulation (ALF), in kg DM ha-1 cycle-1, and net herbage accumulation rate (TALF), in kg DM ha-1 day-1. Data were analyzed by univariate or multivariate analysis of repeated measures over time in the SAS. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. According to the PCA, for the variables LAI and LI in cycles of shorter period of regrowth, and height of plants in the cycles of higher period of rest is needed only one measurement (R2=0.80), classifying them among the characteristics evaluatedas the easiest prediction in elephant grass clones. Assessments for NHA and NHAR size of dwarf elephant grass, under grazing, need long experimental periods. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA), no município de Itambé, Zona da Mata Seca de Pernambuco, com o objetivo de estimar os coeficientes de repetibilidade, de determinação (R2) e o número mínimo de medições necessárias para predizer o valor real [pela análise dos componentes principais (ACP)] para variáveis morfofisiológicas e produtivas, bem como as respostas dos pastos de capim elefante de porte baixo sob o pastejo de ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco clones de Pennisetum purpureum (Taiwan A-146 2.27, Taiwan A-146 2.37, Taiwan-146 2.114, Merker México MX 6.31, e Mott). As avaliações foram realizadas em cinco ciclos de pastejo, compreendidos entre os meses de setembro de 2008 a abril de 2009. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos, com peso médio de 42 kg, como animais pastejadores em “mobgrazing”, buscando-se a altura de 30 cm de resíduo pós-pastejo. Os clones foram manejados sob lotação intermitente, sendo 32 dias de descanso e três de pastejo para os ciclos 1, 2 e 5 e 64 dias de descanso e dois de pastejo para os ciclos 3 e 4. As variáveisanalisadas foram índice de área foliar, interceptação luminosa, ângulos foliares médios realizados, alturas médias do dossel e massa de forragem seca verde (MSV), no pré e pós pastejo. Foram estimados ainda o acúmulo líquido de forragem (ALF), em kg MS ha-1 ciclo-1 e a taxa de acúmulo líquido de forragem (TALF), em kg MS ha-1 dia-1. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise univariada ou multivariada de medidas repetidas no tempo no SAS. Para comparação das médias foi utilizado o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. De acordo com a ACP, para as variáveis IAF e IL nos ciclos de menor período de rebrota, e altura média de plantas nos ciclos de maior período de descanso é necessário apenas uma medição (R2=0,80), classificando-as entre às características avaliadas como as de mais fácil predição em clones de capim elefante. Avaliações de ALF e de TALF para capim elefante de porte baixo, sob pastejo, necessitam de períodos experimentais mais longos.

Freshwater fish are the most imperilled vertebrate group with a high projected extinction rate. In general, the world's freshwater ichthyofauna is in a poor state and is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution, the effects of alien species, damming, water extraction and overfishing. Within South Africa, legislation supporting the conservation of aquatic habitats and its associated fauna is strong, but there is a lack of capacity and poor co-ordination between agencies responsible for the conservation and management. The Greater Addo Elephant National Park (GAENP) includes the upper catchments of five of the Sundays River tributaries. Since the optimal method of conserving freshwater aquatic biota is to conserve the headwaters of either the river or its tributaries, there is an opportunity to conserve the native ichthyofauna of the Sundays River system. The principal objective of this thesis was, therefore, to provide information pertinent to the conservation and management of the fishes in the Sundays River system. Sixteen species of freshwater and estuarine fish were sampled, of which eight were alien. Species composition in each of the rivers, with the exception of the Kabouga River, had changed significantly from previous studies. The distribution ranges of several indigenous species had reduced, while those of some alien species was increased. Two species not previously recorded, Labeo capensis and Gambusia affinis, were sampled. Alien species were sampled from all the tributaries. Diversity indices and community assemblage models were identified as approaches for monitoring the ichthyofauna in this species depauperate system. Diversity indices were not recommended for use as a monitoring tool, as they provided insufficient detail on community composition and structure. A modified depletion estimator was applied to multiple pass electrofishing data to determine the effects of various physico-chemical variables on the absolute abundance of Pseudobarbus afer, an endangered species. Pseudobarbus afer density was found to be positively correlated to the presence of boulders. Where P. afer were present, they were abundant. Of the total sampled catch, 21.8% was comprised of alien fishes. Clarias gariepinus was the most successful invader having penetrated all but one of the tributaries. Micropterus salmoides changed the species composition of the Wit River significantly through predation, and is potentially the most dangerous of the alien species in the Sundays River system, capable of extirpating a population of P. afer in as little as three days. Only one man-made barrier to the upstream migration of alien fishes was present on the tributaries, and several addition barriers are required to safeguard the populations of indigenous fish in the headwaters of these tributaries. Several management and conservation tools are presented and discussed, including river rehabilitation, translocation, eradication of alien species, erection of barrier weirs and captive breeding programmes. Public awareness and education is stressed because without support from the communities surrounding the GAENP, management plans for conservation of the indigenous ichthyofauna will, in all likelihood, fail.

Living in tune with nature means respecting the natural environment and realizing its power and the ways it manifests in daily life. This essay focuses on the ways in which respect for nature is expressed through animal imagery in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, Mark Twain's "The Stolen White Elephant," Roughing It, and Pudd'nhead Wilson, and Jack London's The Call of the Wild. Each author encouraged readers to seek the benefits of nature in order to become better human beings, forge stronger communities, and develop a more unified nation and world. By learning from the positive example of the animals, we learn how to share our world with them and with each other.

This qualitative multiple case study explored human-elephant conflict-coexistence relationships and issues of conservation in Namibia (Damaraland) and Sri Lanka (Wasgamuwa) from a posthumanist, multispecies perspective. Within each region, conflict between humans and elephants is considered high, elephants are considered endangered and are of high conservation priority, the human population has grown significantly, and community-based organizations are implementing holistic approaches to increase positive relations between humans and elephants. This study was guided by research questions that explored the current landscape of the human-elephant-conservation nexus within each region, the shared histories between humans and elephants over time, and the value in utilizing more-than-human theoretical and methodological frameworks to enhance human-elephant relationships and support conservation efforts. Data collection methods included participant observation, naturalistic observation, interviews, visual data, and documents. Data was triangulated and analyzed within each case, as well as across cases. Major themes were identified within each case that describe unique contexts, cultures, and shared histories. These findings were then analyzed comparatively. Emergent themes across cases identified ways that a more-than-human framework may be useful in fostering coexistence between humans and elephants and supporting conservation efforts. This study contributes to the evolving scholarship on multispecies approaches to inquiry and methodology from the position of conflict resolution scholar, supports a more inclusive framework for analyzing human-wildlife conflicts, discusses theoretical and methodological implications in multispecies research, and provides recommendations for future research.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

In the UK, the unprecedented cuts to local budgets, implemented by the national governments from 2010 to the present day, have pushed local authorities to reconsider their scope, their role and their action. The ever decreasing budgets have de facto transformed local councils from service providers to territorial entrepreneurs, as the pressing pursuit of revenues has placed the economic profit at the core of the local policy-making. Urban planning plays a central role in this shift in mindset. The British planning system has been remodelled so to facilitate the implementation of development processes, as these grant revenues from planning obligations, uplifts in land values and higher income from taxes. The reform of the planning system has however conceded free rein to developers, especially through the introduction of the Development Viability Appraisal, a document which they use to reduce the provision of affordable housing, in favour of luxury housing tenures. Therefore, in London the mechanisms that rule the territorial transformations exacerbate the existing housing crisis and force local communities to face displacement. Austerity has thus initiated a cascade-effect whose negative externalities are tangible at the very local level. The emerged topics find their concretization in the description of the Heygate Estate regeneration.

La dynamique océanique, notamment dans les régions Australes, se caractérise par d'importantes fluctuations induites par les processus à mésoéchelle (tourbillons, 100-200km) et à sous-mésoéchelle (filaments, <50km). Ces processus sont connus pour stimuler fortement le développement du phytoplancton et avec lui l'ensemble de la chaine trophique. Toutefois les relations entre la distribution des proies et celle des prédateurs sont encore loin d'être bien connues pour la plupart des espèces marines. C'est en particulier le cas pour l'éléphant de mer austral (EDM) dont les proies souvent localisées à grandes profondeurs. Cette thèse s’est intéressée à étudier comment le comportement de plongée et de chasse des EDM est influencé par les variations à fine échelle de l'environnement. Une des originalités de cette thèse a été d’utiliser les mesures à très haute résolution récoltées par les éléphants de mer qui constituent un jeu de données 3-D in-situ unique à sous-mésoéchelle, puis de les combiner aux mesures satellites plus classiques de température et d'altimétrie. Ce travail a montré, pour la première fois à l’aide de données in-situ très haute résolution, l’importance des zones frontales à sous-mésoéchelle dans le comportement alimentaire d’un prédateur supérieur. De plus, elle a permis le développement d’une méthode originale d’identification des zones frontales à fine échelle et confirmé la pertinence de la méthode Quasi-Géostrophique de Surface (SQG) dans l’étude de la dynamique fine échelle, notamment dans les perspectives des futures missions spatiales à hautes résolutions (de type SWOT). / Ocean dynamics, especially in the southern ocean, are caracterized by strong fluctuation due to mesoscale (eddies, 100-200km) and submesoscale (filaments, <50km) processes. Theses processes are known to strongly stimulate primary production and with him the rest of the trophic chain. However, in marine ecosystems, relationship between prey and predator distribution remain challenging to understand. Such complexe link exist within the Southern Elephant Seal (SES) and their deep diving prey.This PhD worked to understand how the SES diving and foraging behaviour is impacted by submesoscale variation of the environment. Two original aspects of this work was first to use the very high resolution measurement from SES as an unique 3-D in-situ submesoscale dataset and then to combine it to, more classic, satellite temperature and altimetry measurement. This work showed, for the first time the in-situ impact of submesoscale frontal regions on one top predator foraging behaviour. Furthermore, during this study, an original method to identify fine scale frontal regions was developped. Finally, this PhD confirm the relevant use of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic method in the study of fine scale dynamics, especially in the possibility of high resolution spatial missions (such as SWOT).

Dans « La littérature franco-ontarienne à la recherche d’une nouvelle voie : enjeux du particularisme et de l’universalisme » (2002), Lucie Hotte signale que les artistes francophones minoritaires, ayant longtemps puisé dans l’esthétique particulariste, optent maintenant pour une esthétique de l’univeralisme. Jane Moss confirme l’hypothèse de Hotte dans son article, « Francophone Theatre in Western Canada : Dramatic Tales of Disappearing Francophones » (2009). Moss observe qu’au sein du théâtre francophone dans l’Ouest canadien s’opère une transition quant à la représentation de l’identité francophone minoritaire vers un courant postmoderne où les dramaturges, mettant de côté les récits mémoriels nostalgiques, se penchent plutôt sur des thématiques plus universelles. Tout de même, le questionnement identitaire demeure latent à travers ces pièces. Par ailleurs, dans La distance habitée (2003) François Paré remarque que les énonciateurs minoritaires retiennent souvent une mémoire de migration et d’itinérance; que cette distance métaphorique les « habite »; et qu’ils se voient constamment forcés de négocier cette « distance » entre eux et la communauté majoritaire où ils vivent. Partant du constat du Moss, ce mémoire analyse l’énonciation de trois personnages/énonciateurs dans trois monologues fransaskois contemporains, soit Il était une fois Delmas, Sask... mais pas deux fois! d’André Roy, Elephant Wake de Joey Tremblay et Rearview de Gilles Poulin-Denis. Nous examinerons leur identité complexe, riche et problématique. Pour analyser l’énonciation de chacun des personnages, nous nous appuyons sur l’analyse de discours telle que développée par Dominique Maingueneau. Ce faisant, nous visons à combler une lacune importante dans la recherche sur le théâtre fransaskois.