Impairment of the intestinal microcirculation (IMC) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Consequently, the protection of the IMC represents a pivotal therapeutic target in severe sepsis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of endocannabinoid system modulation on the IMC. Experimental animals groups were: control, endotoxemic animals (lipopolysaccharide; LPS), LPS + CB1R agonist, LPS + CB1R antagonist, LPS + CB1R agonist + CB1R antagonist, LPS + CB2R agonist, LPS + CB2R antagonist, LPS + CB2R agonist + CB2R antagonist, LPS + cannabinoid degradation enzyme inhibitor and LPS + enzyme inhibitor + CB2R antagonist. Endotoxemia significantly increased leukocyte adhesion in intestinal submucosal venules, and significantly reduced capillary perfusion of the muscular and mucosal layers of the intestinal wall. In acute experimental endotoxemia, IMC was significantly improved (by reducing leukocyte adhesion and increasing capillary perfusion) with CB1R inhibition or CB2R activation or inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation.

Vascular calcification is strongly correlated with the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, heart attacks and strokes. The calcification process resembles bone formation and involves the osteogenic trans-differentiation of smooth muscles cells within the arterial wall. Cannabinoid receptors are known to modulate bone formation and are present in atherosclerotic vessels, suggesting they may also play a role in modulating calcification. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of cannabinoids on the expression of osteogenic proteins by vascular smooth muscle cells undergoing calcification.

The research presented in this thesis addressed knowledge gaps for three medicinal plant taxa, Souroubea spp. (Marcgraviaceae) and Platanus (Platanaceae) as well as Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae). The primary pharmacological mechanism of Souroubea sympetala and Platanus occidentalis were well established, with pentacyclic triterpenes identified as major active principles. My results indicate that major triterpenoids, and crude plant extracts, selectively inhibited monoacyglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity but not fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity. These data suggest a possible secondary anxiolytic mechanism of action through the endocannabinoid system (ECS). My study of herb-drug interactions of Souroubea and Plantanus products showed some potential risk when combined with a classic benzodiazepine class drug, diazepam, and I proposed a mechanism through in vitro CYP450 enzyme inhibition. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the difficulty of detecting betulinic acid in animal blood. To support the development a commercial botanical composed of these medicinal plants, an extraction method and a highly sensitive and selectivity HPLC-APCI-MS based quantification method was successfully developed and validated. Part II of this thesis focused on the impact of phytochemical variation and hepatic metabolism on the ECS activity of Echinacea spp. and explored the potential for new applications of Echinacea spp. as a natural health product. My research indicated that considerable variability in the content of phenolic and alkylamide (AKA) compounds reflected similar variability in in vitro bioactivity at ECS-related pharmacological targets. Following biochemometric analysis, several phenolic compounds and AKAs in Echinacea spp. were found to be significant independent variables determining FAAH inhibition and CB receptor activation. Hepatic metabolism was also found to affect the FAAH inhibition of AKA, as increased FAAH inhibitory effects were observed after CYP450-mediated metabolism of both individual AKAs and crude extracts of E angustifolia and E. purpurea, suggesting a “pro-drug” mechanism. Dose dependent activities were observed with oral administration of both E angustifolia and E. purpurea root extract in rat paw model of inflammation and pain. Further tests indicated these activities can be partially blocked by co-administration of CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630, respectively. This evidence suggests activity for peripheral pain was at least partially mediated through the ECS.

This thesis investigated the pharmacology and phytochemistry of Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) flowers, roots, stems, and leaves based on ethnobotanical reports in North America, with a focus on applications in a respiratory model. Seasonal changes in the phytochemical profile of yarrow were also assessed. A comprehensive dataset of medicinal Asteraceae was created after collecting ethnobotanical reports from the Native American Ethnobotany (NAEB) database. Using residual and binomial analyses, 14 tribes of Asteraceae were quantitatively evaluated and ranked within ten therapeutic categories as either over- or under-selected for treatment by North American indigenous peoples. Flora belonging to the Anthemideae tribe were over-utilized as pulmonary aids, particularly species of Achillea. Yarrow was selected for further analysis in the subsequent chapters of this thesis. The respiratory pharmacology of yarrow was examined by testing the immunomodulatory effects of four plant parts in an in vitro assay using BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were quantified using ELISA kits. Flowers demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity at 40 μg/ml in both assays, and also at 20 μg/ml in the IL-8 assay, suggesting a dose-dependent response. Roots displayed significant pro-inflammatory activity at all concentrations. A second mechanism of action via the endocannabinoid system was tested through inhibitory enzyme assays for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), in which the flowers and roots were most active. Since extracts of the four plant parts exhibited significantly different bioactivities, active metabolites previously identified in yarrow were quantified in each part through the targeted profiling of phenolics and alkylamides using analytical chromatographic techniques. Phenolic compounds were found at highest concentrations in the flowerheads, while alkylamides were detected predominantly within roots. An accompanying phenological analysis of alkylamide and phenolic levels in all parts was explored. Collectively, this research provides the first integrated comparison of yarrow ethnobotany, bioactivity, and phytochemistry across different parts of the plant, contributing novel insights into the traditional, contemporary, and future uses of one of North America’s most important medicinal plants.

Les astrocytes sont des partenaires clés des neurones. Dans l’hippocampe, et tout particulièrement au niveau des synapses CA3-CA1, en libérant la D-sérine, ces cellules gliales régulent l’activité des récepteurs glutamatergiques de type N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) et de ce fait la mémoire synaptique, aussi connue sous le nom de plasticité synaptique à long terme. Cependant, le signal synaptique à l’origine de la libération de la D-sérine par les astrocytes reste à ce jour méconnu. De par des données rapportées dans la littérature nous nous sommes tout particulièrement intéressés aux récepteurs astrocytaires aux ephrins de type B3 (EphB3) et aux endocannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1). Pour ce faire nous avons principalement utilisé une approche électrophysiologique sur des tranches aiguës d’hippocampe de souris adulte. Dans une première étude, nos données indiquent que l’activation des récepteurs EphB3 augmente la présence de D-sérine synaptique et en conséquence l’activité des récepteurs NMDA synaptiques. A l’inverse, leur inhibition diminue à la fois l’activité des récepteurs NMDA synaptiques et la potentialisation à long-terme qui en dépend (LTP ; une forme de plasticité synaptique à long terme). L’interaction EphB3-ephrinB3 contrôle donc la LTP en contrôlant la disponibilité en D-sérine synaptique. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons utilisé un modèle transgénique permettant d’inhiber l’expression des récepteurs CB1 astrocytaires (souris GFAP-CB1-KO). Nous avons découvert que la suppression de ces récepteurs diminue la disponibilité en D-sérine synaptique. De plus, nos travaux montrent que les récepteurs CB1 astrocytaires sont nécessaires à l’induction de la LTP via la D-serine. En conclusion, ces travaux de Thèse révèlent que les récepteurs astrocytaires EphB3 et CB1 régulent les fonctions dépendantes des récepteurs NMDA via le contrôle qu’ils exercent sur la disponibilité en D-sérine. / Astrocytes are key partners of neurons. In the hippocampus, and more particularly at CA3-CA1 synapses, by releasing D-serine, these glial cells regulate the activity of synaptic Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and thus synaptic memory, also known as long-term synaptic plasticity. Yet, the synaptic signal inducing D-serine release by astrocytes is still unknown. Based on interesting data from the literature we have investigated the role of the astrocytic receptors for ephrinB3 (EphB3) and endocannabinoids (CB1). To this end we used electrophysiological approaches on acute hippocampal slices of adult mice. In a first study, our data indicate on one hand that the activation of EphB3 receptors increases synaptic D-serine availability and in consequences the activity of synaptic NMDA receptor activity. On the other hand, inhibition of EphB3 receptors induces a decrease of synaptic NMDA receptor activity as well as the induction of the long-term potentiation (LTP; a form of long-term plasticity). Thus, EphB3-ephrinB3 interaction controls LTP induction through the availability of synaptic D-serine. In a second study, we used a transgenic model allowing the inhibition of CB1 receptors expression in astrocytes (GFAP-CB1-KO mice). We discovered that their deletion reduced synaptic D-serine availability. Our work shows that astrocytic CB1 receptors are necessary for LTP induction via this D-serine. All together, this PhD work reveals that astrocytic EphB3 and CB1 receptors regulate synaptic NMDA receptor functions through the control of D-serine availability.

Le Système Nerveux Central (SNC) est un acteur majeur de la régulation de l’homéostasie énergétique, intégrant différents signaux nerveux, hormonaux ou nutritionnels. Le métabolisme lipidique joue un rôle essentiel notamment dans la détection des signaux lipidiques, et les enzymes y participant sont donc fortement impliquées dans la régulation de ces signaux et leur expression est cruciale au bon équilibre énergétique. La Lipoprotéine Lipase (LPL), enzyme clé de l'hydrolyse des triglycérides, nous est apparue comme une cible de choix dans la mesure où elle est exprimée dans différentes structures cérébrales comme l'hippocampe ou l'hypothalamus. L'hypothalamus a été identifié depuis de nombreuses années comme un centre de régulation de la prise alimentaire et donc de l'équilibre entre entrées et dépenses d'énergie. Ainsi, il est apparu comme légitime que de s'intéresser plus précisément au rôle de la LPL hypothalamique et son implication dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique.L'objet de cette thèse a donc été d'étudier, dans un premier temps, les effets d'une délétion de LPL dans le VMH, réalisée grâce à une injection d'un AAV2/9 exprimant la Cre recombinase chez des souris LPL lox/lox âgées de 8 semaines. La diminution de l'activité LPL dans le VMH conduit au développement d'une obésité au bout de 3 semaines post-injection, ainsi qu'au développement d'une intolérance au glucose, d'une résistance à l'insuline ainsi qu'une diminution de l'activité locomotrice.Ce phénotype est dû à une diminution transitoire de la quantité de céramides synthétisées par l’enzyme CerS1 au sein de l'hypothalamus durant les semaines qui suivent l'injection et qui perturbent la signalisation homéostatique. Il apparait également que le système endocannabinoïde pourrait être impliqué dans la mise en place de ce phénotype. Les caractéristiques de ce phénotype rappelant celles d'un état de torpeur, nous avons cherché dans la deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse, à reproduire celui-ci pour pouvoir étudier plus précisément les liens et les conséquences entre torpeur et lipases cérébrales. Nous avons donc exposés les animaux à 4°C pendant 4 heures et étudié les répercussions de ce stress thermique sur les gènes des lipases centrales ainsi que ceux du rythme circadien : nous avons pu mettre en évidence une modification du rythme circadien. Nous avons également exposé des animaux délétés en LPL hypothalamique et pu établir que cette délétion centrale en LPL modifie la thermogenèse du tissu adipeux brun ainsi et favorise le développement du tissu adipeux beige. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de mettre en lumière pour la première fois l'implication de la LPL hypothalamique dans la régulation de l'homéostasie énergétique ainsi que son rôle dans la réponse adaptative à une exposition aiguë au froid. / The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a major actor in the energy balance regulation, integrating different nervous, hormonal or nutritional signals. The lipid metabolism plays an essential role especially in the detection of lipid signals. So, the enzymes taking part in it are involved in the regulation of these signals and their expression is crucial to the energy balance. The Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), the key enzyme in triglycerides hydrolysis appeared to us as a target of choice as it is expressed in different brain structures like the hypothalamus or the hippocampus.The hypothalamus has long been known as a regulation center of food intake and so of the balance between entrance and expenditure of energy. It seemed interesting to focus more precisely on the role of hypothalamic LPL and its implication in the regulation of energy homeostasis.This dissertation’s main objective was to identify the effects of LPL deletion in the VMH, achieved by injection of an AAV2/9 expressing the Cre-recombinase in LPL lox/lox mice aged of 8 weeks. The decrease of LPL activity in the VMH leads to obesity development around 3 weeks post-injection and to the development of glucose intolerance, resistance to insulin and a decrease in locomotor activity.This phenotype is probably due to a transient decrease of ceramides synthesized by the CerS1 enzyme in the hypothalamus during the weeks post-injection and which disrupts the homeostatic signalling. The endocannabinoid system also seems to be involved in the onset of this phenotype.As the characteristics of this phenotype were reminiscent of a torpor state, we tried in a second part of work to reproduce it to study more precisely the links between torpor and brain lipases. We exposed animals to 4°C for 4 hours and studied the repercussions of this thermic stress on the central lipases genes and on circadian rhythm genes: we were able to highlight a modulation of the circadian rhythm. We also exposed to the cold VMH-LPL-depleted mice and established that this depletion in VMH-LPL modifies the thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue and so promotes the development of beige adipocytes.This work highlights for the first time the implication of hypothalamic LPL in the regulation of energy homeostasis and its role in adaptive response to cold exposure.

Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphate insecticide, functioning through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Recent studies report negative long-lasting biochemical and behavioral effects at levels without acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Our lab studies have identified the endocannabinoid system as a target for OP low-dose neurotoxicity. This thesis identifies the proteins and their associated neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus that have been affected by low dose developmental exposure to the OP insecticide CPF. Male rat pups were treated from postnatal day 10 (PND) - PND16 with either corn oil (vehicle), 0.75 mg/kg of CPF, or 0.02 mg/kg of PF-04457845, a specific fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. On PND38, rats were sacrificed for hippocampal extraction, and shotgun proteomics was used for protein expression. DAVID and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software detected differentially expressed proteins such as Neuroligin-2 and Synaptotagmin 2, and disrupted signaling pathways such as ephrin B signaling, synaptogenesis signaling, and glutamate receptor signaling. Taken together, our data suggests that CPF reduces glutaminergic signaling pathways, greatly reducing long-term potentiation, prohibiting proper synapse formation, and therefore disrupting the proper functioning of the hippocampus.

Le système endocannabinoïde (SEC) est un système clé de la régulation de la balance énergétique. Les rares études réalisées chez l’Homme concluent à une augmentation des concentrations plasmatiques des endocannabinoïdes, anandamide (AEA) et 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), chez les sujets obèses ou diabétiques de type 2. Cependant plusieurs questions restent posées et cette thèse s’est spécifiquement intéressée : i) à l’existence d’une cinétique prandiale et au rôle des endocannabinoïdes circulants par rapport à la prise alimentaire, ii) aux effets d’une perte de poids obtenue par court-circuit gastrique sur ces concentrations et iii) aux liens physiopathologiques entre insulinorésistance et SEC. Enfin, nous avons tenté de développer un outil non invasif pour faciliter l’étude du SEC chez l’Homme. Dans la 1ère étude, nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois une augmentation préprandiale de l’AEA indépendante du poids. Ceci suggère que l’AEA plasmatique pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’initiation de la prise alimentaire chez l’Homme. De façon intéressante, la réduction post prandiale de l’AEA est émoussée chez les sujets obèses insulinorésistants, ce qui peut créer un cercle vicieux vis à vis de l’obésité. Dans la 2ème étude, des résultats préliminaires montrent qu’une même perte de poids obtenue par court-circuit gastrique ou par règles hygiéno-diététiques modifie différemment les concentrations plasmatiques d’AEA qui tendent à augmenter après court-circuit gastrique alors qu’elles ne sont pas modifiées après règles hygiéno-diététiques. Ainsi, le court-circuit gastrique pourrait directement affecter le fonctionnement du SEC localisé au niveau du tractus gastro-intestinal. Dans la 3ème étude, 72 heures de régime hypoglucidique permettent de diminuer significativement la glycémie à jeun et la résistance à l’insuline de 8 sujets diabétiques de type 2, mais pas les concentrations plasmatiques d’endocannabinoïdes, qui ne sont par ailleurs pas modifiées chez ces sujets en fonction du statut nutritionnel. Enfin, nous avons pu déterminer les concentrations des endocannabinoïdes dans la salive humaine, qui sont plus élevées chez les sujets obèses par rapport aux normopondéraux, avec une diminution de l’AEA salivaire associée à la perte de poids, mais sans variation en fonction de la prise alimentaire. La salive pourrait donc constituer un outil non invasif pour l’étude du SEC chez l’Homme.Ainsi, notre travail confirme les liens entre SEC et pathologies métaboliques chez l’Homme. Nos résultats suggèrent en particulier un rôle physiologique de l’AEA dans la prise alimentaire ainsi que l’importance potentielle du SEC du tractus gastro-intestinal. Nous confirmons la dérégulation statique et dynamique du SEC dans la situation de diabète de type 2. Enfin nous développons un nouvel outil pour l’exploration du SEC chez l’Homme. Nos résultats sont importants car la meilleure connaissance des systèmes impliqués dans la régulation de la balance énergétique est nécessaire pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques efficaces contre l’obésité et ses pathologies associées. / The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a key system for the regulation of energy balance. Only few studies have been so far carried out in humans but they all lead to conclude that obese subjects have higher plasma fasting levels of the 2 major endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). However, many questions concerning the role of the ECS in the physiopathology of obesity in humans remain still unanswered. This thesis has therefore attempted to address some of these questions by investigating i) the changes of plasma endocannabinoids in response to food intake, ii) the effect of weight loss induced by gastric bypass or lifestyle intervention on these plasma levels and iii) the potential link between insulin resistance and circulating endocannabinoids. Lastly, we have also tested the possibility to develop a non-invasive tool to ease the investigation of the ECS in humans. In the 1st study, we have described for the first time the existence of a pre-prandial peak in plasma AEA, which is independent of body weight. This evidence suggests that circulating AEA levels might work as a meal initiator factor in humans. Importantly, the AEA postprandial decrease is blunted in obese insulin resistant subjects and might therefore favor the persistence of the obese phenotype. In our 2nd study, preliminary results suggest that the same body weight loss obtained through gastric-bypass or lifestyle intervention differently affects plasma AEA levels. In particular, while AEA tend to increase in subjects who have undergone gastric bypass, no changes are observed after a comparable weight loss induced by lifestyle intervention. Thus, a possibility is that the bypass might directly affect the function of the ECS localized within the gastrointestinal tract. In our 3rd study, which was carried out on 8 type 2 diabetic patients, we have shown that 72 hours of a low carbohydrate diet significantly decreases glycaemia and insulin resistance, without affecting the levels and the kinetic of circulating endocannabinoids. Lastly, we demonstrated that endocannabinoids are reliably measured in saliva. Salivary endocannabinoids are higher in obese as compared to normal weight subjects. Body weight loss significantly decreases salivary AEA, while the consumption of a meal does not influence salivary endocannabinoids levels. Altogether our studies confirm the association between ECS deregulation and metabolic disease in humans. In particular, we have demonstrated that plasma AEA might have a physiological role in the regulation of human feeding behavior, and have hinted the potential relevance of the gastro-intestinal ECS in our studies on gastric-bypass patients. We have also shown that in type 2 diabetes, there is a flattening of the kinetics of circulating endocannabinoids. Finally, we have shown that measurement of salivary endocannabinoids is reliable and might be of clinical value. These findings extend our knowledge on one of the systems majorly implicated in energy balance regulation. Such knowledge is a necessary step towards the development of novel therapeutic strategies needed to halt obesity and metabolic disease.

Receptores CB1 e TRPV1 desempenham papéis opostos na modulação da atividade neuronal e, possivelmente, na regulação da resposta ao estresse. A exposição ao estresse reduz a neurotransmissão mediada por receptores CB1, enquanto que a facilitação do sistema endocanabinóide produz efeito tipoantidepressivo. Por outro lado, estudos farmacológicos e de manipulação genética apontam que a diminuição da sinalização mediada por receptores TRPV1 produz efeito tipo-antidepressivo em modelos animais. Evidências científicas apontam que a modulação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica, dependente de receptores NMDA, esteja envolvida em respostas mediadas por CB1 e TRPV1. Ambos os receptores são amplamente expressos em estruturas cerebrais envolvidas na resposta emocional, incluindo o córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFmv), o que aponta para essa estrutura como importante alvo para os efeitos mediados por receptores CB1, TRPV1 e NMDA. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a interação entre CB1 e TRPV1 corticais na resposta ao estresse. Dessa forma, avaliamos se receptores CB1 e TRPV1 localizados no CPFmv-pré-límbico (PL) podem contribuir, de maneiras opostas, para as mudanças comportamentais induzidas pelo estresse do teste do nado forçado (TNF), um teste preditivo de efeito tipo-antidepressivo. Em um primeiro grupo experimental observou-se que a AEA induz efeito tipo-antidepressivo com uma curva dose-resposta em U, quando administrada no CPFmv-PL. Além disso, o efeito tipo-antidepressivo da AEA foi prevenido pela pré-administração de AM251, um antagonista para receptores CB1. Por outro lado, a maior dose de AEA, que não induz efeito per se, produziu efeito tipo-antidepressivo quando combinada ao bloqueio de receptores TRPV1 por meio do pré-tratamento com SB366791. Corroborando estes dados, observou-se que a administração intra-CPFmv-PL de um bloqueador dual da enzima FAAH e de receptores TRPV1 (AA-5HT), induziu efeito tipo-antidepressivo no teste do nado forçado. Além disso, a administração do inibidor da FAAH (URB597) e do antagonista de receptores TRPV1 (SB366791), em grupos independentes de animais, reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no teste do nado forçado. Ademais, a coadministração de doses subefetivas de URB597 e SB366791 reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no mesmo teste comportamental, evidenciando somação de efeito do bloqueio combinado da FAAH com receptores TRPV1. Em conjunto, esses ii resultados indicam que tanto a facilitação da neurotransmissão mediada por CB1R quanto o bloqueio de TRPV1R no CPFmv-PL promove efeito tipo-antidepressivo, sugerindo que ambos os receptores corticais são importantes na modulação de respostas comportamentais ao estresse e, possivelmente, na neurobiologia da depressão, porém de maneiras opostas. Buscando elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais a AEA, através da ativação de CB1R e TRPV1R, promove seus efeitos comportamentais, o envolvimento da das neurotransmissões glutamatérgica e nitrérgica nos efeitos induzidos pela AEA foi investigado. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a administração de antagonista de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA (LY235959) e de inibidor da nNOS (NPA) induziram efeito tipoantidepressivo no teste do nado forçado quando administrados intra-CPFmv-PL. Além disso, a coadministração de doses subefetivas do antagonista NMDA (LY366791) e da AEA intra-CPFmv-PL, induziu efeito tipo-antidepressivo no TNF, mostrando um efeito aditivo da administração conjunta das drogas. Esse resultado sugere que o efeito tipo-antidepressivo da AEA seja facilitado pela inibição da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica mediada por NMDA. Em conjunto, os resultados do presente trabalho indicam um envolvimento de CB1 e TRPV1 do CPFmv-PL na modulação da resposta comportamental ao estresse do nado forçado, porém de maneira contrária. Além disso, o efeito tipo-antidepressivo da AEA parece envolver a diminuição da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica mediada por NMDAR. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors play opposite roles in the modulation of neuronal activity and, possibly, in the regulation of the stress response. Exposure to stress attenuates CB1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission, while facilitation of the endocannabonoid system produces antidepressant-like effects. On the other hand, genetic and pharmacological blockade of TRPV1 receptor signalling produces antidepressant-like effect in animal models. Scientific evidence suggests NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission might be involved in responses mediated by CB1 and TRPV1. Both receptors are widely expressed in brain structures involved in the emotional response, including the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (CPFmv), which points to this structure as an important target to the effects triggered by CB1 and TRPV1. However, little is known about the interaction between cortical CB1 and TRPV1 in response to stress. Therefore, we evaluated whether CB1 and TRPV1 receptors of the vmPFC-PL may contribute, in opposite ways, to stress-induced behavioral changes in the forced swimming test (FST), a predictive test of antidepressant-like effect. In a first experimental group it was observed that AEA induces antidepressant-like effect with a U shape dose-response curve, when administered in the vmPFC-PL. In addition, the antidepressant-like effect of AEA was prevented by pre-administration with AM251, a CB1 receptor antagonist. On the other hand, the higher dose of AEA, which does not induce effect per se, produced an antidepressant-like effect when combined with TRPV1 receptor blockade with SB366791. Corroborating these data, intra-vmPFC-PL administration of a dual blocker of the FAAH enzyme and TRPV1 receptors (AA-5HT), induced antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test. In addition, administration of FAAH inhibitor (URB597) and TRPV1 receptor antagonist (SB366791) in independent groups of animals reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming test. Furthermore, co-administration of URB597 and SB366791, in sub-effective doses, reduced the immobility time in the same behavioral test, evidencing synergism of the combined blockade of FAAH with TRPV1 receptors. Taken together, these results indicate that both facilitation of CB1R-mediated neurotransmission and blockade of TRPV1R in vmPFC-PL promotes antidepressantlike effect, suggesting that both cortical receptors are important in modulating iv behavioral responses to stress and possibly in the neurobiology of depression, but in opposite ways. Aiming to elucidate the mechanisms by which AEA, through the activation of CB1R and TRPV1R, promotes its behavioral effects, the involvement of the possible modulation of glutamatergic and nitrergic neurotransmissions by AEA was investigated. Our results demonstrated that administration of NMDA receptor antagonist (LY235959) and nNOS inhibitor (NPA) induced antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test when administered intra-CPFmv-PL. In addition, coadministration of NMDA antagonist (LY366791) and AEA intra-CPFmvPL, in subeffective doses, induced antidepressant-like effect in the FST, showing a synergistic effect of these drugs. This result suggests that the antidepressant-like effect of AEA might involve attenuation of cortical NMDA-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Taken together, results of the present study indicate an opposite involvement for CB1 and TRPV1 receptors in the behavioral responses elicited by forced swimming stress. Furthermore, the antidepressant-like effect of AEA probably involves the attenuation of NMDAR-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission.

A ativação do receptor CB1, leva a modulação de processos intracelulares que muda a resposta celular de acordo com o estímulo, além de estar envolvida em mecanismos de proliferação, diferenciação, movimentação e morte celular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a participação desse sistema em processos oxidativo e inflamatório relacionados à neurodegeneração in vitro. Foi utilizado a linhagem de neuroblastoma Neuro2a diferenciada em células dopaminérgicas que foram expostas a três condições: com 6OHDA, H2O2 e LPS e co-tratadas com o agonista do receptor CB1 ACEA e o antagonista/agonista inverso AM251 por 24 horas. Utilizamos parâmetros funcionais de viabilidade celular, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e técnica de western blot. O tratamento com ACEA ou ACEA/AM251 produziram um aumento da viabilidade celular nos três modelos de exposição propostos; redução da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e ativação da via da proteína ERK1/2, além da inibição da morte celular pela diminuição da expressão da caspase 3. Concluímos que os canabinoides escolhidos foram capazes de proteger as células dopaminérgicas do dano oxidativo e inflamatório através do aumento da sobrevida celular por diminuição da produção de ROS. / The CB1 receptor activation leads to modulation of intracellular processes that change the cellular response according to the stimulus, as well as being involved in mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation, cell movement and death. The present study evaluated the participation of this system in oxidative and inflammatory processes related to neurodegeneration in vitro. We have used the Neuro2A neuroblastoma lineage, which those were differentiated into dopaminergic cells, and exposed to 6OHDA, H2O2 and LPS. They were co-treated with ACEA, CB1 receptor agonist, and AM251, the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, for 24 hours. We used functional parameters of cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species and protein analyses by western blot. Treatment with ACEA or ACEA/AM251 produced an increase in cell viability; reduced production of reactive oxygen species and activation of the ERK1/2 protein, in addition to inhibition of cell death by decreasing the expression of caspase 3 in all three models proposed. We concluded that chosen cannabinoids were able to protect dopaminergic cells from oxidative damage and inflammation through the increased cell survival by decreasing the production of ROS.