No / The study investigated the role of endothelin (ET) and the ET receptor subtypes ETA and ETB in mediating longitudinal contraction in the mouse proximal and distal colon. Cumulative concentration¿response curves to a range of ET agonists (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, (Ala1,3,11,13) ET and IRL 1620) were established by administering concentrations ranging from 0.01nM to 0.3¿M. Concentration¿response curves to ET-1, which exhibits a high affinity for both ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, were also established in the presence of the ETA antagonist BMS 182874 and the ETB antagonist IRL1038. The addition of the selective ETA receptor antagonist BMS 182874 caused a rightward shift of the concentration¿response curve to ET-1 in both sections of the colon. The ETB receptor antagonist IRL1038 (0.3¿1¿M) did not significantly effect the response to ET-1 in the proximal colon but caused a significant decrease in response towards higher concentrations ranges (3nM) in the distal colon. A comparison of the concentration¿response curves to ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3 showed a rank order of potency ET-1ET-2ET-3 in the proximal colon and ET-1ET-2ET-3 in the distal colon. The selective ETB receptor agonists, (Ala1,3,11,13) ET and IRL 1620 did not produce any response in the proximal sections of the colon but produced a smaller contraction in the distal segments. The data indicate that ET can contract the proximal tissues of the mouse colon predominantly via ETA receptors and in the distal tissues via ETA and ETB receptors.

Pigment patterns of zebrafish are a beautiful example in which to study key processes of vertebrate development such as neural crest cell migration and patterning of neural crest-derived cell types. This can for example be achieved by characterizing mutants like parade in which pigment cell development is abnormal. Here, we present a chemico-genetic study of the pigment pattern mutant parade; uniquely, this mutant displays ectopic pigment cells in the ventral medial pathway of the trunk but the characteristic stripe pattern of zebrafish embryos is unaffected. Using a positional cloning approach, we have identified the parade gene as the cell surface receptor ednra2. This was further confirmed in transient knock-down assays. Combined sequencing data from three different parade alleles strongly indicates that the mutation disrupts ednra2 receptor function by deleting C-terminal regulatory and structural residues. To expand the available molecular tools in pigment cell research, notably to chemically dissect the parade phenotype, we have participated in small molecule screening for inhibitors of pigment cell development. From this, we have isolated 57 compounds which robustly alter the development of melanophores and iridophores in wild-type embryos; 26 of these compounds additionally affect the parade phenotype, primarily by rescuing the ectopic pigment cells. Notably, chemical rescue has shown that the MEK pathway is important for the development of the parade phenotype. Our study therefore adds to our understanding of pigment pattern formation in zebrafish embryos and reveals novel functions for ednra2 in dorso-ventral patterning and cell type specification of neural crest derivatives.

Introdução: O Alcoolismo e o Diabetes são doenças bastante prevalentes em todos os continentes e seriam fatores de risco relacionados com a Disfunção Erétil. Dentre os muitos mecanismos relacionados com a ereção temos a Endotelina e seus receptores, causando intensa e sustentada contração da musculatura lisa dos corpos cavernosos penianos (CC). Acredita-se que poderia haver regulação das vias dos receptores de endotelina pelos microRNAs, que são RNAs não codificantes, regulam a expressão gênica e poderiam sofrer alteração pelos efeitos do álcool e / ou diabetes. Objetivos: Avaliar, experimentalmente com utilização de ratos, se há alteração nas vias dos receptores da endotelina devido ao efeito crônico do alcoolismo, do diabetes ou de sua associação e se existiria correlação com os microRNAs miR-155 e miR-199. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizaram-se 48 Ratos Wistar machos divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (GC), Alcoolizado (GA), Diabético (GD) e Diabético+Alcoolizado (GD+A). Foi utilizado PCR em tempo real e imunoistoquímica para estudar a expressão gênica e proteica dos receptores da endotelina ETA e ETB em corpos cavernosos e PCR em tempo real para avaliar a expressão gênica dos miR-155 e miR-199 no sangue e CC. Resultados: Análise imunohistoquímica encontrou baixa expressão dos receptores de endotelina no GC e elevada nos grupos experimentais, sendo que os receptores ETA estavam distribuídos de forma difusa e em maior concentração, enquanto os receptores de ETB localizavam-se na periferia dos CC. Análise por PCR em tempo real dos CC verificou: aumento não significativo de ETA no GD e de ETB no GD+A; hipoexpressão significativa do miR-199 no GD+A e hipoexpressão não significativa do miR-199 e miR-155 nos demais grupos experimentais em relação ao GC. Análise no sangue: hipoexpressão significativa do miR-155 no GA+D e não significativa nos demais grupos em relação ao GC, hipoexpressão significativa do miR-199 no GD e GD+A e não significativa no GA, todos em relação ao GC. Conclusões: Foi encontrado aumento dos receptores de endotelina como efeito do álcool, do diabetes e de sua associação, também identificou-se diminuição, principalmente, da expressão gênica do miR-199 nos corpos cavernosos dos grupos experimentais o que sugere a hipótese de que o aumento da endotelina poderia ser determinado pela diminuição da ação supressora do miR-199 que se encontra hipoexpresso em decorrência dos efeitos deletérios do álcool e diabetes. A descoberta de alterações em microRNAs associada ao desenvolvimento continuado da genômica pode propiciar novos diagnósticos e marcadores para inúmeras doenças, além de ajudar a identificar possíveis terapêuticas alvo moleculares. / Introduction: Alcoholism and Diabetes are very prevalent diseases in all the continents and are considered risk factors related to erectile dysfunction. Endothelin and its receptor are some of the mechanism related to erection, causing intense and sustained contracture of the penile corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle. It\'s thought that micro-RNAs could regulate endothelin receptors pathways. Micro-RNAs are not coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and could be affected by alcohol and/or diabetes. Objectives: To experimentally evaluate, using rats, alterations in receptors pathways due to chronic effects of alcoholism, diabetes, alone or in association, and to correlate this alterations with miR-155 and miR-199 microRNAs. Materials and Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were used. They were divided in four groups: Control group (GC), Alcoholic group (GA), Diabetic group (GD) and Diabetic+Alcoholic group (GD+A). We used real time PCR and immunohistochemical study to evaluate gene and protein expression of endothelin ETA and ETB in corpus cavernosum tissue and real time PCR to evaluate gene expression of miR-155 and miR-199 in blood and CC. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed low expression of endothelin receptors in GC and high expression in experimental groups; ETA receptors were distributed in diffuse pattern and higher concentration although ETB receptors had a peripheral pattern in CC. Real time PCR analysis in CC showed: not significant ETA increase in DG and ETB increase in GD+A; significant miR-199 hypoexpression in GD+A and not significant miR-199 and miR-155 hypoexpression in other experimental groups compared to GC. Blood analysis showed significant miR-155 hypoexpression in GD+A and not significant in other experimental groups compared to CG, significant miR-199 hypoexpression in GD and GD+A and not significant in GA, compared to GC. Conclusions: We found endothelin receptors increase as an effect of alcohol abuse, diabetes and its association; we also found decrease, mainly in gene expression, of miR-199 in corpus cavernosum tissue of experimental groups, what suggests the hypothesis that endothelin increase could be determined by a decrease of suppress action of miR-199, that is hypo expressed because of deleterious effect of alcohol and diabetes. Finding microRNAs changes, associated to continuous development in genomics, could propitiates new diagnostic tools and markers to innumerous diseases and even help to identify possible new molecular target therapies.

Introdução: O Alcoolismo e o Diabetes são doenças bastante prevalentes em todos os continentes e seriam fatores de risco relacionados com a Disfunção Erétil. Dentre os muitos mecanismos relacionados com a ereção temos a Endotelina e seus receptores, causando intensa e sustentada contração da musculatura lisa dos corpos cavernosos penianos (CC). Acredita-se que poderia haver regulação das vias dos receptores de endotelina pelos microRNAs, que são RNAs não codificantes, regulam a expressão gênica e poderiam sofrer alteração pelos efeitos do álcool e / ou diabetes. Objetivos: Avaliar, experimentalmente com utilização de ratos, se há alteração nas vias dos receptores da endotelina devido ao efeito crônico do alcoolismo, do diabetes ou de sua associação e se existiria correlação com os microRNAs miR-155 e miR-199. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizaram-se 48 Ratos Wistar machos divididos em 4 grupos: Controle (GC), Alcoolizado (GA), Diabético (GD) e Diabético+Alcoolizado (GD+A). Foi utilizado PCR em tempo real e imunoistoquímica para estudar a expressão gênica e proteica dos receptores da endotelina ETA e ETB em corpos cavernosos e PCR em tempo real para avaliar a expressão gênica dos miR-155 e miR-199 no sangue e CC. Resultados: Análise imunohistoquímica encontrou baixa expressão dos receptores de endotelina no GC e elevada nos grupos experimentais, sendo que os receptores ETA estavam distribuídos de forma difusa e em maior concentração, enquanto os receptores de ETB localizavam-se na periferia dos CC. Análise por PCR em tempo real dos CC verificou: aumento não significativo de ETA no GD e de ETB no GD+A; hipoexpressão significativa do miR-199 no GD+A e hipoexpressão não significativa do miR-199 e miR-155 nos demais grupos experimentais em relação ao GC. Análise no sangue: hipoexpressão significativa do miR-155 no GA+D e não significativa nos demais grupos em relação ao GC, hipoexpressão significativa do miR-199 no GD e GD+A e não significativa no GA, todos em relação ao GC. Conclusões: Foi encontrado aumento dos receptores de endotelina como efeito do álcool, do diabetes e de sua associação, também identificou-se diminuição, principalmente, da expressão gênica do miR-199 nos corpos cavernosos dos grupos experimentais o que sugere a hipótese de que o aumento da endotelina poderia ser determinado pela diminuição da ação supressora do miR-199 que se encontra hipoexpresso em decorrência dos efeitos deletérios do álcool e diabetes. A descoberta de alterações em microRNAs associada ao desenvolvimento continuado da genômica pode propiciar novos diagnósticos e marcadores para inúmeras doenças, além de ajudar a identificar possíveis terapêuticas alvo moleculares. / Introduction: Alcoholism and Diabetes are very prevalent diseases in all the continents and are considered risk factors related to erectile dysfunction. Endothelin and its receptor are some of the mechanism related to erection, causing intense and sustained contracture of the penile corpus cavernosum (CC) smooth muscle. It\'s thought that micro-RNAs could regulate endothelin receptors pathways. Micro-RNAs are not coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and could be affected by alcohol and/or diabetes. Objectives: To experimentally evaluate, using rats, alterations in receptors pathways due to chronic effects of alcoholism, diabetes, alone or in association, and to correlate this alterations with miR-155 and miR-199 microRNAs. Materials and Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were used. They were divided in four groups: Control group (GC), Alcoholic group (GA), Diabetic group (GD) and Diabetic+Alcoholic group (GD+A). We used real time PCR and immunohistochemical study to evaluate gene and protein expression of endothelin ETA and ETB in corpus cavernosum tissue and real time PCR to evaluate gene expression of miR-155 and miR-199 in blood and CC. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed low expression of endothelin receptors in GC and high expression in experimental groups; ETA receptors were distributed in diffuse pattern and higher concentration although ETB receptors had a peripheral pattern in CC. Real time PCR analysis in CC showed: not significant ETA increase in DG and ETB increase in GD+A; significant miR-199 hypoexpression in GD+A and not significant miR-199 and miR-155 hypoexpression in other experimental groups compared to GC. Blood analysis showed significant miR-155 hypoexpression in GD+A and not significant in other experimental groups compared to CG, significant miR-199 hypoexpression in GD and GD+A and not significant in GA, compared to GC. Conclusions: We found endothelin receptors increase as an effect of alcohol abuse, diabetes and its association; we also found decrease, mainly in gene expression, of miR-199 in corpus cavernosum tissue of experimental groups, what suggests the hypothesis that endothelin increase could be determined by a decrease of suppress action of miR-199, that is hypo expressed because of deleterious effect of alcohol and diabetes. Finding microRNAs changes, associated to continuous development in genomics, could propitiates new diagnostic tools and markers to innumerous diseases and even help to identify possible new molecular target therapies.

Abstract Calcified aortic valve disease represents a spectrum of disease spanning from mild aortic valve sclerosis to severe aortic valve stenosis (AS), being an actively regulated disease process and showing some hallmarks of atherosclerosis. The calcified aortic valve lesion develops endothelial injury and is characterized by inflammation, lipid accumulation, renin-angiotensin system activation and fibrosis. There is no approved pharmacological treatment available in AS. This study was aimed to characterize gene expression of endothelial factors in aortic valves in patients representing different stages of calcified aortic valve disease to reveal new targets for pharmacological interventions in AS. Aortic valves obtained from 75 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery were studied. Expression of natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), their processing enzymes (corin and furin), natriuretic receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B and NPR-C), endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), endothelin receptors A and B (ETA and ETB), and apelin pathway (apelin and its receptor APJ) was characterized by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. AS was characterized by distinct downregulation of gene expression of CNP, its processing enzyme furin and the target receptor NPR-B. Furthermore, increased amount of ET-1 and its target receptor ETA as well as imbalance between ETA and ETB receptors and downregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression were observed. Finally, gene expression of apelin and APJ receptor were significantly upregulated in stenotic valves when compared to controls in combination with disequilibrium between expression of angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2. The study provides a better understanding of molecular mechanisms associated with calcific aortic valve disease and suggest potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions.

Récemment plusieurs récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) ont été caractérisés au niveau des membranes intracellulaires, dont la membrane nucléaire. Notre objectif était de déterminer si les sous-types de récepteurs β-adrénergiques (βAR) et leurs machineries de signalisation étaient fonctionnels et localisés à la membrane nucléaire des cardiomyocytes. Nous avons démontré la présence des β1AR et β3AR, mais pas du β2AR à la membrane nucléaire de myocytes ventriculaires adultes par immunobuvardage, par microscopie confocale, et par des essais fonctionnels. De plus, certains partenaires de signalisation comme les protéines GαS, Gαi, l’adénylate cyclase II, et V/VI y étaient également localisés. Les sous-types de βAR nucléaires étaient fonctionnels puisqu'ils pouvaient lier leurs ligands et activer leurs effecteurs. En utilisant des noyaux isolés, nous avons observé que l'agoniste non-sélectif isoprotérénol (ISO), et que le BRL37344, un ligand sélectif du β3AR, stimulaient l'initiation de la synthèse de l’ARN, contrairement à l'agoniste sélectif du β1AR, le xamotérol. Cette synthèse était abolie par la toxine pertussique (PTX). Cependant, la stimulation des récepteurs nucléaires de type B de l’endothéline (ETB) causaient une réduction de l'initiation de la synthèse d’ARN. Les voies de signalisations impliquées dans la régulation de la synthèse d’ARN par les RCPGs ont ensuite été étudiées en utilisant des noyaux isolés stimulés par des agonistes en présence ou absence de différents inhibiteurs des voies MAP Kinases (proteines kinases activées par mitogènes) et de la voie PI3K/PKB. Les protéines impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de p38, JNK, ERK MAP Kinase et PKB étaient présents dans les noyaux isolés. L'inhibition de PKB par la triciribine, inhibait la synthèse d’ARN. Nous avons ensuite pu mettre en évidence par qPCR que la stimulation par l’ISO entrainait une augmentation du niveau d'ARNr 18S ainsi qu’une diminution de l'expression d’ARNm de NFκB. En contraste, l’ET-1 n’avait aucun effet sur le niveau d’expression de l’ARNr 18S. Nous avons ensuite montré que la stimulation par l’ISO réduisait l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans l'activation de NFκB, tandis que l’inhibition de ERK1/2 et PKB renversait cet effet. Un microarray global nous a ensuite permis de démontrer que les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires régulaient un grand nombre de gènes distincts. Finalement, les βARs et ETRs nucléaires augmentaient aussi une production de NO de noyaux isolés, ce qui pouvait être inhibée par le LNAME. Ces résultats ont été confirmés dans des cardiomyocytes intacts en utilisant des analogues cagés et perméables d’ISO et de l'ET-1: l'augmentation de NO nucléaire détectée par DAF2-DA, causée par l'ET-1 et l'ISO, pouvait être prévenue par le LNAME. Finalement, l’augmentation de l’initiation de la transcription induite par l'ISO était aussi bloquée par le L-NAME ou par un inbitheur de PKG, le KT5823, suggérant que la voie NO-GC-PKG est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription par les βAR. En conclusion, les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires utilisent des voies de signalisation différentes et exercent ainsi des effets distincts sur l’expression des gènes cardiaques. Ils représentent donc une avenue intéressante pour le développement de drogues pharmacologiques. / Recently several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to localize to intracellular membranes, in particular the nuclear membrane. As such, we sought to determine if the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) subtypes and their associated signalling machinery are functionally localized to nuclear membranes. We demonstrated the presence of β1AR and the β3AR, but not the β2AR, in adult ventricular myocyte nuclei by western blotting, confocal microscopy and functional assays. Downstream signalling partners such as GαS, Gαi and adenylyl cyclase II and V/VI were also present. Nuclear-localized βARs were functional with respect to ligand binding and effector activation. In isolated nuclei, the non-selective βAR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and the β3AR-selective ligand BRL37344, but not the β1AR-selective xamoterol, stimulated transcription initiation in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner. In contrast, stimulation of type B endothelin receptors (ETB), another GPCR family shown to be present on the nuclear membrane, decreased de novo RNA synthesis. To investigate the signalling pathway(s) involved in GPCR-mediated regulation of RNA synthesis, nuclei were isolated from intact adult rat hearts and treated with receptor agonists in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the PI3K/PKB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Components of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 MAPK cascades as well as PKB were detected in nuclear preparations. Inhibition of PKB with triciribine converted the activation of the βAR from stimulatory to inhibitory with regards to transcription initiation. Analysis by qPCR indicated isoproterenol treatment increased 18S rRNA but decreased NFκB mRNA. In contrast, ET-1 had no effect on 18S rRNA expression. Further investigation using pathway-specific PCR arrays revealed that isoproterenol treatment also reduced the expression of several other genes involved in the activation of NFκB and that ERK1/2 and PKB inhibitors attenuated this effect. Subsequent genome-wide microarray analysis has revealed that nuclear βAR and ETB regulated a host of genes in an overlapping but distinct manner. Moreover, both ET-1 and ISO produced an L-NAME-sensitive increase in NO production in isolated cardiac nuclei. These observations were confirmed in intact cardiomyocytes using novel caged analogues of ISO and ET-1 and the cell-permable NO-sensitive fluorescent dye, DAF-2 DA. Briefly, both ET-1 and isoproterenol increased NO production, and this increase was prevented upon preincubation with L-NAME. Moreover, the ability of isoproterenol to increase transcription initiation in isolated nuclei was blocked by L-NAME or the PKG inhibitor KT5823, indicating the NO-GC-PKG pathway is involved in the regulation of gene expression by nuclear βARs. Hence, we have shown that βARs and ETRs in the nuclear membrane activate distinct signalling pathways, resulting in different effects on gene transcription and thus represent potentially important targets for drug development.

Récemment plusieurs récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) ont été caractérisés au niveau des membranes intracellulaires, dont la membrane nucléaire. Notre objectif était de déterminer si les sous-types de récepteurs β-adrénergiques (βAR) et leurs machineries de signalisation étaient fonctionnels et localisés à la membrane nucléaire des cardiomyocytes. Nous avons démontré la présence des β1AR et β3AR, mais pas du β2AR à la membrane nucléaire de myocytes ventriculaires adultes par immunobuvardage, par microscopie confocale, et par des essais fonctionnels. De plus, certains partenaires de signalisation comme les protéines GαS, Gαi, l’adénylate cyclase II, et V/VI y étaient également localisés. Les sous-types de βAR nucléaires étaient fonctionnels puisqu'ils pouvaient lier leurs ligands et activer leurs effecteurs. En utilisant des noyaux isolés, nous avons observé que l'agoniste non-sélectif isoprotérénol (ISO), et que le BRL37344, un ligand sélectif du β3AR, stimulaient l'initiation de la synthèse de l’ARN, contrairement à l'agoniste sélectif du β1AR, le xamotérol. Cette synthèse était abolie par la toxine pertussique (PTX). Cependant, la stimulation des récepteurs nucléaires de type B de l’endothéline (ETB) causaient une réduction de l'initiation de la synthèse d’ARN. Les voies de signalisations impliquées dans la régulation de la synthèse d’ARN par les RCPGs ont ensuite été étudiées en utilisant des noyaux isolés stimulés par des agonistes en présence ou absence de différents inhibiteurs des voies MAP Kinases (proteines kinases activées par mitogènes) et de la voie PI3K/PKB. Les protéines impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de p38, JNK, ERK MAP Kinase et PKB étaient présents dans les noyaux isolés. L'inhibition de PKB par la triciribine, inhibait la synthèse d’ARN. Nous avons ensuite pu mettre en évidence par qPCR que la stimulation par l’ISO entrainait une augmentation du niveau d'ARNr 18S ainsi qu’une diminution de l'expression d’ARNm de NFκB. En contraste, l’ET-1 n’avait aucun effet sur le niveau d’expression de l’ARNr 18S. Nous avons ensuite montré que la stimulation par l’ISO réduisait l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans l'activation de NFκB, tandis que l’inhibition de ERK1/2 et PKB renversait cet effet. Un microarray global nous a ensuite permis de démontrer que les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires régulaient un grand nombre de gènes distincts. Finalement, les βARs et ETRs nucléaires augmentaient aussi une production de NO de noyaux isolés, ce qui pouvait être inhibée par le LNAME. Ces résultats ont été confirmés dans des cardiomyocytes intacts en utilisant des analogues cagés et perméables d’ISO et de l'ET-1: l'augmentation de NO nucléaire détectée par DAF2-DA, causée par l'ET-1 et l'ISO, pouvait être prévenue par le LNAME. Finalement, l’augmentation de l’initiation de la transcription induite par l'ISO était aussi bloquée par le L-NAME ou par un inbitheur de PKG, le KT5823, suggérant que la voie NO-GC-PKG est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription par les βAR. En conclusion, les βARs et les ETRs nucléaires utilisent des voies de signalisation différentes et exercent ainsi des effets distincts sur l’expression des gènes cardiaques. Ils représentent donc une avenue intéressante pour le développement de drogues pharmacologiques. / Recently several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to localize to intracellular membranes, in particular the nuclear membrane. As such, we sought to determine if the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) subtypes and their associated signalling machinery are functionally localized to nuclear membranes. We demonstrated the presence of β1AR and the β3AR, but not the β2AR, in adult ventricular myocyte nuclei by western blotting, confocal microscopy and functional assays. Downstream signalling partners such as GαS, Gαi and adenylyl cyclase II and V/VI were also present. Nuclear-localized βARs were functional with respect to ligand binding and effector activation. In isolated nuclei, the non-selective βAR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and the β3AR-selective ligand BRL37344, but not the β1AR-selective xamoterol, stimulated transcription initiation in a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive manner. In contrast, stimulation of type B endothelin receptors (ETB), another GPCR family shown to be present on the nuclear membrane, decreased de novo RNA synthesis. To investigate the signalling pathway(s) involved in GPCR-mediated regulation of RNA synthesis, nuclei were isolated from intact adult rat hearts and treated with receptor agonists in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the PI3K/PKB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Components of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 MAPK cascades as well as PKB were detected in nuclear preparations. Inhibition of PKB with triciribine converted the activation of the βAR from stimulatory to inhibitory with regards to transcription initiation. Analysis by qPCR indicated isoproterenol treatment increased 18S rRNA but decreased NFκB mRNA. In contrast, ET-1 had no effect on 18S rRNA expression. Further investigation using pathway-specific PCR arrays revealed that isoproterenol treatment also reduced the expression of several other genes involved in the activation of NFκB and that ERK1/2 and PKB inhibitors attenuated this effect. Subsequent genome-wide microarray analysis has revealed that nuclear βAR and ETB regulated a host of genes in an overlapping but distinct manner. Moreover, both ET-1 and ISO produced an L-NAME-sensitive increase in NO production in isolated cardiac nuclei. These observations were confirmed in intact cardiomyocytes using novel caged analogues of ISO and ET-1 and the cell-permable NO-sensitive fluorescent dye, DAF-2 DA. Briefly, both ET-1 and isoproterenol increased NO production, and this increase was prevented upon preincubation with L-NAME. Moreover, the ability of isoproterenol to increase transcription initiation in isolated nuclei was blocked by L-NAME or the PKG inhibitor KT5823, indicating the NO-GC-PKG pathway is involved in the regulation of gene expression by nuclear βARs. Hence, we have shown that βARs and ETRs in the nuclear membrane activate distinct signalling pathways, resulting in different effects on gene transcription and thus represent potentially important targets for drug development.

Η εξέλιξη της χρόνιας νεφρικής νόσου χαρακτηρίζεται από προοδευτική απώλεια της νεφρικής λειτουργίας και εναπόθεση εξωκυττάριας ύλης που οδηγεί σε γενικευμένη ίνωση του νεφρικού ιστού. Στους μηχανισμούς που ενοχοποιούνται για την εξέλιξη της βλάβης αυτής προς ίνωση συμμετέχουν κυτταροκίνες και αυξητικοί παράγοντες που προέρχονται από ενδοθηλιακά, επιθηλιακά σωληναριακά κύτταρα και κύτταρα του διάμεσου νεφρικού ιστού. Η ίνωση του διάμεσου νεφρικού χώρου είναι μία κοινή διαδικασία που χαρακτηρίζεται από την de novo ενεργοποίηση μυοϊνοβλαστών με αποτέλεσμα την αυξημένη εναπόθεση εξωκυττάριας ύλης. Τα επιθηλιακά σωληναριακά κύτταρα είναι πηγή προέλευσης των ενεργοποιημένων μυοϊνοβλαστών μέσω μιας διαδικασίας που ονομάζεται επιθηλιακή προς μεσεγχυματική μετάπτωση. Διάφοροι μεσολαβητές της νεφρικής βλάβης όπως είναι και η κυκλοσπορίνη ερχόμενοι σε επαφή με κύτταρα του εγγύς εσπειραμένου σωληναρίου οδηγούν σε ενεργοποίηση προϊνωτικών παραγόντων εκκρίνοντας εξωκυττάρια ύλη. Μεταξύ αυτών των μεσολαβητών της νεφρικής βλάβης, ιδιαίτερο ρόλο φαίνεται ότι διαδραματίζουν το νιτρικό οξείδιο και η ενδοθηλίνη, δύο παράγοντες που μετέχουν σε φυσιολογικές, αλλά και παθοφυσιολογικές κυτταρικές διαδικασίες. Τα συστήματα νιτρικού οξειδίου και ενδοθηλίνης αλληλεπιδρούν μεταξύ τους σε επίπεδο υποδοχέων στο κυτταρικό επίπεδο προκαλώντας αλλαγές του αγγειακού τόνου και ενεργοποίηση ή αναστολή προϊνωτικών σημάτων. Ο σκοπός της εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της έκφρασης των συστημάτων νιτρικού οξειδίου και ενδοθηλίνης σε σωληναριακά νεφρικά κύτταρα κάτω από την επίδραση της κυκλοσπορίνης. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ανθρώπινες κυτταροκαλλιέργειες νεφρικών επιθηλιακών κυττάρων του εγγύς εσπειραμένου σωληναρίου (ΗΚ-2) τα οποία επωάσθηκαν σε θεραπευτικές και τοξικές συγκεντρώσεις κυκλοσπορίνης (CsA) και ακολούθησε η ανίχνευση του νιτρικού οξειδίου (NO), της ενδοθηλιακής και επαγώγιμης συνθετάσης του ΝΟ (e-NOS, i-NOS) και της ενδοθηλίνης-1 (ET-1) με τους Α και Β υποδοχείς της (ΕΤ-Α, ΕΤ-Β). Το ΝΟ μετρήθηκε σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο Griess, ενώ η συσσώρευση της ενδοθηλίνης και των Α και Β υποδοχέων της καθώς και οι συνθετάσες του ΝΟ ανιχνεύθηκαν τόσο σε επίπεδο μεταγράφου (m-RNA) χρησιμοποιώντας RT-PCR, όσο και σε επίπεδο πρωτεΐνης με Western Blot ανάλυση. Πειράματα πραγματοποιήθηκαν επίσης χρησιμοποιώντας ταυτόχρονα στο επωαστικό μέσο εκτός από κυκλοσπορίνη και ειδικούς αναστολείς του ΝΟ (L-NAME) και των υποδοχέων της ενδοθηλίνης (BQ123, BQ 788), ενώ ακολούθησε η ανίχνευση των συνθετασών του ΝΟ και των υποδοχέων της ενδοθηλίνης αντίστοιχα. Από τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν προκύπτει ότι η κυκλοσπορίνη ασκεί τοξική δράση σε νεφρικά σωληναριακά κύτταρα και επάγει τη συσσώρευση της ΕΤ-1,του ΝΟ, των συνθετασών του ΝΟ και των Α και Β υποδοχέων της ΕΤ-1. Η επαγωγή του ΕΤ-Α υποδοχέα είναι ανεξάρτητη από την παρουσία ή μη ΝΟ, σε αντίθεση με τον ΕΤ-Β υποδοχέα η επαγωγή του οποίου καταστέλλεται πλήρως όταν αναστέλλεται το σύστημα του νιτρικού οξειδίου (L-NAME). Η επαγωγή της e-NOS από την κυκλοσπορίνη είναι απόλυτα εξαρτώμενη από το σύστημα της ΕΤ-1, σε αντίθεση με την i-NOS η οποία επάγεται σε σημαντικό βαθμό ακόμη και όταν το σύστημα ενδοθηλίνης αδρανοποιείται πλήρως με ειδικούς αναστολείς (BQ123 και BQ788). / The progression of renal fibrosis is characterized by loss of kidney function and deposition of extracellular matrix components. The mechanism implicated in the development of renal fibrosis involves cytokines and growth factors originating from endothelial, tubular epithelial and interstitial cells. Activated myofibloblasts derive from differentiated tubular epithelial cells trough a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Various kidney injury mediators like cyclosporine-A (CsA) are entering the luminal space of the tubules causing activation of profibrotic factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). A cross talk exists between endothelin and NO systems in the regulation of vascular tone and inflammatory process. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporine-A on the expression of Nitric Oxide and endothelin-1 on cultured renal tubular cells. Human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were cultured in the presence of CsA at various concentrations (0 -1,000 ng/ml). RT-PCR was used to determine NO synthases (eNOS, iNOS) and endothelin receptors (ETR-A, ETR-B) and Western Blot analysis for the subsequent proteins. Similar experiments were also carried out using specific NO (L-NAME) and endothelin receptor (BQ123, BQ 788) inhibitors. At therapeutic concentrations, CsA exerts a significant cytotoxic effect on tubular epithelial cells. A dose dependent activation of NO synthases eNOS and iNOS and endothelin receptors ET-A and ETR-B was observed, even at therapeutic concentrations of CsA. An interaction between NO and ET-1 systems under the influence of CsA was also observed, since blockage of NO production was followed by down-regulation of ET-B while blocking of endothelin pathway with ET receptor antagonists, was followed by down-regulation of eNOS expression.