Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao JULIO CESAR.pdf: 1526696 bytes, checksum: 7bb79c779f98949c9a9b0a9083e5df8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-15 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This research aims to demonstrate that the southern region of the state of Maranhão has all the characteristics of an enclave economy, as it is based on primary commodity exports, especially soybeans, whose production activity contributes little to the development of the economy which it belongs. The agricultural model adopted , based on the large property, led by large companies, mostly foreign capital, income concentration and focused almost exclusively for export, includes a political and economic strategy to generate foreign exchange through surpluses Brazilian trade balance in prioritizing the traditional sectors of higher productivity, particularly commodities , contributing to reprimarization exports. To understand the phenomenon, this paper makes use of classical references on the subject; studies the major transformations of the Brazilian economy from the 1930s and the economy title from the 1970s, analyzes the major agricultural soybean expansion in the country and in the southern region of Maranhão, from the large economic and political upheavals that began in the late 1980s, is used for field research that prove the few benefits provided by the soybean economy for the people of wrapped and proves the discount chain effects, are downstream or upstream of primary commodity exports in the region. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo demonstrar que a região sul do Estado do Maranhão possui todas as características de uma economia de enclave, pois está baseada em produtos primários de exportação, principalmente a soja em grãos, cuja atividade produtiva pouco contribui para o desenvolvimento da economia da qual faz parte. O modelo agrícola adotado, baseado na grande propriedade, conduzido por grandes empresas, em grande parte de capital estrangeiro, concentrador de renda e voltado quase que exclusivamente para exportação, integra uma estratégia política e econômica de geração de divisas através de superávits na Balança Comercial brasileira, priorizando os setores tradicionais de maior produtividade, em especial os produtos básicos, contribuindo para a reprimarização das exportações. Para a compreensão do fenômeno, este trabalho utiliza-se de referências clássicas sobre o tema; estuda as principais transformações da economia brasileira a partir da década de 1930 e da economia em epígrafe a partir da década de 1970; analisa a grande expansão agrícola da soja no território nacional e na região sul maranhense, a partir das grandes transformações políticas e econômicas iniciadas no final da década de 1980; utiliza-se de pesquisa de campo que comprova os poucos benefícios proporcionados pela economia da soja para a população do entorno e comprova os baixos efeitos em cadeia, sejam à jusante ou a montante, dos produtos primários de exportação da região. Palavras-chaves: Desenvolvimento soc

Esta investigación analiza los efectos económicos y sociales de las masivas inversiones multinacionales mineras en la década de los noventa, sobre una región del Norte de Chile llamada Antofagasta. Se propone una visión de desarrollo económico durable a partir un modelo de enclave, adaptado de la escuela latinoamericana del desarrollo (centro periferia). Con este modelo se cuestiona si el enclave tradicional se transforma garantizando su desarrollo económico durable, como resultado del aparente dinamismo económico de la zona receptora. Se comienza presentando una discusión teórica confrontando los enclaves tradicionales y modernos con visiones opuestas, distritos industriales, neoclásica y de clusters industriales. En la primera parte de los resultados se recupera la historia económica social de la región de Antofagasta y las políticas mineras. En la segunda parte se estudian el actual modelo económico neoliberal chileno y las políticas regionales que han favorecido las inversiones extranjeras. En la tercera parte se miden los impactos sobre la Región de Antofagasta, a nivel de desarrollo productivo, social, equidad territorial, medio ambiente, así como la exportación del excedente regional debido a la débil tributación minera y por la lógica de repartición de ingresos y gastos fiscales entre las regiones. Se dedica un capítulo especial a analizar las relaciones de dominación entre las EMN y los proveedores locales, así como las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores, con una gran masa de subcontratados. La tercera parte finaliza investigando de qué manera responden los actores sociales al modelo de desarrollo, al discurso de las EMN y a los mecanismos de control socio-políticos nacional y regional. / Cette recherche analyse les effets économiques, sociaux et environmentales, des investissements massifs de la part des entreprises minières multinationales dans la décennie des années 90, sur une région du nord du Chili appelée Antofagasta. Nous proposons une approche de développement à partir d'un modèle d'enclave, sur base d'une adaptation de l'école latino-américaine du développement. De cette façon, nous demandons si l'enclave traditionnelle se transforme en une enclave moderne qui garantisse son développement économique durable, comme résultat de son dynamisme économique apparent. Nous commençons par une discussion théorique sur le modèle d'enclave, et celui-ci est confronté avec les approches opposées, néo-classique, et de clusters industriels. Dans la première partie des résultats, on récupère l'histoire économique et sociale de la région et les politiques minières de l'État. Ensuite nous étudions le contexte politique institutionnel et les politiques régionales qui ont favorisé les investissements étrangers. Dans la troisième partie, nous mesurons les impacts au niveau productif, fiscal et social, ainsi que l'exportation de l'excédent régional. Dans cette partie nous consacrons une partie à l'analyse des rapports entre les entreprises multinationales et les fournisseurs locaux, ainsi que des conditions de vie des travailleurs, parmi lesquels se trouvent un grand nombre de sous-traitants. Finalement, la troisième partie de la recherche se pose la question : de quelle façon répondent les acteurs sociaux au modèle du développement et au discours des entreprises multinationales.

This thesis argues that King Leopold II, in his exploitation of the Congo, dealt the Congo a future of political, ethnic, and economic destabilization. At one time consisting of unified and advanced kingdoms, the Congo turned to one completely beleaguered by poverty and political oppression. Leopold acquired the Congo through unethical means and thus took the people's chances away at self-rule. He provided for no education or vocational training, which would stunt future Congolese leaders from making sound economic and political policies. Leopold also exploited the Congo with the help of concession companies, both of which used forced labor to extract valuable resources. Millions of Congolese died and the Congo itself became indebted through Belgian loans that were given with no assurance they could ever truly be paid back due to the crippled economy of the Congo. With the Congo now in crippling debt, the current president, Joseph Kabila, has little incentive to invest in reforms or public infrastructure, which stunts economic growth.1 For over a century the Congo has been ruled by exploitative and authoritarian regimes due to Leopold's initial acquisition. The colonization from Leopold lasted from 1885-1908, and then he sold it to his home country of Belgium who ruled the Congo from 1908 to 1960. Belgium helped prop up a dictator named Joseph Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko who ruled from 1965 to 1997. Afterwards he was overthrown by the Kabila family who has continued the exploitative rule and has made no significant efforts at democratization or reforms. Thus the ethnic conflicts, political oppression and economic woes that the Congo is facing today are inevitably linked to its Leopoldian past.