The children's ways of showing interest in writing and reading in pre-school have always fascinated me. The joy and pride they show when they start writing their own doodles and then eventually go on to write real letters and words, is a joy so see.The origin of this essay is based on Dante 3.5 years old. He wants me to spell my name so he can write to me. When I mention the second letter, Dante happily says "E, that's what my name starts with! From the other direction" I am amazed by his thoughts, and my enthusiasm for his knowledge knows no bounds. In the same moment I become aware of Alma, who quietly has seen my reaction to Dante's skills. Alma, who doesn't claim the same adult attention, is also interested in letters and writing, but she performs her writing in silence. How did I respond to her knowledge? How do we at pre-school see the more silent children and how do we handle their abilities?In many ways this situation made me start thinking about children's writing and reading in pre-school, and how our responses might affect their abilities to become literate. I have asked myself questions like; Do we see all children's abilities and how do we encourage them?I have come to the conclusion that our main tool in pre-school is our adult presence and our total commitment to all activities of the children. I have during the writing of this essay always come back to the fact that children's development is dependent on our ways of meeting them, and on how we can help them to believe in their own abilities.On the basis of the literature I have read, I can also see how important it is that pre-school ensures that we really encourage children when they show interest in writing and reading. It's not really difficult. The only thing we need to bring is ourselves, our listening and a genuine interest. The children will show us the rest.

The ability of reading is an important part of teaching literacy and language acquisition. Reading improves the thinking ability by giving new concepts and ideas and enhances vocabulary and language which is essential in verbal communication. Because of the importance of reading, children and adolescents are encouraged to read by their parents, teachers and sometimes by national reading campaigns as an educational policy. Turkey launched a nationwide reading campaign targeting high school students in 2004, and another one aimed at primary school students in 2005 which is called the 100 Basic Literary Works reading campaign. This study investigated the reading habits of Turkish high school students. It also explored how students are influenced by family, teacher and peer group. Moreover, the study investigated the association between the students reading habits and their gender, school type and region. In addition, the study examined current efforts to encourage students to read. The study was conducted in 8 provinces and 8 districts of Turkey in 2012. The data was gathered thorough questionnaires with 2425 students from 86 high schools of 5 different types and interviews with 31 students, 15 teachers and 4 local education managers. The study found that 82.0% of young people in general read at least once or twice a week outside school for at least 30 minutes and 40.6% read every day or almost every day for leisure. It was found that females were more frequent and enthusiastic readers than males. The students from science high schools and Southern East Anatolia Region read more frequently. It was indicated that the majority of the students reported that they were aware of the 100 Basic Literary Works reading campaign but, in fact, they knew of the campaign in upper-primary school. The qualitative findings indicated that there was little awareness of the campaign in high schools. Libraries are important places to assist inculcate children s and young people s love of reading and provide free access to reading materials and sources but Turkish young people were not frequent users of libraries. Both teachers and students had concerns about lack of reading materials and poor facilities and services in public and school libraries in Turkey.

Between 250.000 and  300.000 people live with psoriasis in Sweden today. 50% develop psoriasis before they are 25 years old. When living with psoriasis, one have an increased risk of developing comorbidities, which include overweight, joint problems, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and depression, among others. Based on recent findings, people living with psoriasis can achieve health benefits and improve the symptoms of the condition through living and good life style. I have developed a lifestyle system named "núna", which will empower the patient, encourage a good lifestyle, prevent comorbidities and improve the healthcare personnel and patient communication. The system includes an application which consists of five different main categories (Activity, diet, quit smoking, photography documentation and administrating issues related to ones healthcare providers), and an activity tracker with two different portable docks and a charging station.

Wetlands cover a broad of areas, including aquatic and terrestrial ecological systems. Many people and agencies are attracted the natural resources value and begin the action to protect it. In 2007, the Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior¡]CPAMI¡^in Taiwan announced 75 sites as ¡§National Wetlands of Importance¡¨. Currently the Wetland Conservation Law draft completed of 2010. In the future the wetlands conservation and mitigation mechanism will be definite. Wetland conservation is not only a government duty but also the resporsibility of the Private Sector and Citizen. Sometimes non-government organization and community often face private land ownership, lack of income and problems with Taiwan¡¦s current laws and regulation. Many wildlife habitats and critical wetlands are not owned by government, such as Aogu Wetland, therefore many researchers begin to promote the idea of "public trust" as one of the models for wetland sustainable management. In this study use public trust management model to combine wetland conservation maintain wetland ¡§no net loss¡¨. The common consensus and co-management mechanism between public and private sectors become crucial issues. Major research methods used Depth-Interview with different field experts to find the solution and feasibility of the proposed framework. Wetland public trust is a tool advocating the collaboration and cooperation among public, non-profit organizations, enterprise, government to improve the outcomes of environmental conservation, which can be oversee by particular authorities This study proposes wetland public trust as an appropriate framework and integrates tax system to improve the wetland conservation models in Taiwan.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a importância da criatividade no desenvolvimento de produtos com características inovadoras. O trabalho utiliza como metodologia estudo multicaso com abordagem qualitativa, estruturado nas seguintes etapas: (i) levantamento bibliográfico; (ii) análise da revisão bibliográfica; (iii) seleção de seis unidades de análise, sendo elas empresas de grande porte pertencentes a diferentes setores industriais; (iv) construção do instrumento de pesquisa com roteiro semi-estruturado; (v) aplicação do instrumento de pesquisa; (vi) análise de dados; (vii) comparação teoria-prática; (viii) identificação dos problemas enfrentados pelas unidades de análise baseados no levantamento de informação do instrumento de pesquisa e (ix) propostas de melhoria. Os principais resultados mostraram a deficiência na utilização de um processo formal e estruturado de inovação como também a falta de importância atribuída à criatividade como fonte geradora de idéias com potencial inovador. Além disso, empresas com um processo de inovação formalizado e estruturado apresentam menor dificuldade na comunicação interna e no tempo de desenvolvimento. Também foi possível identificar que a etapa do PI que gera maiores dificuldades no processo de inovação é o pré-desenvolvimento, motivo pelo qual a incorporação de um processo de inovação agilizaria o desenvolvimento de inovações, reduzindo o tempo de retrabalho. Outro fator que merece destaque é que poucas das empresas analisadas pretendem investir em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) para gerar produtos inovadores, mesmo que as principais idéias para os novos produtos sejam geradas nos centros de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) ou nos grupos de Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos (DNP). Quanto às semelhanças destacadas, pode-se dizer que, embora a inovação seja importante para o sucesso no mercado, essa ainda não representa uma meta estratégica de longo prazo para todas as empresas analisadas, devido ao grande investimento que representa a inovação de produtos, sendo o orçamento um dos maiores limitantes das empresas analisadas. Notou-se que, mesmo pertencendo a setores industriais diferentes, as etapas e atividades do processo de inovação são semelhantes, diferenciando-se apenas nas ferramentas de avaliação do protótipo. / This study aims to examine the importance of creativity in developing products with innovative features. The work uses as multicaso methodology study with qualitative approach, structured in the following steps: (i) bibliography, (ii) analysis of the literature review, (iii) selection of six units of analysis, which are large-sized companies belonging to different sectors industrial, (iv) construction of a research tool with semi-structured script, (v) application of the research instrument, (vi) analysis of data, (vii) comparison theory-practice, (viii) identification of problems faced by units of analysis based on survey data from a research tool and (ix) proposals for improvement. The main results showed a deficiency in the use of a formal and structured process of innovation as well as the lack of emphasis on creativity as a source for generating innovative ideas with potential. Moreover, firms with a formalized process of innovation and have less difficulty in structured internal communication and the development time. It was also possible to identify the stage of the IP that creates major difficulties in the process of innovation is the pre-development, so the incorporation of a process of innovation expedite the development of innovations, reducing the time to rework. Another factor that deserves mention is that few businesses want to invest in research analysis and development (R&D) to generate innovative products, even though the main ideas for new products are generated at the Research and Development (R&D) groups or in Development of New Products (DNP). As highlighted the similarities, we can say that while innovation is important for success in the market, that still does not represent a long-term strategic goal for all companies analyzed, due to the large investment that represents the innovation of products, and the budget one of the biggest limitations of the companies examined. It was noted that, even belonging to different industrial sectors, the steps and activities of the innovation process are similar, differing only in the tools for evaluating the prototype.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a importância da criatividade no desenvolvimento de produtos com características inovadoras. O trabalho utiliza como metodologia estudo multicaso com abordagem qualitativa, estruturado nas seguintes etapas: (i) levantamento bibliográfico; (ii) análise da revisão bibliográfica; (iii) seleção de seis unidades de análise, sendo elas empresas de grande porte pertencentes a diferentes setores industriais; (iv) construção do instrumento de pesquisa com roteiro semi-estruturado; (v) aplicação do instrumento de pesquisa; (vi) análise de dados; (vii) comparação teoria-prática; (viii) identificação dos problemas enfrentados pelas unidades de análise baseados no levantamento de informação do instrumento de pesquisa e (ix) propostas de melhoria. Os principais resultados mostraram a deficiência na utilização de um processo formal e estruturado de inovação como também a falta de importância atribuída à criatividade como fonte geradora de idéias com potencial inovador. Além disso, empresas com um processo de inovação formalizado e estruturado apresentam menor dificuldade na comunicação interna e no tempo de desenvolvimento. Também foi possível identificar que a etapa do PI que gera maiores dificuldades no processo de inovação é o pré-desenvolvimento, motivo pelo qual a incorporação de um processo de inovação agilizaria o desenvolvimento de inovações, reduzindo o tempo de retrabalho. Outro fator que merece destaque é que poucas das empresas analisadas pretendem investir em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) para gerar produtos inovadores, mesmo que as principais idéias para os novos produtos sejam geradas nos centros de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) ou nos grupos de Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos (DNP). Quanto às semelhanças destacadas, pode-se dizer que, embora a inovação seja importante para o sucesso no mercado, essa ainda não representa uma meta estratégica de longo prazo para todas as empresas analisadas, devido ao grande investimento que representa a inovação de produtos, sendo o orçamento um dos maiores limitantes das empresas analisadas. Notou-se que, mesmo pertencendo a setores industriais diferentes, as etapas e atividades do processo de inovação são semelhantes, diferenciando-se apenas nas ferramentas de avaliação do protótipo. / This study aims to examine the importance of creativity in developing products with innovative features. The work uses as multicaso methodology study with qualitative approach, structured in the following steps: (i) bibliography, (ii) analysis of the literature review, (iii) selection of six units of analysis, which are large-sized companies belonging to different sectors industrial, (iv) construction of a research tool with semi-structured script, (v) application of the research instrument, (vi) analysis of data, (vii) comparison theory-practice, (viii) identification of problems faced by units of analysis based on survey data from a research tool and (ix) proposals for improvement. The main results showed a deficiency in the use of a formal and structured process of innovation as well as the lack of emphasis on creativity as a source for generating innovative ideas with potential. Moreover, firms with a formalized process of innovation and have less difficulty in structured internal communication and the development time. It was also possible to identify the stage of the IP that creates major difficulties in the process of innovation is the pre-development, so the incorporation of a process of innovation expedite the development of innovations, reducing the time to rework. Another factor that deserves mention is that few businesses want to invest in research analysis and development (R&D) to generate innovative products, even though the main ideas for new products are generated at the Research and Development (R&D) groups or in Development of New Products (DNP). As highlighted the similarities, we can say that while innovation is important for success in the market, that still does not represent a long-term strategic goal for all companies analyzed, due to the large investment that represents the innovation of products, and the budget one of the biggest limitations of the companies examined. It was noted that, even belonging to different industrial sectors, the steps and activities of the innovation process are similar, differing only in the tools for evaluating the prototype.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a importância da criatividade no desenvolvimento de produtos com características inovadoras. O trabalho utiliza como metodologia estudo multicaso com abordagem qualitativa, estruturado nas seguintes etapas: (i) levantamento bibliográfico; (ii) análise da revisão bibliográfica; (iii) seleção de seis unidades de análise, sendo elas empresas de grande porte pertencentes a diferentes setores industriais; (iv) construção do instrumento de pesquisa com roteiro semi-estruturado; (v) aplicação do instrumento de pesquisa; (vi) análise de dados; (vii) comparação teoria-prática; (viii) identificação dos problemas enfrentados pelas unidades de análise baseados no levantamento de informação do instrumento de pesquisa e (ix) propostas de melhoria. Os principais resultados mostraram a deficiência na utilização de um processo formal e estruturado de inovação como também a falta de importância atribuída à criatividade como fonte geradora de idéias com potencial inovador. Além disso, empresas com um processo de inovação formalizado e estruturado apresentam menor dificuldade na comunicação interna e no tempo de desenvolvimento. Também foi possível identificar que a etapa do PI que gera maiores dificuldades no processo de inovação é o pré-desenvolvimento, motivo pelo qual a incorporação de um processo de inovação agilizaria o desenvolvimento de inovações, reduzindo o tempo de retrabalho. Outro fator que merece destaque é que poucas das empresas analisadas pretendem investir em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) para gerar produtos inovadores, mesmo que as principais idéias para os novos produtos sejam geradas nos centros de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) ou nos grupos de Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos (DNP). Quanto às semelhanças destacadas, pode-se dizer que, embora a inovação seja importante para o sucesso no mercado, essa ainda não representa uma meta estratégica de longo prazo para todas as empresas analisadas, devido ao grande investimento que representa a inovação de produtos, sendo o orçamento um dos maiores limitantes das empresas analisadas. Notou-se que, mesmo pertencendo a setores industriais diferentes, as etapas e atividades do processo de inovação são semelhantes, diferenciando-se apenas nas ferramentas de avaliação do protótipo. / This study aims to examine the importance of creativity in developing products with innovative features. The work uses as multicaso methodology study with qualitative approach, structured in the following steps: (i) bibliography, (ii) analysis of the literature review, (iii) selection of six units of analysis, which are large-sized companies belonging to different sectors industrial, (iv) construction of a research tool with semi-structured script, (v) application of the research instrument, (vi) analysis of data, (vii) comparison theory-practice, (viii) identification of problems faced by units of analysis based on survey data from a research tool and (ix) proposals for improvement. The main results showed a deficiency in the use of a formal and structured process of innovation as well as the lack of emphasis on creativity as a source for generating innovative ideas with potential. Moreover, firms with a formalized process of innovation and have less difficulty in structured internal communication and the development time. It was also possible to identify the stage of the IP that creates major difficulties in the process of innovation is the pre-development, so the incorporation of a process of innovation expedite the development of innovations, reducing the time to rework. Another factor that deserves mention is that few businesses want to invest in research analysis and development (R&D) to generate innovative products, even though the main ideas for new products are generated at the Research and Development (R&D) groups or in Development of New Products (DNP). As highlighted the similarities, we can say that while innovation is important for success in the market, that still does not represent a long-term strategic goal for all companies analyzed, due to the large investment that represents the innovation of products, and the budget one of the biggest limitations of the companies examined. It was noted that, even belonging to different industrial sectors, the steps and activities of the innovation process are similar, differing only in the tools for evaluating the prototype.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.