Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Lithoprinted.

Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Lithoprinted.

This dissertation examines the long term effects of population control initiatives brought to the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico to reveal the connections between insular reform programs and the constraints placed on reproductive autonomy for Puerto Rican women in a colonial setting. The history of these interventions exposes how various interest groups including mainland reformers, the Catholic Church, Puerto Rican nationalists and socialists, and colonial intermediaries obscured the damage done to Puerto Rico through poor colonial management during the first thirty years of U.S. occupation by shifting the blame for Puerto Rico’s problems to the supposedly dangerous reproductive habits of poor and working class Puerto Rican women. In all cases, overpopulation discourse and the production of knowledge claims regarding Puerto Rican sexuality, reproduction, population control as a tool of modernization contributed heavily to these pressure groups’ appeals to legitimacy of rule over the island throughout the century. In less than fifty years the conflation of birth control practices, eugenic ideology, and population control legislation would transform Puerto Rico into a social science/contraceptive laboratory, having such a profound impact on the trajectory of birth control culture that a 1981 fertility survey showed that over one third (39%) of the island’s women were sterile. By analyzing the production of this distorted representation of insular conditions and reproduction trends in Puerto Rico during this early phase of U.S. control over the island, this dissertation explores how the convergence of modernizing reform initiatives, population control policy, social science, and overpopulation discourse contributed to the colonial domination of Puerto Rican women’s reproductive autonomy and transformed their into sites of colonial encounters despite living in a nation which denies its own colonial status and history.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-12T18:56:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Rodrigues_.pdf: 990906 bytes, checksum: 772cf40349bedaad33857670d7b8e488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-12T18:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Rodrigues_.pdf: 990906 bytes, checksum: 772cf40349bedaad33857670d7b8e488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-14 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal elaborar plano de educação permanente para Telefonistas Auxiliares de Regulação Médica (TARM) da Central de Regulação de Urgências de Porto Alegre, com foco nas comunicações dos chamados de socorro feitos ao 192. Método: estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio da análise de áudios dos chamados atendidos pelos TARM’s do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU 192). Os dados analisados referem-se aos diálogos entre o solicitante e o TARM, extraídos do sistema informatizado da central de regulação. Na análise dos dados destacaram-se duas categorias: Condução do diálogo a quem pede socorro: a comunicação entre TARM e o solicitante/usuário e Singularidades dos chamados ao SAMU. Resultados: embora existam normativas e um roteiro para o fluxo de recepção dos chamados foram identificadas inconformidades no cumprimento do roteiro. Estas estão relacionadas à forma e ao entendimento da população sobre o serviço e ao preparo dos telefonistas em suas tarefas. Por outro lado, identificou-se que todos os chamados são atendidos, ainda que resulte no aumento do tempo de atendimento. Nesse sentido, esse estudo teve como produto a elaboração de um plano de educação permanente voltado aos telefonistas auxiliares de regulação médica do SAMU, com o propósito de desenvolver habilidades de comunicação entre o TARM e o usuário, qualificando, assim, o processo de recepção dos chamados ao SAMU. / The main objective of this study was to elaborate a permanent education plan for Auxiliary Telephone Operators of Medical Regulation (TARM) of the Emergency Regulation Center of Porto Alegre, focusing on the communications of so-called distress calls made to the 192. Method: descriptive study of qualitative approach, carried out by means of the analysis of audiences of those called by TARM's of the Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU 192). The analyzed data refers to the dialogues between the applicant and the TARM, extracted from the computerized system of the regulation center. In the analysis of the data, two categories were highlighted: Conducting the dialogue to whoever seeks help: communication between TARM and the requester / user and Singularities of those called to SAMU. Results: although there are regulations and a roadmap for the flow of reception of the called ones were identified nonconformities in the fulfillment of the script. These are related to the form and the understanding of the population about the service and preparation of the operators in their tasks. On the other hand, it has been identified that all calls are answered, although it results in an increase in the time of service. In this sense, this study had as a product the elaboration of a permanent education plan directed to SAMU's medical regulatory assistants, with the purpose of developing communication skills between TARM and the user, thus qualifying the process of receiving the called the SAMU.

Na Ãltima dÃcada, houve um aumento significativo na aquisiÃÃo de veÃculos, principalmente motocicletas, que no cearà foi de 255,44%, concomitante, houve aumento no nÃmero de acidentes de trÃnsito, cerca de 320%. Na cidade de Sobral tambÃm houve um crescimento desordenado tanto do nÃmero de motocicletas quanto no nÃmero de acidentes. O trabalho teve como objetivo geral: Caracterizar a distribuiÃÃo temporal dos acidentes envolvendo motociclistas no municÃpio de sobral, no perÃodo de 2006 a 2012, a partir da implantaÃÃo do SAMU e como objetivos especÃficos: Abordar as caracterÃsticas epidemiolÃgicas das vÃtimas de acidentes com motocicletas, atendidos pelo SAMU de sobral, no perÃodo de 2006 a 2012; descrever a dinÃmica/cinÃtica do trauma envolvendo pacientes atendidos pelo SAMU e que utilizavam motocicletas como meio de transporte; Identificar e descrever os dados referentes a mortalidade prÃ-hospitalar em Sobral. Estudo de abordagem quantitativa e documental, do tipo exploratÃrio e descritivo, ocorrido na cidade de Sobral, com 6483 ocorrÃncias com motocicletas atendidas pelo SAMU, no perÃodo de 2006 a 2012, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu atravÃs de pesquisa nas folhas de ocorrÃncia do SAMU. A anÃlise foi realizada atravÃs do programa SPSS, respeitando os princÃpios Ãticos da resoluÃÃo 196/96. Os resultados: 6483 foram os acidentes envolvendo motocicletas, nos anos de 2006 a 2012, na cidade de Sobral. 5.729 (78,5%) estavam na idade entre 16 a 59 anos; 4.644 (71,63%) eram do gÃnero masculino; 1.381 (21,30%) aconteceram no Centro da cidade; 36 (0,55%) eram mulheres grÃvidas; 6.001 (92,56%) foram socorridas para o Hospital Santa Casa de MisericÃrdia de Sobral; 4.951 (76,36%) usavam capacete na hora do acidente e o estado de embriaguez aumentou 3,33 vezes, saindo de 133 em 2006 para 443 em 2012. As causas dos acidentes com motocicletas foram: 2.808 (43,31%) de quedas de moto, 1.158 (17,73%) colisÃes moto com carro e 1.064 (16,41%) colisÃes moto com moto. As colisÃes moto com bicicleta mantiveram um padrÃo estÃvel, com um decrÃscimo de 25,75% em 2012, compatÃvel com a substituiÃÃo gradativa da bicicleta pela motocicleta. Em relaÃÃo Ãs vÃtimas, o condutor foi o que mais se destacou, cerca de 77%, com o aparecimento do pedestre com 7,63% e do ciclista com 7,48%. Sendo que 5.153 (79,48%) foram socorridos pela Unidade de Suporte BÃsico, 1.208 (18,63%) pela Unidade de Suporte AvanÃado e 121 (1,86%) pela MotolÃncia. Em relaÃÃo aos Ãbitos, foram 170 atendidos pelo SAMU, durante o perÃodo de 2006 a 2012. Foram 90% os Ãbitos ocorreram em homens, dentre os principais motivos dos Ãbitos tivemos a queda de moto (141- 53,52%), sendo 100 (58,82%) dos Ãbitos ocorreram no local, com 141 (83%) foram com os condutores. Faz-se necessÃrio investimento na malha viÃria, adotar e manter sinalizaÃÃo horizontal e vertical adequadas, quantitativo de profissionais de fiscalizaÃÃo proporcional ao tamanho da frota circulante a as caracterÃsticas de fluxo de veÃculos, garantindo a efetivaÃÃo das leis de trÃnsito. à tambÃm imperativos a participaÃÃo da sociedade, com destaque para as escolas, as igrejas e, sobretudo as famÃlias, que devem assumir um papel de protagonista no processo de educaÃÃo para o trÃnsito. / In the last decade there has been a significant increase in the purchase of vehicles, especially motorcycles, which in Cearà was 255.44%, concomitantly, there was an increase in the number of traffic accidents, about 320%. In the city of Sobral also there was a disorderly growth of both the number of motorcycles and in the number of accidents. The work aimed to characterize the temporal distribution of accidents involving motorcyclists in the city of Sobral, in the period 2006-2012, after the implementation of the SAMU and specific objectives: Addressing the epidemiologic characteristics of victims of motorcycle accidents, attended by SAMU sobral in the period 2006-2012, to describe the dynamics / kinetics involving trauma patients seen by SAMU and used motorcycles for transportation; Identify and describe the data pre-hospital mortality in Sobral. Study of quantitative and documentary approach, exploratory and descriptive, occurred in the city of Sobral, with 6483 occurrences with motorcycles attended by SAMU, in the period from 2006 to 2012, whose data were collected by searching the leaves of occurrence of the SAMU. The analysis was performed using SPSS, respecting the ethical principles of Resolution 196/96. Results: were 6483 accidents involving motorcycles in the years 2006 to 2012, the city of Sobral. 5,729 (78.5%) were aged 16-59 years, 4,644 (71.63%) were male, 1,381 (21.30%) occurred in the city center, 36 (0.55%) were women pregnant; 6,001 (92.56%) were rescued to the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sobral; 4,951 (76.36%) wore helmets at the time of the accident and the state of drunkenness increased 3.33 times, going from 133 in 2006 to 443 in 2012. The causes of motorcycle accidents were: 2,808 (43.31%) falls motorcycle, 1,158 (17.73%) with car and bike collisions 1,064 (16.41%) with bike bike collisions. Collisions with bike bike maintained a stable pattern, with a decrease of 25.75% in 2012, consistent with the gradual replacement bike motorcycle. In relation to victims, the driver was the one that stood out, about 77%, with the appearance of the pedestrian with 7.63% and 7.48% with the cyclist. Of which 5,153 (79.48%) were rescued by the Basic Support Unit, 1,208 (18.63%) by Advanced Support Unit and 121 (1.86%) by MotolÃncia. Among those who died, 170 were attended by SAMU, during the period 2006-2012. Were 90% of deaths occurred in men, among the main reasons of the deaths had the bike down (141 to 53.52%), 100 (58.82%) of the deaths occurred on site, with 141 (83%) were to the conductors. It is necessary to invest in the road network, adopt and maintain horizontal and vertical signage appropriate quantitative professional supervision commensurate with the size of the current fleet to the flow characteristics of vehicles, ensuring the effectiveness of traffic laws. It is also imperative society participation, especially for schools, churches, and especially the families who must take a starring role in the education process for transit.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T17:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Essado Rios - 2013.pdf: 1291559 bytes, checksum: 7424fde3180976c30892a6293399d123 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T17:34:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Essado Rios - 2013.pdf: 1291559 bytes, checksum: 7424fde3180976c30892a6293399d123 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T17:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Essado Rios - 2013.pdf: 1291559 bytes, checksum: 7424fde3180976c30892a6293399d123 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-27 / The pain of dental origin has high prevalence, presents itself as a public health problem and cause negative impact on quality of life of people. Because of that, attention to dental emergencies has particular importance in the health care of the population, however there is little research on this topic. In the present study it was aimed to analyze dental care in Emergency Care Units of the Unified Health System (SUS) in optics of dentists workers in this service. It was a study of mixed methods and data were collected through a questionnaire with assertions of polar agreement and disagreement (Likert scale). Participated as subjects dentists (N = 44) workers in the emergency dental service of the Emergency Care Units of SUS from Goiânia, GO. There was a tendency to full concordance (average percentage of agreement above 76%) about this type of service answering to a spontaneous demand with complaints of pain and trauma and also about the affirmation that basic procedures of urgency such as dental extractions, alveolitis and bleeding treatments, drainage of intraoral abscesses and medicalization must be performed there. Tendency to concordance (average percentage between 26% and 75%) was verified in relation to the statement that the service aims to relief the suffering of the population with pain of dental origin. Propensity to indifference (average percentage among -25% and 25%) occurred on the host with risk classification while service feature, and still about patients that should be referred to more complex units for emergency care. Tendency to disagreement (average percentage among -26% and -75%) was verified in relation to the attendance of non-urgent patients and the performance of dental restorative procedures. There was no tendency to full disagreement (average percentage above -75%) about any of the items. In the view of respondents the emergency dental care in emergency units of SUS are intended for the relief of typically urgent situations, in cases where there is no risk of advanced infections, by performance of procedures characteristically related to situations of urgency and that require basic technical fitness from the professional. There’s a lack on the policy of humanization and teamwork at the service. As a product of the study, it was designed a proposal for an update course of dental care to the professionals in the Emergency Care Units. / A dor de origem dental possui alta prevalência, apresenta-se como um problema de saúde pública e causa impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das pessoas. Em função disto, a atenção às urgências odontológicas possui especial importância na assistência à saúde da população, entretanto há poucas pesquisas sobre este tema. No presente estudo, visou-se analisar a atenção às urgências odontológicas em Unidades de Pronto-Atendimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na ótica de cirurgiões-dentistas lotados nestes serviços. Tratou-se de um estudo de métodos mistos e os dados foram levantados através de um questionário com afirmações polares de concordância e discordância (escala Likert). Participaram como sujeitos Cirurgiões-Dentistas (N=44) lotados no Serviço de Atenção às Urgências das Unidades de Pronto-Atendimento do SUS de Goiânia, GO. Houve tendência à plena concordância (percentual médio de concordância acima de 75%) acerca de que este serviço atende uma demanda espontânea com queixas de dor e traumatismo e de que ali devem ser executados procedimentos básicos de urgência como exodontias, tratamentos de alveolite e hemorragia, drenagem de abscessos intra-oral e prescrição medicamentosa. Tendência à concordância (percentual médio entre 26% e 75%) foi verificada em relação à afirmação de que o serviço visa o alívio ao sofrimento da população com dor de origem dental. Propensão à indiferença (percentual médio entre -25% e 25%) ocorreu acerca do acolhimento com classificação de risco enquanto característica do serviço e sobre encaminhamento de pacientes com necessidades especiais a unidades mais complexas para atendimento de urgência. Tendência à discordância (percentual médio entre -26% e -75%) foi verificada em relação ao atendimento de pacientes com queixas não urgentes e à realização de procedimentos de restauração dental. Não houve tendência à plena discordância (percentual médio acima de -75%) acerca de nenhum dos itens. Na visão dos entrevistados a atenção às urgências odontológicas nas Unidades de Pronto-Atendimento se destina ao alívio de situações genuinamente urgentes, em casos onde não há risco de infecções avançadas, mediante a execução de procedimentos tipicamente voltados às situações de urgência e que requerem preparo técnico básico do profissional. Falta a efetivação de uma política de humanização e trabalho em equipe. Como produto do estudo, elaborou-se uma proposta de curso de atualização para a atenção odontológica nas Unidades de Pronto-Atendimento.

During the Great Depression, for the first time in its history, the federal government provided relief to the unemployed and destitute through myriad New Deal agencies. This dissertation examines how "general relief" (direct or "make-work") from federal programs—primarily the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (ERCA) and Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)—was acquired and administered by the government of Texas through state administrative agencies. These agencies included the Chambers of Commerce (1932-1933), Unofficial Texas Relief Commission (1933), Texas Rehabilitation and Relief Commission (1933), Official Texas Relief Commission (1933-1934), Texas Relief Commission Division of the State Board of Control (1934), and the Department of Public Welfare (1939). Overall, the effective administration of general relief in the Lone Star State was undermined by a political ideology that persisted from, and was embodied by, the "Redeemer" Constitution of 1876.

O estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar a organização da rede de atenção de urgência do SUS no município de Ribeirão Preto, caracterizando a rede de pronto atendimento não hospitalar 24 horas, o processo de trabalho dentro da Central de Regulação de Urgência para avaliação da solicitação e as opções de encaminhamento dos pacientes, os hospitais conveniados ao SUS com sua disponibilidade de leitos de urgência, e a capacidade de resolução em termos de complexidade de recursos (humanos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos). Método: Estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo e retrospectivo. Os dados foram coletados nos bancos de dados da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde presentes nos Sistemas Hygia® e True® e exportados para planilhas do Microsoft Excel para consolidação. Resultados: O município está dividido em cinco distritos de saúde e cada distrito possui uma unidade não hospitalar de pronto atendimento de 14 urgência 24 horas: Central (Unidade Distrital de Saúde Central ou P.S. Central), Norte (Unidade Distrital de Saúde do Simioni), Oeste (Unidade Distrital de Saúde do Centro de Saúde Escola - Sumarezinho), Leste (Unidade de Pronto Atendimento - UPA - Leste) e Sul (Unidade Distrital de Saúde da Vila Virgínia). A rede hospitalar de referência do SUS de Ribeirão Preto é composta pelos hospitais: A, B, C, D, E, F, G e H. O número de regulações efetivas anual gira em torno de 41.000 regulações, a média de indeferimento de solicitações é de 2.468 e a média de casos regulados em vaga zero é de 5.741. Considerações finais: O aumento de atendimentos nos pronto atendimentos extrahospitalares, do número de solicitações, do número de solicitações indeferidas e do número de regulações realizadas em vaga zero, indicam a baixa resolutividade da rede pré-hospitalar fixa e a escassez de leitos hospitalares para pacientes agudos, o que prejudica o processo de assistência em todos os níveis de atenção do SUS. Um sistema único de informatização do processo regulatório possibilitará o desenvolvimento de indicadores de processo e resultados com subsídios para revisão de práticas, conceitos e estratégias / The purpose of this study is to characterize the organization of the SUS emergency network in the city of Ribeirão Preto, characterizing the network of 24-hour non-hospital care, the work process within the Emergency Regulation Center for assessment of the request and the patient referral options, hospitals agreed to the SUS with their availability of emergency beds, and the ability to solve in terms of resource complexity (human, diagnostic and therapeutic). Method: Cross-sectional study, with a descriptive and retrospective character. The data were collected in the databases of the Municipal Health Department present in Hygia® and True® Systems and exported to Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for consolidation. Results: The municipality is divided into five health districts and each district has a non-hospital 24-hour emergency care unit: Central (Central Health Unit or PS Central), North (Simioni District Health Unit), West (District Health Unit of the School Health Center - Sumarezinho), Eastern (Emergency Care Unit - UPA - Lest) and South (District Health Unit of Vila Virginia). The hospital network of reference of the SUS of Ribeirão Preto is made up of hospitals: A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. The number of annual approved regulations revolves around 41,000 regulations and of these the average of rejection is of 2,468 and the average of cases regulated in vacancy zero is of 5,745. Final considerations: The increase in outpatient visits, the number of requests, the number of requests rejected and the number of regulations made in vacancy zero indicate the low resolution of the fixed prehospital network and the shortage of hospital beds for acute patients , which undermines the care process at all levels of SUS care. A unique system of computerization of the regulatory process will enable the development of process and results indicators with subsidies to review practices, concepts and strategies

O presente estudo propôs-se a pesquisar aspectos relacionados à automedicação que precede o atendimento público de urgência odontológica, na população em idade economicamente ativa de uma micro-área urbana da Cidade de São Paulo - SP. Foram analisados dados primários obtidos através de entrevista assistida junto aos usuários do Serviço de Urgências Odontológicas da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo entre setembro de 2007 e março de 2008. O protocolo de pesquisa deste estudo foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo e foi aprovado pelo parecer 75/2007. Buscou-se investigar as medidas de associação existentes entre determinantes sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e comportamentais (enquanto variáveis independentes) e o uso de automedicação (variável dependente). Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS 13, negando-se as hipóteses experimentais para valores de p maiores que 0,05 (NC 95%). Os resultados indicaram que 85,6% dos participantes haviam feito uso preliminar de medicamentos. Dentre os que os utilizaram, 73,6% praticaram automedicação. Observou-se maior prevalência não só na faixa etária compreendida entre 17 e 44 anos, como também entre os participantes com atividade remunerada. Foram observadas associações positivas quando houve: a) maior lapso de tempo entre a percepção do problema e a procura pelo cuidado profissional; b) maior grau de interferência da condição bucal nas ocupações diárias; c) jornada de trabalho igual ou superior a 40 horas semanais. Tais resultados indicam que é significativa a influência de determinantes ocupacionais na prática da automedicação que precede o atendimento de urgências odontológicas. Além disso, essa pesquisa reforça a importância de sensíveis melhorias nas políticas e práticas de educação, monitoramento e promoção de saúde bucal. Entendemos que tais medidas lograrão melhor êxito se implementadas em conjunto com políticas e práticas sustentáveis em saúde e segurança ocupacional, as quais não podem prescindir de adequada abordagem odontológica. / This work aims at studying the issue of self medication that precedes the public dental urgent care, within the economically active population of a metropolitan microarea of São Paulo. The primary data were obtained through assisted interview with users of the Urgent Care Section of the University of São Paulo Faculty of Dentistry, between September 2007 and March 2008. The study, approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo Faculty of Dentistry report 75/2007, focused on the connection between demographic, occupational and behavioural factors (as independent variables) and self medication (dependent variable). The data were processed with the SPSS 13 software, assuming the null hypothesis for p values higher than 0.05 (CI 95%). The results indicated that 85.6% of the participants had previously used medicines 73.6% of them by self medication (65.6% of the whole sample). A larger prevalence of self medication was observed within the group between 17 and 44 years of age, and those with some kind of paid activity. Positive associations were observed when it happened: a) a larger time period between the perception of the problem and the search for professional care; b) a larger degree of interference of the oral condition onto the occupational practice; c) weekly labour journey equal or higher than 40 hours. Such results indicate that occupational factors do significantly influence on self-medication preceding urgent dental care. Moreover, this research emphasises the importance of improvements in educational practices, monitoring and oral health promotion. It is believed that such measures will be more effective if introduced together with sustainable policies in health and occupational safety, which cannot preclude the dentistry approach.

Workers' education, a form of adult education, emphasized the study of economic and social problems from the workers' perspective. When the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) created its adult education program in 1933, workers' education classes were included. Between 1933 and 1943 thirty-six states participated in the federal experiment in workers' education. Seventeen of these states, including Indiana, were involved throughout the entire ten years of the program. With as many as two thousand teachers employed at one time, officials conservatively estimated that the program reached at least one million workers nation-wide.Three distinct phases of a federal workers' education program existed: FERA (1933-1935), Works Progress Administration (WPA--prior to separation from the other adult education programs, 1935-1939), and WPA Workers' Service Program (1939-1943). In separate chapters these phases of federal workers' education are examined from both the federal and state perspectives.FERA and WPA workers' education stimulated educational activities within the labor movement. For example, in Indiana this program was particularly popular among the new Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) unions. Federal workers' education activities also encouraged union-university cooperation and laid the foundation for labor education at Indiana University. In addition, the WPA Workers'' Service Program served as the model for a Federal Labor Extension Service, similar to the existing federal agricultural extension program, that, for reasons beyond the scope of this study, was never implemented.If nothing else, the FERA and WPA workers' education projects put thousands of unemployed people to work and helped the morale of both the relief recipients and the adults who attended classes. Never supported at levels necessary to reach a majority of the population, federal aid to workers' education was, at the very least, a sincere attempt by liberal relief administrators,educators, and labor leaders to serve the educational needs of American workers.Government documents, correspondence, and manuscript collections from the National Archives, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, and Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, constitute the basic sources for this paper.